CN102507140A - Experiment method for experiment sediment circulating water tank - Google Patents
Experiment method for experiment sediment circulating water tank Download PDFInfo
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- CN102507140A CN102507140A CN2011103752124A CN201110375212A CN102507140A CN 102507140 A CN102507140 A CN 102507140A CN 2011103752124 A CN2011103752124 A CN 2011103752124A CN 201110375212 A CN201110375212 A CN 201110375212A CN 102507140 A CN102507140 A CN 102507140A
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Abstract
The invention provides an experiment method for an experiment sediment circulating water tank, which is characterized by including steps as follows: the water tank is filled with cleaned sediment to prepare sediment waves, a water pump is opened, the slope and the water level of the water tank are adjusted, the temperature of the water tank is controlled, after the water flows stably and the temperature is stable, pollutants or colloids are added into a water box, pore water is extracted, and the pollutant or colloid concentrations of overlying water and pore water are measured. The experiment method has the advantages that the space problem that pollutants in a natural river have flowing direction changes along with river flowing is transformed into the time problem that pollutants in the closed circulating water tank system have concentration changes; the function of simulating pollutant movement in the river is realized; and the mechanism of pollutant movement in the river is disclosed.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is the experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel, is specially adapted to the experiment that pollutant moves in circulating water chennel.Belong to hydraulic engineering and field of environment engineering.
Background technology
Along with development of Chinese economy, stream pollution is more and more serious, the time accident of stream pollution arranged.The migration of pollutant and home to return to will directly influence the ecologic environment and the people ' s health safety in river.The biological groundization condition of surface water and underground water interaction partners fluvial-environment produces fundamental influence, and the matter energy migration of overlying water and phreatic zone transforms also has many problems not clear and definite as yet, needs further further investigation.River and riverbed, the exchange of riverbank pore water are important processes, and it has influenced the home to return to of pollutant in the river system largely.Its medium clay soil and colloid have the ability of very strong absorb polluted matter, and their migration and home to return to are directly determining the migration and the home to return to of absorbed contaminant sometimes.For example the colloid in U.S. Arkansas river migration has influenced the metal concentration in the solubilised state concentration of metal and riverbed in the water body, the colloid that comes out from the mining point when migrated downstream 50km density loss half.The concentration of metallic ion in bed material is consistent with colloid concentration in being deposited on the riverbed.Therefore in the river, move rule in order to disclose pollutant and colloid; And undercurrent exchange influence that pollutant and colloid are migrated in the river; Mechanism and mode that the exchange of essential research undercurrent produces, and undercurrent exchanges the influence to pollutants transfer under the different condition.Owing to the influence of many reasons, expensive big like the research of in actual river, being engaged in this respect; Relatively difficult to a certain factor or a plurality of factor quantitative test; It is many that field operation is disturbed by environmental factor, is necessary to seek easy operation and expensive less experiment.
Circulating water chennel is used for studying river hydraulics and the silt migration problem starts from the 1950's, and the broad research in more than 50 year shows that the result of study of tank is applied in the natural river.At present about the research operating difficulties of environment silt in the river, and the experimental design of environment tank and operative technique are also immature.
Summary of the invention
What the present invention proposed is the experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel; Its purpose is intended to overcome the above-mentioned defective that prior art is deposited, and the space problem that flows pollutant in the natural river along the river the flow direction variation is converted into the matter of time that pollutant levels change in the closed circulation tank system.Realize simulating pollution thing shift function in the river, can disclose the mechanism that pollutant moves in the river.
Technical solution of the present invention: the experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel, the silt with wash clean is packed into tank earlier, processes bed ripples then; Open water pump, the adjustment tank gradient and water level, control tank temperature; After treating current and temperature stabilization; Add pollutant or colloid at water tank, extract pore water, measure the pollutant or the colloid concentration of overlying water and pore water.
