CN102928257A - Hierarchical collection device of suspended matters of natural water body, and collection method of hierarchical collection device - Google Patents
Hierarchical collection device of suspended matters of natural water body, and collection method of hierarchical collection device Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a hierarchical collection device of suspended matters of a natural water body, and a collection method of the hierarchical collection device. The collection device comprises a filtering combination suite, a control box, a submersible pump and a water pipe, wherein the filtering combination suite further comprises a water inlet element, filtering elements and a water outlet element, and a plurality of filtering elements are overlapped together and are arranged between the water inlet element and the water outlet element. According to the hierarchical collection device, the plurality of filtering elements are overlapped together, the apertures of the filtering elements are gradually reduced from top to bottom, the suspended matters in different particle sizes are separated in a layer-by-layer manner, and the suspended matters in different particle sizes can be separated at one time, so that the operation is simple and quick, and precision is improved. The collection device is easy to use during field sampling, depth and flow instruments can be used for quantitative sampling of the natural water bodies in different depths, the suspended matters are separated in place, and the original state of the suspended matters is ensured; and the difficulty in separation of bio-particles in a sedimentation method is overcome; and the collection device has the advantages of large flux, time saving and very low cost.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to water environment suspension monitoring technology, be specifically related to a kind of natural water suspension graded collecting device and acquisition method thereof.
Background technology
The water body suspension refers to be suspended in the solid matter in the water, comprises inorganics, organism and silt particle, clay, microorganism of water fast etc.Suspension content is one of index of weighing water pollution degree in the water.Suspension is the main cause that causes the water muddiness.Easy anaerobic fermentation after the organic suspended matter deposition in the water body makes water quality deterioration.Suspension extensively exists in water environment, because its specific surface area is larger, becomes the carrier of conveying and decomposing pollutant, and the suspension of different-grain diameter affects the physicochemical property of pollutant in water body, is the important indicator of pollutant migration.Pollutant such as metal, nutritive salt and persistence organic pollutant are easy to be adsorbed on the suspension in the water body, and for the suspension of different-grain diameter, the potentiality of its adsorption fouling thing are not quite similar, and therefore, the particle diameter distribution has material impact for concentration, the form of pollutant.At present, be more common in modeling effort in the laboratory for the research of different-grain diameter and pollutant relation, the suspension of different-grain diameter is easy to preparation in the laboratory, is easy to judge with the relation of pollutant, the relation between suspension that can the partial interpretation field and the different pollutants.In order to study distribute true relation with pollutant of suspension particle diameter in the field water, be necessary the suspension of the different-grain diameter in the field water environment is separated first, then pollutant load is wherein measured.
Separation method for suspension mainly contains sedimentation, centrifugal separation, dry screen point-score, wet filter method, compound partition method and flow cytometric sorting method.
1) sedimentation: sedimentation is to utilize subsidence rate and its particle diameter of suspension in water body of different-grain diameter that certain correlativity is arranged, and generally speaking, the suspended substance sedimentation speed that particle diameter is larger is faster.Sedimentation is classical method of separating the different-grain diameter suspension, has a wide range of applications, and is applicable to the larger grade scope of suspension, and the less suspension of particle diameter is difficult to separate, and the situation that exists grade to intersect, and is still not strong for the applicability of suspension.Existing document generally is the different-grain diameter suspension that utilizes in the Yellow River that the method separation planktonic organism content is few, sediment charge is high, if this method is applied to the higher suspension different-grain diameter suspension of planktonic algae content when separating, the animal plankton that particle diameter is larger or plant all can not sink to the bottom under existing state, and dead planktonic organism sinks to the sample that separates behind the bottom and can limit research range, and this is so that sedimentation is used for Hyper-eutrophic suspension different-grain diameter suspension separates and be very restricted.
2) centrifugal separation: centrifugal separation is an extension of sedimentation, the subsidence rate of suspension is accelerated in centrifugal meeting, like this can the less suspension of effective separation particle diameter, by constant time and constant centrifugal rotational speed, can obtain the fixedly suspension of particle diameter, traditional separation method more saves time relatively.Compare with traditional sedimentation, the method can be separated the planktonic organism of large suspension, centrifugal separation has been carried out larger improvement to sedimentation, but existing centrifugal separation remains and can only separate fixing grade, and continuous separate still exists technology tired from the suspension of a plurality of particle diameters.
