CN102958662A - 使用可发泡介质和覆盖层的模内发泡方法和可由其获得的塑料模制品 - Google Patents

使用可发泡介质和覆盖层的模内发泡方法和可由其获得的塑料模制品 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102958662A
CN102958662A CN201180029658XA CN201180029658A CN102958662A CN 102958662 A CN102958662 A CN 102958662A CN 201180029658X A CN201180029658X A CN 201180029658XA CN 201180029658 A CN201180029658 A CN 201180029658A CN 102958662 A CN102958662 A CN 102958662A
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China
Prior art keywords
foam
mould
fiber
composite molding
plastic foam
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CN201180029658XA
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CN102958662B (zh
Inventor
A·克拉茨
A·蔡容斯
M·A·罗特
R·齐默尔曼
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Roma Chemical Co ltd
Evonik Operations GmbH
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Evonik Industries AG
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Abstract

本发明涉及通过固体可发泡塑料，例如聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺（PMI）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）、聚氨酯（PUR）或聚（甲基）丙烯酸酯（PMMA）的使用成功制备塑料泡沫复合模制品，该塑料泡沫复合模制品基本上均匀并在发泡工艺的过程中在约200摄氏度下与一个覆盖层或多个覆盖层或多个相同的或不同的覆盖层机械稳定地接合。

Description

使用可发泡介质和覆盖层的模内发泡方法和可由其获得的塑料模制品
技术领域
本发明涉及用于制备由泡沫芯和一个或多个由塑料和/或复合材料和/或金属制成的覆盖层组成的复合组件的一步发泡、层压和模塑方法，该泡沫芯由可发泡介质，例如可发泡塑料制成。该塑料泡沫复合模制品具有高的机械负荷能力并具有比可比的金属组件低的质量并因此突出地适合作为航天器、航空器、船舶和陆上运输工具中的组件和用于其它构造元件。
背景技术
复合材料的成形方法是已知的。例如，气囊吹塑方法（Schlauchblasverfahren）中使用由例如有机硅橡胶制成的气囊，以将由复合材料，例如玻璃纤维增强或碳纤维增强的塑料制成的型坯在模具中吹胀，使该型坯适应于该模具形状并将该型坯热硬化。
气囊吹塑方法：在气囊吹塑方法（特别用于运动制品工业，实例是自行车框架、网球拍等）中，在升高的内压力和升高的温度下利用有机硅气囊在模具中压入由纤维增强塑料（FRP）制成的覆盖层并使之硬化。为此，将通常具有热固性基体的FRP（所谓预浸料坯）插入模具中。为了复制模具的外部轮廓，在将模具闭合后，在该模具内部对有机硅气囊加压。然后在所限定的温度下使该FRP硬化。然后打开该模具，将组件脱模并移除有机硅气囊。出于由组件决定地不再可取出气囊的情况下，使用"牺牲芯"。