Advantage of the present invention: 1) if only once it is very little that the pollutant levels of water body change to husky of current process, but for the circulation system, pollutant repeatedly passes through the sand bed, and the concentration change is just bigger; 2) pollutants transfer of circulating water chennel experiment can be flowed the space problem that flow direction changes to pollutant in the natural river along the river, is converted into the matter of time that pollutant levels change in the closed circulation tank system; 3) tank is easy to operate for a long time (even 1 month), and this is owing to do not need continuously to add water, sand and chemical substance at the tank upper reaches.Therefore the experiment of environment silt can disclose its inherent regularity through circulating water chennel.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing 1 is the overlying water concentration changes with time synoptic diagram of non-reactive contaminants, metallic ion and colloid.
Embodiment
It is in tank, to fill up earlier water that described silt is packed into tank, adds sand then slowly, can avoid husky bed to have bubble; The influence experiment when treating that sand installs to predetermined height, is patted tank limit wall; Make husky slowly sedimentation, when treating that sand no longer continues sedimentation, stop to pat.
The described bed ripples of processing is a bed ripples of portraying triangle or wave-like on the both sides of tank with the blank pen; Mould triangle or the wave-like of being portrayed with the bed ripples plate again; This bed ripples plate is processed with organic glass, on the bed ripples plate, opens many row's apertures, can discharge and make choking water of bed ripples process generation, and these ripples that can reduce to produce in the bed ripples manufacture process move having made the destruction of bed ripples.
Described unlatching water pump, the adjustment tank gradient and height of water level are first turn on pumps; After slowly drive valve, be transferred to predetermined flow, adjustment the tank gradient and overflow groove height; Make the water level of tank reach predetermined height; And the depth of water of guaranteeing each position of tank is identical, and the water when preventing jockey valve in the tank is discharged from water inlet, destroys bed ripples.
Described pore water extract be on tank with mine lamp oblique illumination wall, watch the shadow of thief hole, syringe needle inserts thief hole along shadow then; In order to shorten the sample time and to avoid the interference of high concentration to low concentration, the extraction order as follows: when testing, up take out from bottom land as migration during pollutant is from the overlying water to the riverbed; As run into microsyringe and have air to get into or extract at need, being likely that granule blocked the microsyringe syringe needle, should take out microsyringe this moment immediately, removes microsyringe and stop up.
It is the pushing ram of slowly extracting microsyringe that described removing microsyringe stops up; Use the 50ml syringe; Length is that the syringe needle of 80mm injects deionized water in the micro-sampling organ pipe, inserts the pushing ram of microsyringe, holds microsyringe tight in one's hands with thumb and forefinger and partly prevents to cause glass tube on 45 ° of directions, to suffer shear failure near syringe needle; Push hard the pushing ram of microsyringe, repeat the several back and just can discharge the sand grain that gets lodged in the syringe needle.
Described control tank temperature is in the exit portion of tank 1～3 300W automatic constant-temperature rod to be installed, when water temperature does not reach the experiment predetermined value, and the heating automatically of constant temperature rod; When temperature reached the experiment predetermined value, the constant temperature rod stopped heating automatically, after the current of heating mix through backwater system; Get into the more even of test section water temperature; After temperature adjustment, the overlying water day and night temperature of tank is less, and the influence of temperature fluctuation to flume experiment controls environment.
Described measurement colloid concentration is the afterbody extraction overlying water from tank; Be contained in the 50ml plastic bottle, with particle size analyzer size distribution situation, colloid concentration is measured through ultraviolet spectrophotometer; Before measurement, to rock fully colloid; Make it can reach just the same from the distribution of overlying water extraction, each sampling was surveyed in 12 hours, used wavelength to be 400nm monochromatic light wave measurement to the high colloid concentration of concentration; The low perhaps big colloid concentration of colloidal particle size of concentration is respectively 400nm, 420nm and 440nm three light wave measurements with wavelength.
[hydraulics 1] embodiment
The test section length of bed material is 10m, and the thickness of bed material is 12～15cm, and each experiment is used husky at 550～750kg.The depth of water of overlying water is 6～10cm, tests water requirement at 400～600L (comprising the water that contains in overlying water, pore water and the return water system) at every turn.At the rear of bed material, plug the perforate poly (methyl methacrylate) plate, paste one deck 200 order nylon block in the above, this block can effectively be tackled silt, and the hole current that the tank gradient is produced pass through smoothly.
