CN103940769A - Flume experiment method for transporting colloid in underflow band - Google Patents
Flume experiment method for transporting colloid in underflow band Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a flume experiment method for transporting colloid in an underflow band. The migration process of colloid in a sand bed is monitored by methods of collecting riverbed sand in layering by a self-made sand taking device, separating colloid intercepted in sand by ultrasonic waves, measuring the concentration of a colloid solution by a spectrophotometer and the like. According to the invention, the complex colloid concentration measurement is simplified into a method which is convenient to operate and low in cost, the colloid layering and interception situations can be captured, the colloid can be separated by ultrasonic waves, and the colloid concentration can be measured by the ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The method can be used for disclosing the migration process of the colloid in the underflow band, monitoring the riverbed interception quantity, analyzing the migration and interception processes of the colloid in the underflow band quantitatively, and disclosing the exchange of the colloid between overlying water and pore water and the deposition distribution of the colloid in a riverbed. If the colloid migrates to a riverbed, the water environment of the underflow band can be damaged, the inhabiting of aquatic organisms can be affected, and the function and structure of a water ecosystem of the underflow band can be interfered. Therefore, the research on the migration of colloid in underflow bands of rivers has great significance.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the flume experiment method that the thin particulate matters such as a kind of colloid transport in phreatic zone, belong to hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and oceanographic engineering field.
Background technology
More and more research shows, be extensively present in the colloid in river, self is pollutant for river ecosystem, may be also adsorbent simultaneously, adsorbs other pollutants, affects migration and the home to return to of absorbed contaminant in river.The subject matter existing aspect undercurrent exchange research for current colloid in river, research mainly concentrates on the flux at surface water-underground water interface, experimental technique is comparatively loaded down with trivial details simultaneously, measurement cost is high, because colloid is measured difficulty at porous medium, lack the transition process research of colloid in phreatic zone simultaneously.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention: the object of the invention is to for the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of flume experiment method that provides colloid of can effective Sample and measurement studying colloid Transport to transport in phreatic zone, for the research of the lower pollutant of colloid impact in phreatic zone provides theoretical foundation and technical support, for the further investigation of river particle and Pollutant Transportation rule and secondary pollution thereof lays the foundation.
Technical scheme: the flume experiment method that colloid of the present invention transports in phreatic zone, comprises the steps:
(1) prepare colloid and carry out pre-service: porcelain earth being joined in the NaCl solution of abundant dissolving, limit edged stirs, mixed solution is vibrated on constant temperature klystron oscillator instrument, then survey its conductivity through repeatedly rinsing synchronous sampling, in the time that conductivity is reduced to certain value and remains unchanged, pre-service completes;
(2) move tank and add colloid: clean tank, and add wherein deionized water; Add clean sand, make bed ripples; Adjust the tank gradient and overflow groove height, continue circular flow, make exchange between overlying water and riverbed reach balance; The colloid that step (1) is handled well adds tank, and makes its fully circulation in tank;
(3) periodic monitor of colloid in cyclic process: extract overlying water and pore water by predetermined time from tank, fully rock, distribute with particle size analyzer particle diameter, measure colloid concentration with ultraviolet spectrophotometer;
(4) experiment finishes the stratified sampling of rear husky sample: by bed ripples hierarchical block, take out the husky sample of certain volume with getting husky device in every;
(5) colloid containing in separation of sediment after sampling: with the vibration of supersonic oscillations instrument, can separate the colloid of holding back and be adsorbed on silt surface by ultrasound wave;
(6) measure colloid concentration: after vibration, contain the solution of colloid, adopt ultraviolet spectrophotometer to measure its absorbance, then by absorbance and the concentration relationship line demarcated, absorbance is converted into colloid concentration.
As preferably, in step (2), pretreated colloid is added in tank in a tank cycle period.