DE 19845269（MBK）描述了如何让被气垫包围的气囊进入具有复杂形状的模腔，然后将之吹胀，从而完全地填充该模腔。
DE 102007056830（Head）描述了制备由复合材料制成的网球拍的气囊吹塑方法。
DE 102007051517（TU Dresden）的发明涉及由用于与功能元件形状配合连接的由纤维复合材料制成的中空轴或中空轮轴。所述中空轴具有在夹套中的至少两个纤维层，在所述层中的不同纤维取向，和具有圆形边缘的轮廓。所述功能元件具有与所述轴的轮廓对应的轮廓接触区，并且它们具有功能区域配置和位于在它们之间的过渡元件。根据该发明的轴，以及功能元件，都具有低重量。
DE 102004015072（
Figure BDA00002596304200021
GmbH&Co.KG）描述了通过塑料模塑组合物的挤出制备由透明塑料构成的棒材的方法，其特征在于将挤出的塑料模塑组合物分开成两个不同的线料并使用该塑料模塑组合物1挤出塑料管材并且，在进入真空箱校准器后，在大约20cm后，所述新挤出的管材并行地采用预先分开的熔融塑料模塑组合物2填充，并将该新形成的塑料模制品如常规管材挤出中那样进一步加工。
DE 10240395（Lisa
Figure BDA00002596304200022
GmbH）描述了用于机动车并且至今由钢管在内部高压法中制备的横梁，用于接受其它部件的各种装置可能已经焊接到该横梁上。根据该发明的横梁包括由纤维复合材料或金属-塑料杂化设计构成的弯曲管，用于接受其它部件的各种装置已经注射到该弯曲管上。
DE 102009002232（Volkswagen AG）描述了制备凸轮轴的方法和设备，该方法比以前的方法，例如内部高压成型方法（IHU）或浇铸方法更灵活，并且得到更轻的产品。该凸轮轴由纤维增强塑料组成，并且该制备方法由以下步骤组成：
●将预制的负荷引入元件布置在具有中空结构的纤维半成品上，
●将弹性中空体引入到该纤维半成品中和
●将整个装置置于温度可控的模具中，
●将负荷引入元件布置在该模具内，
●填充该弹性中空体，因此该半成品挤压到该模具和负荷引入元件的轮廓上，
●填充基体材料并热硬化，
●在硬化后可以将该轴脱模。
DE 102007026553（TU Dresden）描述了具有汽车轮子轮廓的用于轮轴和轴，例如用于飞机起落架的多泡孔复合结构。经由纤维层按各种角度的布置达到组件的高机械负荷能力。
DE 102005020274（Denk Engineering GmbH）描述了如下制备纤维增强塑料模制件的方法：将纤维层压体施加到可延伸的内模制件上，将用该纤维层压体覆盖的内模制件引入阴模中并使其膨胀，其中该内模制件膨胀并且将纤维材料挤压到组件模具的内壁上。可以将金属部件或已经硬化的纤维增强部件引入该组件模具中，它们在该纤维增强的材料的硬化后与该塑料模制件牢固地接合并将其额外增强。芯护套的膨胀经由气体或液体输入发生，但是也可以经由负压发生。
DE 102005020907A1（TU Dresden）描述了由纤维增强塑料构成的中空结构，其具有已经成型到该中空结构的内部轮廓上的负荷引入元件。该中空结构由用反应性树脂混合物浸渍的纺织半成品组成。可以手工地或利用已知的注射方法，例如树脂传递模塑法（RTM）施加反应性树脂。使用吹塑气囊达到轮廓精确的形状复制。
使用PUR的"模内模塑"的主要特征在于：
-在"正常的"PUR发泡中，发泡进行到组件中（类似于构造泡沫）。
-借助PUR制备"牺牲芯"，它们然后可以被覆盖层覆盖。所述方法然后包括多个步骤。
-在PUR的情况下，发泡从液相发生。
为了耗散车辆在碰撞情况下的能量，在汽车的结构内使用碰撞元件。它们一般由金属成型制备，并经由金属结构的限定的变形（折叠）而耗散在负荷情况下的能量。