Water circulation has been installed the stainless steel water valve through the stainless steel pump realization of from reservoir, drawing water at the water delivering orifice of pump, can control the flow of whole circulation system.Distance at dried up valve 4.5m has been installed electromagnetic flowmeter.Electromagnetic flowmeter is except several sensing chips, and all the other parts that contact with water all are that plastics are processed.Stainless steel and plastic material can prevent the corrosion of pollutant to them effectively.
Minimum in order to satisfy required minimum depth of water pump operation and tank circulation system water consumption; The water pump water inlet portion adopts grading structure in the reservoir; Just, being provided with the cross section in the bottom of reservoir is little inlet water tank (trapezoidal following 30cm, top are 75cm, the high 30cm of being) trapezoidal, thick 30cm.
A few row's vertical samplings hole is set at the middle part of tank, is used for extracting pore water.The hole vertical distance is 1cm, and the aperture is 1.5mm.
Afterbody at tank has been installed MPTROLL-9500, and temperature, the electricity of monitoring overlying water automatically led, pH and salinity, and measuring intervals of TIME is 3～5 minutes.The exit portion of tank has been installed 1～3 300W automatic constant-temperature rod, when water temperature does not reach the experiment predetermined value, and the heating automatically of constant temperature rod; When temperature reached the experiment predetermined value, the constant temperature rod stopped heating automatically.The current of heating get into the more even of test section water temperature after mixing through return water system.After temperature adjustment, the overlying water day and night temperature of tank is less, and the temperature fluctuation influence to flume experiment well controls environment.
The extraction of pore water and measurement
For reactive contaminants, for the ease of measuring, the pore water extension rate of extraction is more little good more; But because husky bed porosity is about 0.39, and the spacing 1cm in hole, for non-interference when extracting pore water; At every turn at most can only 0.39ml; Therefore the injector that adopts is that the Hamilton microsyringe (the external diameter 0.72mm of syringe needle, internal diameter 0.15mm, long 51mm) of 250 μ L fixed needles extracts 0.25ml, is put in the 4ml vial, adds the deionized water of 2ml.
For SGE (Australia) microsyringe (syringe needle external diameter 0.5mm, internal diameter 0.2mm, long 50mm) the extraction 0.1ml of non-reacted pollutant with 100 μ L fixed needles; Be put in the glass tube of 15mm * 8cm, add the deionized water of 5ml, under 20 ℃ constant temperature, measure electricity with conductivity meter and lead; With the typical curve contrast of measuring under the same temperature; Calculating concentration, multiply by 51 (dilution ratios) again, is exactly the concentration of non-reacted pollutant in the actual pore water.
For Hamilton (Switzerland) microsyringe (external diameter 0.72mm, internal diameter 0.15mm, long 51mm) the extraction 0.25ml of metal adsorption experiment with 250 μ L fixed needles; Be put in the 4ml vial; Add the deionized water of 2ml, seal tight lid, be placed in the refrigerator and preserve.Experiment finishes unified with the ICP-MS measurement, and it is exactly that actual hole underwater gold belongs to ion concentration that concentration multiply by 9.
Because tank wall opening diameter is 1.5mm only, be not easy to find the position of sampling aperture.On tank, with mine lamp oblique illumination wall, can see the shadow of thief hole, syringe needle just is very easy to insert thief hole along shadow.
In order to shorten the sample time, and avoid of the interference of big concentration to small concentration, the extraction order as follows: when testing, take out from the bottom up as migration during pollutant is from the overlying water to the riverbed.After exhausting a position pore water, with deionized water rinsing microsyringe number time.
As run into microsyringe and have air to get into or extract at need, being likely that granule blocked the microsyringe syringe needle, should take out microsyringe this moment immediately.Slowly extract the pushing ram of microsyringe; Use the 50ml syringe, length is that the syringe needle of 80mm injects deionized water in the micro-sampling organ pipe, inserts the pushing ram of microsyringe; Hold the part of microsyringe tight in one's hands with thumb and forefinger, push hard the pushing ram of microsyringe near syringe needle.Just can discharge the sand grain that gets lodged in the syringe needle after repeating for several times.