In step (4), by bed ripples hierarchical block, meet water some of average deciles of a side horizontal direction of bed ripples, for example, divide 8, and also some of deciles of backwater one side horizontal direction, for example, be divided into 3; While getting husky sample, the volume of at every turn getting husky sample is 10ml, samples to both sides from bed ripples top, gets from the top down 1cm for every.
In step (5), separate and be trapped in the lip-deep colloid of silt with ultrasound wave, supersonic oscillations instrument vibration 25min.
In step (6), between absorbance and concentration, be linear relationship, demarcate at 20 DEG C of unified temperatures and carry out; While measuring absorbance, to wavelength 400nm monochromatic light wave measurement for the colloid of concentration high (being greater than 200mg/L), concentration low (being less than 200mg/L) or colloidal particle size (are greater than 0.1 μ 400nm, 420nm, 440nm tri-light wave measurements for colloid m) greatly.
Compared with prior art, its beneficial effect is in the present invention: (1) the present invention adopts NaCl pre-service kaolin colloid, has effectively made up the defect of the easy coagulation of kaolin colloid in Clay Colloids.By electrostatic double layer theory, in all kinds of Clay Colloids, the less stable of kaolin colloid.From microcosmic angle, make electronegative kaolin colloid particle adsorb more Na+ around by perfect pre-service measure, and Na+ cohesiveness is starkly lower than H+, thereby makes kaolin colloid be difficult for flocculation, and then cause sedimentation; (2) colloid stratified sampling in the present invention, has carried out hierarchical block to sampling bed ripples, has guaranteed the orderly of sampling and has made husky sample representative, has accomplished scientific measurement; Take out after husky sample, the present invention designs adopted volumetric method control each sample volume identical; (3) due to adopted husky sample is manually swayed and can only separate small part colloid, need adopt the vibration of supersonic oscillations instrument for reaching the Measurement accuracy of colloid concentration, find through practice, the Best Times of vibration is 25min, exceed 25min shake number substantially constant, show that the colloid on grains of sand surface departs from substantially.(4) the present invention has adopted ultraviolet spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of colloid, when measurement, through constantly practice, has summed up the concrete parameters of ultraviolet spectrophotometer, takes for the colloid of variable concentrations the section of not sharing the same light.Measure the relation that its key aspect of colloid concentration is to handle well absorbance and colloid concentration, the present invention has obtained applicable relation curve by demarcation, can easily the absorbance recording be scaled to concentration by this curve.This metering system is compared the unit utilizing in colloid and is usually measured and make, and measuring method is simpler, and measurement expense significantly reduces.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is that white sand bed ripples is held back piecemeal schematic diagram, uses sampler to start successively to sample from highest point N8, N9 section in the time of stratified sampling, has determined that by sampler every layer point of tile height is 1cm;
Fig. 2 is trail pollutant thing (NaCl) and colloid concentration graph of a relation over time in overlying water, can find out the effect of kaolin colloid due to sedimentation and filtration, and its concentration reduces gradually, and even convergence zero is all deposited in riverbed.As can be seen here, the inventive method can be good at reflecting that colloid is at river overlying water and interstitial exchange process;
Fig. 3 is the final cutoff value of each section colloid, and from figure, we can directly draw: along with the degree of depth increases, colloid interception is reducing gradually, simultaneously much bigger with respect to below of the interception on top layer.Can find thus fine the transporting of must simulating colloid of the present invention, Interception is consistent with theoretical analysis and numerical simulation rule.
Embodiment
Below technical solution of the present invention is elaborated, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to described embodiment.
Embodiment 1: the flume experiment method that colloid transports in phreatic zone, is characterized in that comprising the steps:
(1) prepare colloid and carry out pre-service: a certain amount of porcelain earth being joined in the NaCl solution of abundant dissolving, limit edged stirs, mixed solution is vibrated on constant temperature klystron oscillator instrument, then survey its conductivity through repeatedly rinsing synchronous sampling, in the time that conductivity is reduced to certain value and remains unchanged, pre-service completes;
(2) move tank and add colloid: checking whether normally whether tank leaks and the operation of other parts of tank system, if tank does not have in the situation of what problem, use again deionized water wash-down water groove 2 times, and wipe clean wall and the bottom of tank with rag.In tank reservoir, add required deionized water, switch on the pump, regulate overflow groove to make water in tank to certain height, first shutoff valve, rear pass pump, this is when preventing from first closing pump, water is discharged from tank water inlet.Then the sand cleaning is forwarded in tank, husky twice of artificial upset, could get rid of the gas in husky bed so completely, makes husky bed in complete saturated state.