对于各特殊应用（赛车或微型越野车）已经使用具有泡沫芯和FRP覆盖层的碰撞元件。然而，该制备方法与根据本发明的程序根本上不同：在第二方法步骤中将纤维施加到置于模具中的泡沫芯上，然后在第三方法步骤中将其加固。
为了例如在车体中达到加固效果（包括在经历碰撞中的应力的位置），使用PUR泡沫。这些被直接地注入金属的中空轮廓中，并在引入过程中（例如引入汽车的B柱）膨胀。该方法在此情况下基于的是，可能将PUR原位发泡。
发明内容
目的
根据本发明的目的因此是：
●原位发泡方法的开发，
●制备填充泡沫的三维组件（塑料泡沫复合模制品）的简单的一步方法的开发，
●制备通过一个和/或多个覆盖层包覆的填充泡沫的三维组件（塑料泡沫复合模制品）的简单的一步方法的开发，其中所述覆盖层可以在彼此下方接合，
●由塑料泡沫复合模制品制成的轻质结构碰撞元件的制备，
●具有泡沫芯和一个覆盖层或多个覆盖层的模制件和异型结构的制备，
●平面塑料泡沫复合模制品的制备，
●具有传递力的结构（插入物）或粘接的结构或加固结构的集成组件的制备，
●泡沫膜片的原位制备，
●传感器，
●具有可变/可调节密度的组件的制备，
●天线（隔离物），
●用于提高耐压性和耐翘曲和弯折性的元件的制备，
●很大程度上均匀的泡沫结构的制备，
●具有各向异性机械性能的组件的制备，
●纵向和横向梁（例如汽车中的A、B和C柱）经由塑料泡沫复合模制品的加固。
目的的达到
根据本发明的目的如下经由塑料泡沫复合模制品和经由其制备方法达到：
通过固体可发泡塑料，例如聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺（PMI）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）、聚氨酯（PUR）、聚（甲基）丙烯酸酯（PMMA）的使用成功制备塑料泡沫复合模制品，该塑料泡沫复合模制品基本上均匀并在发泡工艺的过程中与覆盖层或多个相同的或不同的覆盖层机械稳定地接合。
"机械稳定地"在下文中是指用于剥离覆盖层所要求的力（测量方法：根据DIN 53295的转鼓剥离试验）大于所述材料典型的剥离力矩。对于
Figure BDA00002596304200051
它们在10-80Nmm/mm的范围内。
覆盖层
塑料泡沫复合模制品的覆盖层可以例如由以下组成：
-有或者没有增强材料的热塑性材料，例如是具有任选的通过例如玻璃纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维、聚合物纤维、天然纤维或碳纤维增强的不同类型的聚酰胺（PA、PA 66、PA 12）、聚丙烯（PP）、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）、聚醚醚酮（PEEK），例如PA 6GF
-热塑性纤维复合材料或有机板，例如连续纤维增强的PA 6
-有和没有增强材料的热固性材料，例如预浸料坯
-仅增强材料，例如由玻璃、碳、芳族聚酰胺、聚合物制成的纤维，例如玄武岩纤维、硼纤维、陶瓷纤维、金属纤维、聚酯纤维、尼龙纤维、聚乙烯纤维、Plexiglas纤维，天然纤维，例如木质纤维、亚麻纤维、大麻纤维、剑麻纤维
-金属，实例是铝、钢、高强度钢
-弹性体，例如橡胶、PUR、纤维增强的橡胶或纤维增强的PUR
-凝胶涂层
-和由上述材料中一种或多种形成的组合，实例是由玻璃纤维网和碳纤维网的组合制成的多层结构（层压体）。
可以用于塑料泡沫复合模制品的覆盖层的增强材料是塑料技术中常用的纤维材料，实例是：
-玻璃纤维，例如呈短玻璃纤维、长玻璃纤维、连续纤维、纤维网、纤维纺织物、针织物、非织造织物或毡垫形式
-碳纤维，例如呈短玻璃纤维、长玻璃纤维、连续纤维、纤维网、纤维纺织物、针织物、非织造织物或毡垫形式
-芳族聚酰胺纤维，例如呈短玻璃纤维、长玻璃纤维、连续纤维、纤维网、纤维纺织物、针织物、非织造织物或毡垫形式
-天然纤维，例如是木质纤维、亚麻纤维、大麻纤维、剑麻纤维