3) dry screen point-score: the dry screen point-score is that a large amount of water samples that will collect filter or cold dried a large amount of suspension dry of collecting, and then is placed in the screen cloth of different pore size, utilizes the pore size of screen cloth to separate.The dry screen point-score need to gather the suspension that a large amount of water bodys could obtain enough to sieve, and is coldly to do or filter water sample and all waste time and energy.This method generally is applied to the more water body of suspension content, and such as rainwash, Huanghe water etc., range of application has certain limitation.
4) wet filter method: the wet filter method is similar to dry type screening method central principle, all be to utilize the net of different pore size or film to hold back large suspension, see through little suspension, the former need not suspension is become stem body, directly by filter screen or filter membrane to reach the purpose of separating the different-grain diameter suspension, the method is to utilize filter screen (film) separating suspension that certain size is arranged.Compare with the dynamics particle diameter of sedimentation, more press close to the actual particle size of suspension.Yet existing this method can not disposablely be finished the purpose of filtering screening suspension, must repeatedly repeat, and the filter screen (film) that at every turn more renews is realized the separation of the suspension of different-grain diameter.
5) composite ratings method: the composite ratings method is to combine a kind of novel technical method that sedimentation and tamisage are separated suspension, the composite ratings method means that with sedimenting system it can take larger usable floor area, and the application during it is sampled in the open air is subject to certain limitation.
6) selected by flow cytometry apoptosis method: the sorting function of flow cytometer is finished by cell sorter, for planktonic organism, the selected by flow cytometry apoptosis method has great advantage, it can separate suspension and the abiotic class suspension of planktonic organism type, separate dissimilar planktonic organisms, to separate thinking different from traditional particle diameter, further expanded the concept that suspension separates, but the realization cost of this technological means are comparatively high with respect to other technologies.
Summary of the invention
Problem for above prior art exists based on the wet filter method, the invention provides natural water suspension graded collecting device and acquisition method thereof that quick, convenient, the efficient separation of a kind of external enwergy out of office gathers eutrophication.
One object of the present invention is to provide a kind of natural water suspension graded collecting device.
Natural water suspension graded collecting device of the present invention comprises: filter combination set, control case, submersible pump and water pipe; Wherein, control case and be connected to submersible pump by circuit, the collection water sample of control submersible pump; Filter combination set and further comprise entry element, filtering element and water outlet element, a plurality of filtering elements are superimposed and are arranged between entry element and the water outlet element, according to the size in the aperture of filtering element, successively decrease successively from top to bottom; The top of entry element is provided with water inlet, and the bottom of water outlet element is provided with water delivering orifice, and submersible pump links to each other with water inlet by water pipe, and water sample is delivered to the filtration combination set, flows out from water delivering orifice.
The present invention adopts a plurality of filtering elements to be superimposed, and successively decreases from top to bottom successively in the aperture of filtering element, successively separates the suspension of different-grain diameter, can realize the suspension of disposable separation different-grain diameter, so that simple and quick, and improve precision.
Filtering element of the present invention comprises filter disc and filtering layer, and filtering layer is fixed on the filter disc.Be provided with via-hole array on the filter disc, the aperture of through hole is between 2mm ~ 5mm, thereby water sample flows into lower one deck filtering element from via-hole array.Successively decrease from top to bottom successively in the aperture of filtering layer, thus the aperture of realizing filtering element under upper, successively decrease successively, realize successively separating the suspension of different-grain diameter.Filtering layer is screen pack or filtering membrane, and material adopts nylon or Teflon.Filtering layer adopts snap ring to be fixed on the filter disc.
Be provided with O-ring seal between entry element and filtering element, water outlet element and filtering element and the adjacent filtering element, to guarantee the sealing between each element, guarantee that water sample passes through the filtering element of each layer successively, and can not overflow from the side.Further, adopt screw thread to link to each other convenient disassembly between each element.