Husky bed in leveling tank, draw the shape (triangle) of the required bed ripples of experiment in the both sides of tank, the bed ripples plate made from poly (methyl methacrylate) plate is made required bed ripples according to the shape of tank both sides, bed ripples plate has been opened a lot of apertures and has been posted 400 object nylon wires in a side, that can drain and produce in manufacture bed ripples process chokes water, and the water surface turbulent fluctuation that also can reduce to produce in preparation process is moving to carrying out the destruction of bed ripples.This also just requires preparation process careful, don't be firmly excessive, cause the destruction of carrying out bed ripples.And within 20～30 minutes, can form with the operation of 20～30cm/s current for river nature bed ripples, due to herein, in view of theoretical research, the well-regulated waveform of tool is convenient to numerical simulation, so adopt triangle bed ripples.
When bed ripples prepare complete after, first boiling water pump, the rear valve (will slight unlatching) very of slowly opening, is transferred to the flow needing, and adjusts the tank gradient and overflow groove height simultaneously, makes the water level of tank reach required height identical with the depth of water at the each position of tank.At this moment the fundamental purpose of driving valve after first turn on pump is: the water while preventing jockey valve in tank flows backwards from water inlet, destroys bed ripples shape; After drive valve and more easily regulate needed flow.
After experiment operation, open heated at constant temperature rod, the water temperature temperature difference is dwindled, substantially near same temperature.Open MPtroll, start to record that pH value, electricity are led, water temperature and salinity.
Add before colloid enters tank, to first add NaCl solution, be used for judging between river overlying water and riverbed, whether exchange reaches balance, to be mainly whether concentration by measuring overlying water and NaCl solution in interstitial water is consistent determine for this, when concentration reach stable after, represent that exchange has reached balance, this process is generally used 12-15 hour.The colloid that can add step (1) to handle well in the time that exchange between river overlying water and riverbed reaches balance, first allow the colloid of processing with NaCl stir fully in deionized water, make it even, then will in recirculated water one-period, join in water tank, experiment condition is pressed pH value in 7 left and right.
(3) periodic monitor of colloid in cyclic process: extract overlying water by predetermined time.In first 30 minutes, extract overlying water from three different positions before, during and after tank simultaneously, at this moment because experiment while starting colloid inhomogeneous in the mixing of overlying water, single position is not representative; After 30 minutes, when the concentration of overlying water, substantially the same in vertical, the side direction of tank and horizontal each position, this just can only extract from the afterbody of tank, samples so less for the stability disruption of overlying water.Because experimentation will continue longly, inevitably have the losses such as evaporation, in order to ensure that in tank system, the total amount of water body is constant, this needs every four hours to the deionized water that adds 400-450ml in water tank.
Each experiment approximately continues 2～4 days, until the concentration of overlying water colloid stops experiment while reaching basicly stable.Simultaneously for can accurately reaction experiment data, each overlying water and pore water sample standard deviation of extracting measured will be measured within 12 hours.