-合成纤维，例如是聚酯纤维、尼龙纤维、聚乙烯纤维、Plexiglas纤维
-玻璃珠，实例是玻璃珠增强的聚酰胺（例如PA 6GK30）
覆盖层也可以是在彼此下方用粘合剂粘接的。
聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺和聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺泡沫
与本发明方法尤其相关的芯层包含聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺泡沫。
置于括号中的表述意于表示任选的特征。因此，例如，（甲基）丙烯酸类不但是指丙烯酸类而且是指甲基丙烯酸类和这两类化合物的混合物。
可从根据本发明的组合物获得的聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺泡沫具有可以由式（I）表示的重复单元，
Figure BDA00002596304200071
其中
R1和R2相同或不同地是氢或甲基，R3是氢或含至多20个碳原子的烷基或芳基。
优选结构（I）的单元构成所述聚(甲基)丙烯酰亚胺泡沫的多于30重量%，尤其多于50重量%，非常尤其多于80重量%。
聚(甲基)丙烯酰亚胺硬质泡沫的生产是本身已知的，并描述于例如GB专利1078425、GB专利1045229、DE专利1817156(=US专利3627711)或DE专利2726259(=US专利4139685)或DE 19917987中。
例如，结构式（I）的单元可以尤其在加热到150-250℃时由相邻的(甲基)丙烯酸和(甲基)丙烯腈的单元经由环化异构化反应而形成(参见DE-C 1817156、DE-C 2726259、EP-B 146892)。通常，首先在自由基引发剂存在下，在低温（例如30-60℃下），经由单体聚合，随后加热到60-120℃而制备前体，然后通过加热到大约180-250℃通过存在的发泡剂将其进行发泡(参见EP-B 356714)。
为此，例如，可以首先形成共聚物，该共聚物按优选1:3-3:1的摩尔比包含（甲基）丙烯酸和（甲基）丙烯腈。
所述共聚物可以另外包含其它单体单元，其例如得自丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸的酯，尤其是与含有1-4个碳原子的低级醇的酯，得自苯乙烯，马来酸或其酸酐，衣康酸或其酸酐，乙烯基吡咯烷酮、氯乙烯或偏二氯乙烯。不能环化或仅能非常困难地环化的共聚单体的比例不应该超过以下值，基于所述单体的重量：30重量%，优选20重量%，尤其优选10重量%。
可以按同样已知的方式有利地使用的其它单体是少量交联剂，例如丙烯酸烯丙酯，甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯，乙二醇二丙烯酸酯或乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯，或丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸的多价金属盐，如甲基丙烯酸镁。所述交联剂的数量比例经常在0.005重量%-5重量%的范围内，基于可聚合单体的总量。
此外可以使用金属盐添加料，它们通常用来减小烟雾的量。它们尤其包括碱金属或碱土金属或锌、锆或铅的丙烯酸盐或甲基丙烯酸盐。优选Na、K、Zn和Ca的（甲基）丙烯酸盐。用量为2-5重量份的单体在根据FAR 25.853a的燃烧测试中明显地减小烟雾密度。
聚合引发剂
所使用的聚合引发剂是本身常用于（甲基）丙烯酸酯的聚合的那些，实例是偶氮化合物，例如偶氮二异丁腈，以及过氧化物，例如过氧化二苯甲酰或过氧化二月桂酰，或其它过氧化物，例如过辛酸叔丁酯，或过缩酮，以及任选地，氧化还原引发剂(在这方面，参见例如H.Rauch-Puntigam，Th.