The present invention further is provided with depth of probe, and an end of depth of probe is connected to controls case, and the other end is connected to submersible pump, can realize the sampling at set depth to the different depth water body.
Further, harvester of the present invention is provided with flowmeter, flowmeter by circuit with control case and link to each other, a side is provided with rising pipe, the water delivering orifice of the bottom by being arranged on the water outlet element with filter combination set and link to each other, with the realization quantitative sampling.
The present invention realizes the controllability power operation by controlling case, controls case and comprises: control panel; Be provided with battery, instrument and switch on the control panel.According to concrete needs, instrument comprises voltage instrument, flow instrument and degree of depth instrument; Switch comprises submersible pump switch, flow instrument switch, degree of depth meter switch and transfer switch.Further, the casing of controlling case is divided into two parts: control section and loading station; Control section is control panel; Loading station is placed submersible pump, water pipe, depth of probe and filtration combination set etc. when not working, the fixing combination set that filters when work.
The present invention can realize the quantitative sampling to the different depth water body; Adopt screw thread to link to each other convenient disassembly between each element; Utilize the filtering layer of multilayer different pore size can realize the separation of multistage suspension; Both can use AC power also can use direct supply, compare with other large-scale field sampling devices, have more portability, be very suitable for the collection of different-grain diameter suspension in the small water.
The present invention is more small and exquisite, can use at small-size water surface loads such as speedboats, and the use of can sampling in the unapproachable small water of large vessel also can be used in great water body.When carrying out mask work in the open air, cooperate the instrument such as the degree of depth, flow can carry out to the natural water of different depth quantitative sampling, guarantee that the suspension of water body just can effectively be separated in position.Utilize filtering element of the present invention, can easily realize easily multistage separation.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of natural water suspension sample grading method.
Natural water suspension sample grading method of the present invention may further comprise the steps:
1) for the scope of the particle diameter of Suspended Matter in Water, select the filtering layer of different pore size, for obtaining suspension quality at different levels, need to carry out constant weight to filtering layer, claim to get filter before weight;
2) assembling filter combination set, successively decrease from top to bottom successively in the aperture of filtering layer, and the water inlet at top links to each other with submersible pump;
3) submersible pump is goed deep into certain depth in the water body, open submersible pump switch, water sample enters to filter in the combination set and begins classified filtering;
4) disassemble the filtration combination set, take out filtering layer after, stored refrigerated is taken back the laboratory, places weighing after the desiccator constant weight, utilizes weight difference before filtering to subtract and can obtain suspension weight at different levels.
Wherein, different for the type of pollutant in step 1), the material of filtering layer can be different, can adopt screen pack or the filtering membrane of nylon or Teflon.
Acquisition method of the present invention further comprises, judges that before carrying out sample grading the particle diameter of the suspension in the water body distributes, and specifically may further comprise the steps:
A) determine the Size Distribution of water body suspension to be studied: the feature that the particle diameter that utilizes particle size analyzer or data in literature to obtain the suspension of water body to be studied distributes, the i.e. distribution curve of suspension particle size range and obedience;
B) determine to divide rank and dividing mode according to the Size Distribution of suspension: in the particle size range of suspension, determine the particle diameter rank, both can adopt arithmetic progression to divide, also can take Geometric Sequence to divide, the former is for particle diameter distribution Normal Distribution or similar normal distribution, and the latter is for particle diameter distribution obeys logarithm normal or similar lognormal distribution.
Further, for the suspension behind the sample grading, carry out pollutant analysis.For research heavy metal, nutritive salt and persistence organic pollutant, the filtering layer after weighing can be used for corresponding pre-treatment work.
This method is separated the different-grain diameter suspension to land Hyper-eutrophic water body fast and efficiently in conjunction with said apparatus, and be applicable to all types of water bodys, the portability and functional so that the range of application of method is more extensive of device is the distribution in the different-grain diameter suspension and return and become to providing effective means in Different Waters of research pollutant.