The sampling of colloid and measurement
Extract overlying water from the afterbody of tank, be contained in the 50ml plastic bottle.Use existing particle size analyzer size distribution situation.Colloid concentration is measured through ultraviolet spectrophotometer.Before measurement, to rock fully, make it can reach just the same from the distribution of overlying water extraction to colloid.Each sampling was surveyed in 12 hours.Use wavelength to be 400nm monochromatic light wave measurement to the high colloid concentration of concentration; The low perhaps big colloid concentration of colloidal particle size of concentration is respectively 400nm, 420nm and 440nm three light wave measurements with wavelength.
The experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel, 1) pollutant is moved to the experiment the riverbed from overlying water, is full of at tank under the situation of tap water, and whether normally whether the inspection tank leaks, the operation of other parts of tank system.With 2 times tanks of tap water flushing, use brush and cloth to wipe the attachment in the cleaning sink system earlier, use deionized water rinsing again 2 times; 2) in the tank reservoir, add deionized water, start pump, the rising overflow groove makes the water in the tank arrive certain height, first shutoff valve, and pump is closed in the back.To close earlier valve and be in order to prevent to close pump earlier, water is partly discharged from the tank water inlet.Forward the silt in the dress plastic box in the tank to Plastic Drum or plastic spatula.Adding the water purpose at tank earlier is to get in the riverbed in order to stop or to reduce gaza's process air.If gas is arranged in husky bed, turns over bed material 2 times; 3) the husky bed of leveling just makes husky bed surface parallel with the tank floor; The bed ripples waveform that draws required on the both sides of tank is moulded required bed ripples with the bed ripples plate that poly (methyl methacrylate) plate is made again.The bed ripples plate has been opened a lot of apertures, can discharge and make choking water of bed ripples process generation, and it is moving to carrying out the destruction of bed ripples to produce ripples when this can reduce to prepare the bed ripples process.Can form in 20～30 minutes with the operation of 20～30cm/s current for natural bed ripples; Elder generation's turn on pump, after slowly drive valve, be transferred to the flow that needs, the adjustment tank gradient and overflow groove height, it is identical to make the water level of tank reach the depth of water at predetermined height and each position of tank.Because the tank water surface is with to roll Car Track parallel with the tank base plate, so whether the tank depth of water identical, can pass through the bed ripples measuring instrument, check the tank diverse location water surface in the reading of measuring instrument unanimity whether.Drive valve this moment behind the first turn on pump advantage is: the water when preventing jockey valve in the tank is discharged from water inlet, destroys bed ripples; After drive valve and regulate needed flow more easily.
Measure the bed ripples height with the bed ripples measuring appliance.For the natural bed ripples that forms through current, 1～2cm measures once at interval in the windward side, and 1cm measures once for the sheltered side interval.Respectively measure once at bed ripples crest and trough.For the place that vertical pore water thief hole is arranged, the height of bed ripples also will be measured.
Unlatching heated at constant temperature rod makes water temperature reach predetermined value.Opening M PTROLL-9500, opening entry pH value, water temperature, electricity are led, salinity.
Do metallic ion when overlying water is moved to the experiment in riverbed, adding predetermined NaCl and pH buffer solution.The pH value is between 3～6, and buffer solution is configured to by sodium acetate and acetic acid; The pH value is when 7 left and right sides, and buffer solution is NaHCO
3Sodium acetate and acetic acid to the absorption of metallic ion less than influence.Reagent just in time adds in a cycle period.
Press the preset time table and extract overlying water and pore water.In initial 30 minutes, extract overlying water simultaneously from three different positions of tank; The concentration of overlying water after 30 minutes, tank vertical, side direction is the same basically with each horizontal position, therefore can be only extract from the afterbody of tank.[hydraulics 1] added the 400ml deionized water in per 4 hours, replenished evaporation section, guaranteed that the water body total amount in the tank system is constant.For the metallic ion experiment, regularly check the pH value.The pH value departs from predetermined value, adds acetic acid or sodium acetate is adjusted.