Figure BDA00002596304200081
Acryl-und Methacrylverbindungen[丙烯酸类和甲基丙烯酸类化合物]"，Springer，Heidelberg，1967，或Kirk-Othmer，Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology，第1卷，第286页及后续页，John Wiley&Sons，New York，1978)。优选使用的聚合引发剂的量是0.01-0.3重量%，基于起始材料。
也可以有利地组合在时间和温度方面具有不同分解性能的聚合引发剂。非常适合的是例如同时使用过新戊酸叔丁酯、过苯甲酸叔丁酯和过2-乙基己酸叔丁酯，或同时使用过苯甲酸叔丁酯、2,2-偶氮二异-2,4-二甲基戊腈、2,2-偶氮二异丁腈和过氧化二叔丁基。
调节剂
所述共聚物的分子量通过在分子量调节剂的存在下经由单体混合物的聚合而调节，所述分子量调节剂尤其例如是对于此已知的硫醇，例如正丁基硫醇、正十二烷基硫醇、2-巯基乙醇或巯基乙酸2-乙基己酯，或醌或萜烯；其中所述分子量调节剂的用量通常是基于单体混合物计为0.01重量%-5重量%，优选基于单体混合物计为0.1重量%-2重量%，尤其优选0.2重量%-1重量%(参见例如H.Rauch-Puntigam，Th.，
Figure BDA00002596304200091
"Acryl-und Methacrylverbindungen"[丙烯酸类和甲基丙烯酸类化合物]，Springer，Heidelberg，1967；Houben-Weyl，Methoden der organischen Chemie[有机化学方法]，第XIV/1卷，第66页，Georg Thieme，Heidelberg，1961或Kirk-Othmer，Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology，第1卷，第296页及后续页，J.Wiley，New York，1978)。
聚合优选经由本体聚合的变型，例如所谓的隔槽方法进行，但不限于此。
聚合物的重均分子量优选大于106g/mol，特别是大于3×106g/mol，但不希望由此造成限制。
发泡剂按已知的方式用于所述共聚物在转化成含酰亚胺基的聚合物期间的发泡，所述发泡剂在150-250℃下经由分解或蒸发形成气相。含有酰胺结构的发泡剂，如脲，一甲基脲或N,N'-二甲基脲，甲酰胺或一甲基甲酰胺在分解时释放出氨或胺，其可以有助于附加形成酰亚胺基团。然而，也可以使用无氮发泡剂，如甲酸，水，或含有3-8个碳原子的一元脂族醇，如1-丙醇、2-丙醇、正丁-1-醇、正丁-2-醇、异丁-1-醇、异丁-2-醇、戊醇和/或己醇。
发泡剂的使用量取决于所需泡沫密度，在此发泡剂在反应混合物中的量通常为大约0.5重量%-15重量%，基于所使用的单体。
前体可另外包含常规添加剂。它们尤其包括抗静电剂，抗氧化剂，脱模剂，润滑剂，染料，阻燃剂，流动改进剂，填料，光稳定剂和有机磷化合物如亚磷酸酯或膦酸酯，颜料，气候稳定剂和增塑剂。
导电性颗粒是另一类优选的添加剂，所述颗粒防止泡沫的带静电。它们尤其包括金属颗粒和炭黑颗粒，它们也可以作为具有尺寸为10nm-10mm的纤维存在，如在EP 0356714A1中所述那样。
可以使用的一种尤其优选的聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺泡沫可以例如经由以下步骤获得：
1.经由由以下组分组成的组合物的自由基共聚合制备共聚物片材：
(a)由20-60重量%甲基丙烯腈，80重量%-40重量%甲基丙烯酸和任选地最多至20重量%（基于甲基丙烯酸和甲基丙烯腈的总量）的其它单官能烯属不饱和单体构成的单体混合物，
(b)0.5重量%-15重量%由甲酰胺或一甲基甲酰胺和分子中含3-8个碳原子的一元脂族醇构成的发泡剂混合物，
(c)由以下物质组成的交联剂体系