Advantage of the present invention:
Use when (1) being easier to sample in the open air, the in position separating suspension of trying one's best, the virgin state of assurance suspension has avoided taking back in transfer the generation of planktonic organism death, suspension coagulation and the change of water quality that may occur before separate in the laboratory;
(2) use that is easy to combine with other technologies, when using additive method, method of the present invention can be separated some interfering materials in advance, as only studying non-swimming during bioseston, can utilize the filtering layer of respective aperture to stop most planktonic organism;
(3) for natural water, the water body that particularly eutrophication is serious (containing abundant algae) has fine separating power, has overcome the separation difficulty of sedimentation for biologic grain;
(4) compare with sedimentation, flux is larger, saves time;
(5) compare with the selected by flow cytometry apoptosis method, cost is very cheap.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the synoptic diagram of the embodiment of natural water suspension graded collecting device of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the synoptic diagram of filtration combination set of the present invention, wherein, (a) is outside drawing, (b) is sectional view;
Fig. 3 is the explosive view with filtration combination set of a filtering element of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the synoptic diagram that the circuit of controlling an embodiment of case of the present invention connects.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, further set forth the present invention by embodiment.
As shown in Figure 1, natural water suspension graded collecting device of the present invention comprises: filter combination set 2, control case 1, submersible pump 3 and water pipe 4; Wherein, control case 1 and be connected to submersible pump 3, the collection water sample of control submersible pump 3.Present embodiment is provided with depth of probe 5 and flowmeter 6, and an end of depth of probe 5 is connected to controls case 1, and the other end is connected to submersible pump 3.Filtering combination set 2 further comprises: entry element 21, filtering element 22 and water outlet element 23, a plurality of filtering elements 22 are superimposed and are arranged between entry element 21 and the water outlet element 23, according to the size in the aperture of filtering element 22, successively decrease successively from top to bottom; The top of entry element 21 is provided with water inlet, and the bottom of water outlet element 23 is provided with water delivering orifice, and submersible pump 3 links to each other with water inlet by water pipe 4, water sample is delivered to filters combination set 2, flow into flowmeter 6 from water delivering orifice by rising pipe, as shown in Figure 2.
As shown in Figure 3, filtering element 22 comprises filter disc 221 and filtering layer 222; Filtering layer 222 adopts snap ring 223 to be fixed in the groove of filter disc 221; Be provided with the O-ring seal 224 of rubber between entry element 21 and filtering element 22, water outlet element 23 and filtering element 22 and the adjacent filtering element 22, place the O type circle groove of filter disc 221.Adopt screw thread to link to each other between each element.The top of entry element 21 is provided with water inlet and links to each other with submersible pump, submersible pump 3 is drawn up the water sample that comes import filtration combination set 2, aqueous sample stream is behind the filtering layer and filter disc of each layer, and the water delivering orifice that process is arranged on the bottom of water outlet element 23 flow into flowmeter 6 by rising pipe.
In the present embodiment, submersible pump 3 is the D. C. submersible pump of 12V 50W, and the water outlet Peak Flow Rate is 70L/min, hoisting depth can reach 5m, if can adopt the D. C. submersible pump of 12V 90W when sampling quantity is larger, water outlet max-flow scooter 83L/min, hoisting depth can reach 7m; Depth of probe 5 is 10 meters liquid-level probes of 12V, proofreaies and correct and salt correction by air pressure, can measure poisons in freshwater and pop one's head in to the distance of the water surface, i.e. and the depth of water, measurement deviation is less than 5%; Water pipe 4 adopts silicone tube; Battery 10 adopts the lithium battery of built-in 12V 30Ah.
The casing of controlling case 1 is divided into left and right sides two parts: the left side is control section, and the right is loading station; Control section comprises control panel, battery, instrument, switch and connecting circuit; Loading station is placed submersible pump 3, water pipe 4, depth of probe 5 and is filtered combination set 2 when not working, the fixing combination set 2 that filters when work, and flowmeter 6 is arranged in the sidewall of loading station.