(4) experiment finishes the stratified sampling of rear husky sample: by bed ripples hierarchical block, take out the husky sample of certain volume with getting husky device in every.8 of the average layerings of a side horizontal direction that meet water of bed ripples, the width of every is 2.7cm, 3 of the average layerings of backwater one side horizontal direction, the width of every is 2.67cm.The volume of at every turn getting Shayang County is 10ml, and stratified sampling schematic diagram is shown in Fig. 1.For convenient sampling, do not allow Shayang County of extracting loose and cave in, the sampling of the lower one deck of impact, when sampling from the top of bed ripples respectively to both sides sampling, each piece thickness is from the top down 1cm.In order to ensure Suo Qu Shayang County consistency of thickness, special high 1cm, wide 4cm gets husky device, so just can ensure that every layer of every sub-sampling is about 10ml.Certainly be 10ml in order to meet Suo Qu Shayang County, employing volumetric method is determined, namely first in the consistent centrifuge tube of size shape, add the deionized water of 10ml, vertically place and mark its position, then add the deionized water of 15ml in centrifuge tube, and add the grains of sand of experiment to the position of just now marking.Using this sample centrifuge tube as standard, later each sampling first adds the deionized water of 15ml at centrifuge tube, and gaza, to water surface consistent level, so just can ensure to be sampled as same volume at every turn.
Sampling result above, first manually sways, and the not strong colloid disengaging grains of sand of absorption between its grains of sand space is entered in solution, and then utilize supersonic oscillations instrument to vibrate, and the Best Times that duration of oscillation draws according to experiment measuring is 25 minutes.In whole test, be mainly to determine migration and the deposition conditions of colloid in porous medium by the concentration of colloid, owing to can not directly measuring the concentration of colloid, can only be by measure the absorbance of colloid with ultraviolet spectrophotometer, then the absorbance of colloid is converted into concentration.So need to demarcate the relation between porcelain earth concentration and absorbance.Table 1 is the colloid concentration of experiment measuring and the experiment value of absorbance.Experiment condition is measured at 20 DEG C of same temperatures.
The experiment value of table 1 colloid concentration and absorbance
Experimental result is shown in Fig. 2.
As shown in Figure 2, the concentration of the probe material NaCl in overlying water declines more than 20%, and this is mainly that the concentration of river overlying water and pore water reaches consistent result substantially.And kaolin colloid is due to the effect of sedimentation and filtration, its concentration convergence zero gradually, is all deposited in riverbed.
As shown in Figure 3, colloid is mainly trapped within top layer, and this also illustrates that colloid, at riverbed surface, obstruction has occurred, and causes the amount of migration downwards to reduce, and in this process, is retained down gradually.
In sum, the present invention adopts from producing husky device layering to gather riverbed silt, utilize ultrasound wave separation to be trapped in the method such as colloid, use spectrophotometer measurement colloidal solution concentration in silt, monitors the transition process of colloid in husky bed.Complicated colloid concentration measurement is simplified to handled easily control and lower-cost method by the present invention, and innovative point is to catch colloid layering and holds back situation, utilize ultrasound wave to separate colloid and use ultraviolet spectrophotometer to measure colloid concentration.Successfully disclosed the transition process of colloid in phreatic zone, can monitor riverbed interception, thereby migration and the Interception process of quantitative test colloid in phreatic zone discloses the exchange of colloid between overlying water and pore water and the deposition distribution in riverbed well.Owing to moving to riverbed and can destroy the water environment of phreatic zone, affect hydrobiont and perch, disturb the function and structure of phreatic zone aquatic ecosystem, the migration of research colloid in river phreatic zone has very important significance.
As mentioned above, although represented and explained the present invention with reference to specific preferred embodiment, it shall not be construed as the restriction to the present invention self.Not departing under the spirit and scope of the present invention prerequisite of claims definition, can make in the form and details various variations to it.