(c.1)0.005重量%-5重量%的能进行自由基聚合并在分子中具有至少两个双键的烯属不饱和化合物，和
(c.2)1重量%-5重量%溶解在单体混合物中的氧化镁或氧化锌，
(d)引发剂体系
(e)常用添加剂
(f)调节剂或调节剂混合物
2.在由尺寸50×50cm的两个玻璃板和厚度2.2cm的边封形成的隔槽中在30℃-45℃下使这种混合物聚合数天。然后让所述共聚物经历从40℃延伸到130℃的热调理程序大约20h以实现最终的聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺共聚。
后续发泡在170℃-250℃，优选200℃-250℃，非常尤其优选220℃-250℃下进行数小时。
此外，可以经由使聚（甲基）丙烯酸甲酯或其共聚物与伯胺反应获得具有高耐热变形性的聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺，它们同样可以根据本发明使用。作为所述聚合物相似转变的酰亚胺化的大量实例的代表可以提及：US 4246374、EP 216505A2、EP 860821。在此可以经由使用芳基胺(JP 05222119A2)或经由使用特定的共聚单体(EP 561230A2、EP 577002A1)达到高的耐热变形性。然而，所有的所述反应没有得到泡沫，而是得到固体聚合物，其为了获得泡沫必须在单独的第二步骤中发泡。同样，对此在本领域中技术是已知的。
共聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺硬质泡沫也可以商业上获得，实例是得自Evonik
Figure BDA00002596304200111
GmbH的
Figure BDA00002596304200112
它可以按各种密度和尺寸供应。
共聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺泡沫的密度优选为20kg/m3-320kg/m3，尤其优选为50kg/m3-110kg/m3。
不希望由此导致任何限制，芯层的厚度为1mm-1000mm，尤其是5mm-500mm，非常尤其优选10mm-200mm。
芯层可以在内部额外具有其它层。然而，在本发明方法中将共聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺泡沫和/或覆盖层（参见上文）接合。然而，根据本发明的方法的特定实施方案中使用由共聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺泡沫组成的芯层。
还可以使用聚（甲基）丙烯酸酯作为待发泡的塑料。
制备方法
塑料泡沫复合型体的制备方法由以下步骤组成：
1.塑料模制品的制备。塑料模制品是未发泡的并通过机械方法将它转化成所要求的尺寸。所述尺寸取决于在成品塑料泡沫复合型体中要调节的泡沫密度。在所述共聚物的已知的密度下，基于目标密度得到恒定发泡因数，原因在于各向同性的发泡行为。由此可以计算所要求的共聚物的尺寸。
2.将覆盖层置于模具中，可以任选地在模具和覆盖层之间施加脱模剂，以便促进塑料泡沫复合型体的脱模。
3.所得泡沫与覆盖层的发泡和接合在一个步骤中在170摄氏度至250摄氏度，优选200℃-250℃，非常尤其优选220℃-250℃的温度下进行。
发泡时间是半小时至五小时，优选一个半小时至四小时，非常尤其优选两小时至三小时。
4.在冷却后，可以从模具中取出塑料泡沫复合型体。
对制备模具的材料仅如下程度上受到限制，即它必须能够经受住发泡过程的温度。如果模具的内侧面是光滑的，则是另外有利的，以便促进塑料泡沫复合模制品的脱模和达到塑料泡沫复合模制品的光滑表面。
可根据本发明方法获得的塑料泡沫复合模制品由于它们的低重量和它们优异的机械性能而合适作为航天器、航空器、船舶和陆上运输工具中的组件，尤其是作为在发生事故情况下以消耗能量的方式变形的组件（碰撞元件）。
具体实施方式
实施例
实施例1
根据DE 19917987A1的实施例1的操作规程制备塑料模制品。