As shown in Figure 4, submersible pump 3, depth of probe 5 and flowmeter 6 link to each other with instrument separately, the switch of 1 control section in controlling case respectively.Submersible pump 3 links to each other with submersible pump switch 32 and battery 10; Depth of probe 5 links to each other with degree of depth instrument 51, degree of depth meter switch 52 and depth of probe jack 53; Flowmeter 6 links to each other with flow instrument 61 and flow instrument switch 62; Battery 10 links to each other with transformer 12 and degree of depth instrument 51 with voltage instrument 11 respectively, and when charging, battery 10 links to each other with jack 14, charger 13 and transfer switch 15.The connecting line insertion depth probe insertion 53 of depth of probe 5, open degree of depth meter switch 52, voltage instrument 11 and degree of depth instrument 51 show simultaneously, wherein, voltage instrument 11 needs the 5V power voltage supply, so voltage instrument 11 could work after having adopted transformer 12 that 12V voltage is become 5V.After choosing suitable flowmeter 6, turn-on flow rate meter switch 62, show the integrated flow reading (0.00L, maximum can reach 9.99L, reach this value after, rapidly by reset key, can continue count from 0.00L).After being tied with the submersible pump 3 placement underwater appropriate depth of depth of probe 5, open submersible pump switch 32, the water sample suction is filtered in the combination set 2, enters flowmeter 6 by water pipe, and the integrated flow number of degrees are presented on the flow instrument 61.After experiment is finished, close submersible pump switch 32, flow instrument switch 62 and degree of depth meter switch 52, can the stop device operation.In the laboratory, use or during charging, need by charger 13, connect charger 13 in charging jack 14, power-on switch 15, namely chargeable and use alternating current to control instrument.
The present invention can realize the quantitative sampling to the different depth water body; Adopt screw thread to link to each other convenient disassembly between each element; Utilize the filtering layer of multilayer different pore size can realize the separation of multistage suspension; Both can use AC power also can use direct supply, compare with other large-scale field sampling devices, have more portability, be very suitable for the collection of different-grain diameter suspension in the small water.
In conjunction with embodiments of the invention, be described in the acquisition method of suspension that Chaohu, Anhui Province, China gathers the different-grain diameter of water sample, may further comprise the steps:
1) because experiment condition is limited and Chaohu Lake suspension particle size distribution data lacks, selected the screen pack (250 μ m) of 60 order nylon, the screen pack of 100 order nylon (150 μ m), the screen pack of 200 order nylon (75 μ m), the screen pack of 400 order nylon (38 μ m), totally six grades of the filtering membranes of the micropore of the screen pack of 500 order nylon (25 μ m) and 0.8 μ m nylon, before entering field sampling, first filtering layer is cut into the size that diameter is 88mm, then place desiccator, the weight W b of filtering layer before weight is measured and filtered, be packaged in the aluminium foil valve bag and bring the field into, instrument needs in advance charging before use;
2) assembling filter combination set, filtering layer successively decreases successively under upper according to above-mentioned requirements and fixes the filtering layer of six different pore sizes, the filtration combination set that combines places the loading of controlling case to cover, and the water delivering orifice of bottom is connected with flowmeter, and the top water inlet links to each other with submersible pump;
3) enter predefined sampling point place, after holding hull, submersible pump is bound depth of probe, go deep into certain depth in the water body, open submersible pump switch, the water sample suction is filtered in the combination set and is begun classified filtering, determine the volume of the last water sample that filters according to flow instrument, gathered two points, the water yield of collection is respectively 6.5L and 8.4L, 20min and the 30min of being respectively consuming time;
4) disassemble the filtration combination set, take out filtering layer after, be stored in 4 degrees centigrade of refrigerators and take back the laboratory, place weighing Wa after the desiccator constant weight, utilize weight difference before filtering to subtract and can obtain suspension weight W at different levels.
Measuring heavy metal, nutritive salt and persistence organic pollutant can launch in research subsequently, only introduces the scheme of a kind of embodiment of collection herein.
It should be noted that at last: although this instructions is described design parameter of the present invention and structure in detail by specific embodiment; but it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art; implementation of the present invention is not limited to the description scope of embodiment; within not breaking away from essence of the present invention and spiritual scope; can carry out various modifications and replacement to the present invention, so protection scope of the present invention is looked the claim scope and is defined.