Claims (5)
1. the flume experiment method that colloid transports in phreatic zone, is characterized in that comprising the steps:
(1) prepare colloid and carry out pre-service: porcelain earth being joined in the NaCl solution of abundant dissolving, limit edged stirs, mixed solution is vibrated on constant temperature klystron oscillator instrument, then survey its conductivity through repeatedly rinsing synchronous sampling, in the time that conductivity is reduced to certain value and remains unchanged, pre-service completes;
(2) move tank and add colloid: clean tank, and add wherein deionized water; Add clean sand, make bed ripples; Adjust the tank gradient and overflow groove height, continue circular flow, make exchange between overlying water and riverbed reach balance; The colloid that step (1) is handled well adds tank, and makes its fully circulation in tank;
(3) periodic monitor of colloid in cyclic process: extract overlying water and pore water by predetermined time from tank, fully rock, distribute with particle size analyzer particle diameter, measure colloid concentration with ultraviolet spectrophotometer;
(4) experiment finishes the stratified sampling of rear husky sample: by bed ripples hierarchical block, take out the husky sample of certain volume with getting husky device in every;
(5) colloid containing in separation of sediment after sampling: with the vibration of supersonic oscillations instrument, can separate the colloid of holding back and be adsorbed on silt surface by ultrasound wave;
(6) measure colloid concentration: after vibration, contain the solution of colloid, adopt ultraviolet spectrophotometer to measure its absorbance, then by absorbance and the concentration relationship line demarcated, absorbance is converted into colloid concentration.
2. the flume experiment method that colloid according to claim 1 transports in phreatic zone, is characterized in that: in step (2), pretreated colloid is added in tank in a tank cycle period.
3. the flume experiment method that colloid according to claim 1 transports in phreatic zone, is characterized in that: in step (4), and by bed ripples hierarchical block, meet water some of average deciles of a side horizontal direction of bed ripples, also some of deciles of backwater one side horizontal direction; While getting husky sample, the volume of at every turn getting husky sample is 10ml, samples to both sides from bed ripples top, gets from the top down 1cm for every.
4. the flume experiment method that colloid according to claim 1 transports in phreatic zone, is characterized in that: in step (5), separate and be trapped in the lip-deep colloid of silt with ultrasound wave, supersonic oscillations instrument vibration 25min.
5. the flume experiment method that colloid according to claim 1 transports in phreatic zone, is characterized in that: in step (6), be linear relationship between absorbance and concentration, demarcate at 20 DEG C of unified temperatures and carry out; Measure when absorbance, concentration is greater than to the colloid wavelength 400nm monochromatic light wave measurement of 200mg/L, concentration is less than 400nm, 420nm, 440nm tri-light wave measurements for colloid that 200mg/L or colloidal particle size are greater than 0.1 μ m.
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN105606495A (en) * | 2016-01-05 | 2016-05-25 | 河海大学 | Experimental device for outdoor measuring underflow exchanging amount and implementing method thereof |
| CN107607482A (en) * | 2017-08-31 | 2018-01-19 | 河海大学 | River Dynamic sediment charge measuring method |
| CN111707624A (en) * | 2020-06-15 | 2020-09-25 | 南开大学 | Qualitative and quantitative analysis method for environmental nano-colloids in river water |
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| CN102507140A (en) * | 2011-11-23 | 2012-06-20 | 河海大学 | Experiment method for experiment sediment circulating water tank |
| CN202650351U (en) * | 2012-04-01 | 2013-01-02 | 西安理工大学 | Flume experiment device |
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Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN102507140A (en) * | 2011-11-23 | 2012-06-20 | 河海大学 | Experiment method for experiment sediment circulating water tank |
| CN202650351U (en) * | 2012-04-01 | 2013-01-02 | 西安理工大学 | Flume experiment device |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105606495A (en) * | 2016-01-05 | 2016-05-25 | 河海大学 | Experimental device for outdoor measuring underflow exchanging amount and implementing method thereof |
| CN105606495B (en) * | 2016-01-05 | 2018-06-19 | 河海大学 | A kind of experimental provision and its implementation of field measurement undercurrent exchange capacity |
| CN107607482A (en) * | 2017-08-31 | 2018-01-19 | 河海大学 | River Dynamic sediment charge measuring method |
| CN107607482B (en) * | 2017-08-31 | 2020-06-05 | 河海大学 | Method for measuring dynamic sediment content of river |
| CN111707624A (en) * | 2020-06-15 | 2020-09-25 | 南开大学 | Qualitative and quantitative analysis method for environmental nano-colloids in river water |
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