使由如下物质形成的混合物：大约61份甲基丙烯酸、大约39份甲基丙烯腈、大约4.7份甲酰胺和4.2份丙-2-醇（异丙醇）和由0.3份新戊酸叔丁酯、0.04份2-乙基己酸叔丁酯、0.07份过苯甲酸叔丁酯和0.077份过新癸酸枯基酯形成的引发剂混合物，和0.001份调节剂，在距离为23mm并由周边密封绳密封的两个玻璃板之间在38摄氏度的水浴温度下聚合大约66小时，随后在烘箱中在115摄氏度的温度下后聚合24小时。这样获得均匀的塑料模制品。（上述实施例中的"份"总是指重量份。）
实施例2
将由聚酰胺制成的膜片（有机板：制造商Bond Laminates GmbH，Brilon,型号：dynalite 102-RG600（1）/47%，0.50mm黑色（PA6+GF））置于直径53.5mm和长度265mm的圆柱形模具的内侧面上，满足它与该模具的内边缘接触。将具有根据实施例1的组成并且尺寸为98×17.5×17.5mm的聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺聚合物置于模具中，并将该模具在大约2小时的过程中加热到220摄氏度。
冷却后获得具有以下机械性能的塑料泡沫复合模制品：
-可以将组件的密度调节在10kg/m3-300kg/m3，但是优选50kg/m3-200kg/m3的范围内。
-在整个组件芯中，存在没有显著优先方向的比较（该术语需要更详细说明）均匀，即闭孔泡沫结构。
-组件在芯中的特征是均匀泡孔尺寸分布（泡孔尺寸在0.05-0.8mm，优选0.2-0.6mm的范围内，随所要调节的目标密度改变）。
-泡沫芯的结构是几乎100%闭孔的结构。
-存在与覆盖层非常好的连接/粘附。"非常好的连接/粘附"下文中是指剥离覆盖层所要求的力（测量方法、标准：根据DIN 53295的转鼓剥离试验）大于所述材料典型的剥离力矩。对于ROHACELL，它们在10-80Nmm/mm的范围内。
-经由该方法达到非常好的成形。可以成型具有非常小的半径的三维几何结构。
-三维几何结构的成型是非常好的。这是指由该方法达到高的泡沫芯和覆盖层的变形度。
-复合模制品具有光滑的外皮层。
-对于塑料复合模制品，存在非常好的纤维固结。将高温（范围参见上文）引入该组件以便引发发泡过程。这导致例如在覆盖层（实例是有机板）的热塑性基体体系的情况下材料熔融。另外经由发泡过程将高压施加于覆盖层上。这导致存在的纤维的好的固结。
-通过复合体，允许高的能量吸收。所述高的能量吸收不但由纤维增强的覆盖层而且由泡沫芯导致：如果发生强的能量暴露（例如碰撞），则在达到强度后，将在覆盖层中形成裂纹。它们从纤维"迁移"到纤维并在此"消耗"能量。对于泡沫存在以下情况：当强度被超过时，发生所谓第一泡孔的坍塌。然后完全的泡孔平面坍塌，然后下一个，然后下一个等。在此通过重复的"与障碍物（未破坏的泡孔平面）碰撞"而将能量耗散。
-塑料复合模制品具有高的弯曲和扭曲刚度、高的弯折负荷和非常好的翘曲性能。所述良好的机械性能主要基于夹芯构造方式原理。夹芯构造方式是一种半成品的构造方式，其中将各种性能的多个层包埋入材料内。它非常常见地与纤维复合材料，例如纤维-塑料复合材料组合使用。作为构造方式，夹芯构造方式是指一种轻质构造的形式，其中组件由力吸收性覆盖层组成，所述层由较轻质芯材料隔离。所述部件在低重量下非常抗弯曲和翘曲。根据线性夹芯理论进行其计算。芯材料可以由纸蜂窝、泡沫（硬质泡沫）或轻木组成。因为例如在"弯曲"负荷情况下，尤其是所述外部层吸收拉伸和压缩力，所以可以使用由较轻材料制成的板芯并且所述板芯仅仅负责传递剪切力。
实施例3
将由聚酰胺制成的膜片（有机板：Bond Laminates
Figure BDA00002596304200141