Claims (10)
1. a natural water suspension graded collecting device is characterized in that described harvester comprises: harvester comprises: filter combination set (2), control case (1), submersible pump (3) and water pipe (4); Wherein, control case (1) and be connected to submersible pump (3), the collection water sample of control submersible pump (3); Described filtration combination set (2) further comprises entry element (21), filtering element (22) and water outlet element (23), a plurality of filtering elements (22) are superimposed and are arranged between entry element (21) and the water outlet element (23), according to the size in the aperture of filtering element (22), successively decrease successively from top to bottom; The top of described entry element (21) is provided with water inlet, the bottom of described water outlet element (23) is provided with water delivering orifice, described submersible pump (3) links to each other with water inlet by water pipe (4), and water sample is delivered to described filtration combination set (2), flows out from water delivering orifice.
2. harvester as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described filtering element (22) comprises filter disc (221) and filtering layer (222), and filtering layer is fixed on the filter disc; Described filter disc is provided with via-hole array on (221), and the aperture of through hole is between 2mm ~ 5mm; Described filtering layer (222) is screen pack or filtering membrane, and material adopts nylon or Teflon.
3. harvester as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described filtering layer (222) adopts snap ring (223) to be fixed on the described filter disc (221).
4. harvester as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, is provided with O-ring seal (224) between described entry element (21) and filtering element (22), water outlet element (23) and filtering element (22) and the adjacent filtering element (22); Adopt screw thread to link to each other between each element.
5. harvester as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, further is provided with depth of probe (5), and an end of described depth of probe (5) is connected to controls case (1), and the other end is connected to submersible pump (3).
6. harvester as claimed in claim 5, it is characterized in that, further be provided with flowmeter (6), described flowmeter (6) by circuit with control case (1) and link to each other, one side is provided with rising pipe, the water delivering orifice of the bottom by being arranged on described water outlet element (23) with filter combination set (2) and link to each other.
7. harvester as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, the described case (1) of controlling comprising: control panel; Be provided with battery, instrument and switch on the control panel; Described instrument comprises voltage instrument (11), flow instrument (61) and degree of depth instrument (51); Described switch comprises submersible pump switch (32), flow instrument switch (62), degree of depth meter switch (52) and transfer switch (15).
8. harvester as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that, the described casing of controlling case (1) is divided into two parts: control section and loading station; Described control section is control panel; Described loading station is placed submersible pump (3), water pipe (4), depth of probe (5) and is filtered combination set (2) etc. when not working, the fixing combination set (2) that filters when work.
9. natural water suspension sample grading method is characterized in that described acquisition method may further comprise the steps:
1) for the scope of the particle diameter of Suspended Matter in Water, select the filtering layer of different pore size, for obtaining suspension quality at different levels, need to carry out constant weight to filtering layer, claim to get filter before weight;
2) assembling filter combination set, successively decrease from top to bottom successively in the aperture of filtering layer, and the water inlet at top links to each other with submersible pump;
3) submersible pump is goed deep into certain depth in the water body, open submersible pump switch, water sample enters to filter in the combination set and begins classified filtering;
4) disassemble the filtration combination set, take out filtering layer after, stored refrigerated is taken back the laboratory, places weighing after the desiccator constant weight, utilizes weight difference before filtering to subtract and can obtain suspension weight at different levels.
10. acquisition method as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that, further is included in to carry out judging that the particle diameter of the suspension in the water body distributes, and specifically may further comprise the steps before the sample grading:
A) determine the Size Distribution of water body suspension to be studied: the feature that the particle diameter that utilizes particle size analyzer or data in literature to obtain the suspension of water body to be studied distributes, the i.e. distribution curve of suspension particle size range and obedience;
B) determine to divide rank and dividing mode according to the Size Distribution of suspension: in the particle size range of suspension, determine the particle diameter rank, both can adopt arithmetic progression to divide, also can take Geometric Sequence to divide, the former is for particle diameter distribution Normal Distribution or similar normal distribution, and the latter is for particle diameter distribution obeys logarithm normal or similar lognormal distribution.
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