dynalite 102-RG600（1）/47%，0.50mm黑色（PA6+GF））置于直径53.5mm和长度265mm的圆柱形模具的内侧面上，满足它与该模具的内边缘光滑接触。将具有根据实施例1的组成的聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺聚合物置于模具中。另外将具有尺寸12×12mm（正方形）和长度245mm的钢棒置于该模具中，满足所述由聚酰胺制成的膜片不将所述钢棒包覆，并将该模具在大约2小时的过程中加热到大约220摄氏度。
在冷却后，获得具有尺寸12×12mm深槽的塑料泡沫复合模制品，其具有以下机械性能：
-可以将组件的密度调节在10kg/m3-300kg/m3，但是优选50kg/m3-200kg/m3的范围内。
-在整个组件芯中，存在没有显著优先方向的比较均匀，即闭孔的泡沫结构。
-组件在芯中的特征是均匀泡孔尺寸分布（泡孔尺寸在0.05-0.8mm，优选0.2-0.6mm的范围内，随所要调节的目标密度而改变）。
-泡沫芯的结构是几乎100%闭孔的结构。
-存在与覆盖层非常好的连接/粘附。"非常好的连接/粘附"在下文中是指剥离覆盖层所要求的力（测量方法、标准：根据DIN 53295的转鼓剥离试验）大于所述材料典型的剥离力矩。对于ROHACELL，它们在10-80Nmm/mm的范围内。
-经由该方法达到非常好的成形。可以成型具有非常小的半径的三维几何结构。钢棒的形状得到良好复制。
-三维几何结构的成型是非常好的。这是指通过该方法达到高的泡沫芯和覆盖层的变形度。
-复合模制品具有光滑的外皮层。
-对于塑料复合模制品，存在非常好的纤维固结。将高温（范围参见上文）引入该组件以便引发发泡过程。这导致例如在覆盖层（实例是有机板）的热塑性基体体系的情况下材料熔融。另外经由发泡过程将高压施加于覆盖层上。这导致存在的纤维的良好的固结。
-通过复合体，允许高的能量吸收。所述高的能量吸收不但由纤维增强的覆盖层而且由泡沫芯导致：如果发生强的能量暴露（例如碰撞），则在达到强度后，将在覆盖层中形成裂纹。它们从纤维"迁移"到纤维并在此"消耗"能量。对于泡沫存在以下情况：当强度被超过时，发生所谓第一泡孔的坍塌。然后完全的泡孔平面坍塌，然后下一个，然后下一个等。在此通过重复的"与障碍物（未破坏的泡孔平面）碰撞"而将能量耗散。
-塑料复合模制品具有高的弯曲和扭曲刚度、高的弯折负荷和非常好的翘曲性能。所述良好的机械性能主要归因于夹芯构造方式原理。夹芯构造方式是一种半成品的构造方式，其中将各种性能的多个层包埋入材料内。它非常常见地与纤维复合材料，例如纤维-塑料复合材料组合使用。作为构造方式，夹芯构造方式是指一种轻质构造的形式，其中组件由力吸收性覆盖层组成，所述层由较轻质芯材料隔离。所述部件在低重量下非常抗弯曲和翘曲。根据线性夹芯理论进行其计算。芯材料可以由纸蜂窝、泡沫（硬质泡沫）或轻木组成。因为例如在"弯曲"负荷情况下，尤其是所述外部层吸收拉伸和压缩力，所以可以使用由较轻材料制成的板芯并且所述板芯仅仅负责传递剪切力。

Claims (7)

1.制备塑料泡沫复合模制品的方法，其特征在于将一个或多个覆盖层和固体聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺共聚物引入模具，然后使所述聚（甲基）丙烯酰亚胺共聚物发泡并与所述一个或多个覆盖层接合。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于在170摄氏度至250摄氏度下进行所述发泡。
3.根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于在唯一一个方法步骤中制备塑料泡沫复合模制品。
4.可根据专利权利要求1-3的方法获得的塑料泡沫复合模制品。
5.根据权利要求4的塑料泡沫复合模制品作为航天器、航空器，船舶和陆上运输工具中的组件的用途。
6.根据权利要求4的塑料泡沫复合模制品作为航天器、航空器，船舶和陆上运输工具中的能量吸收组件的用途。
7.根据权利要求4的塑料泡沫复合模制品作为航天器、航空器，船舶和陆上运输工具中的稳定组件的用途。
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