Each Therapy lasted 2～4 days stops experiment when the concentration of overlying water reaches in a basic balance, measure the sample that extracts.Just deliver to laboratory measurement immediately after exhausting for NaCl, colloid is measured and is no more than 12 hours at most, and the concentration of metal ions experiment finishes that the back is unified to be measured to chemical laboratory.
Application example
Use inertia pollutant (sodium chloride), metal (zinc chloride) and colloid (silicon powder) to do three groups of experiments respectively.As can beappreciated from fig. 1, the non-reacted pollutant NaCl density loss more than 20% in the overlying water; And metallic ion has descended more than 70%, and the fast reason of metallic ion decline is the bed material suction-operated.And the colloid silicon powder is owing to filter and the effect of sedimentation, and its concentration can reach 0 gradually, promptly all is deposited in the riverbed.Three kinds of change in concentration mainly occur in preceding 800 minutes of experiment.Can find out that from top experiment circulating water chennel system and experimental implementation method can be carried out the research of environment silt well, experiment is very successful.The flume experiment condition is seen table 1.
Table
is a flume experiment condition corresponding among Fig. 1
| Sequence number | The silt kind | The bed ripples shape | Pollutant kind | Flow velocity (cm/s) | pH | The depth of water (cm) | Bed ripples length (cm) | Bed ripples height (cm) |
| exp7 | No. 5, quartz sand | Triangle | NaCl | 12.26 | 6.8 | 10.21 | 15.53 | 2.19 |
| exp9 | No. 5, quartz sand | Triangle | Zinc chloride | 11.19 | 7.1 | 10.19 | 15.24 | 2.26 |
| exp12 | No. 5, quartz sand | Triangle | Silicon powder JYZ-12 | 12.56 | 7.2 | 10.23 | 15.05 | 2.18 |
Can find out from top result, though in the tank pollutant to pass in and out the amount in riverbed very little at every turn, As time goes on, same water body through the riverbed many times, accumulative total concentration just changes clearly.And the variation of pollutant levels need be through very long section in natural river.Therefore can think the pollutants transfer experiment of circulating water chennel, be to flow the space problem that flow direction changes to pollutant in the natural river along the river, is converted into the matter of time of pollutant levels change in the closed circulation tank system.In this sense, the circulating water chennel experiment simulating pollution thing mechanism problem of in actual river, moving better.
Claims (8)
1. the experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel is characterized in that elder generation is packed into tank with the silt of wash clean, processes bed ripples then; Open water pump, the adjustment tank gradient and water level, control tank temperature; After treating current and temperature stabilization; Add pollutant or colloid at water tank, extract pore water, measure the pollutant or the colloid concentration of overlying water and pore water.
2. the experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel according to claim 1 is characterized in that it is in tank, to fill up earlier water that described silt is packed into tank, adds husky then slowly; Can avoid husky bed to have bubble, the influence experiment is when treating that sand installs to predetermined height; Pat tank limit wall; Make husky slowly sedimentation, when treating that sand no longer continues sedimentation, stop to pat.
3. the experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel according to claim 1 is characterized in that the described bed ripples of processing is a bed ripples of portraying triangle or wave-like on the both sides of tank with the blank pen; Mould triangle or the wave-like of being portrayed with the bed ripples plate again; This bed ripples plate is processed with organic glass, on the bed ripples plate, opens many row's apertures, can discharge and make choking water of bed ripples process generation, and these ripples that can reduce to produce in the bed ripples manufacture process move having made the destruction of bed ripples.
4. the experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel according to claim 1 is characterized in that described unlatching water pump, adjustment the tank gradient and height of water level are first turn on pumps, after slowly drive valve; Be transferred to predetermined flow; The adjustment tank gradient and overflow groove height make the water level of tank reach predetermined height, and guarantee that the depth of water at each position of tank is identical; Water when preventing jockey valve in the tank is discharged from water inlet, destroys bed ripples.
5. the experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel according to claim 1, it is characterized in that described pore water extract be on tank with mine lamp oblique illumination wall, watch the shadow of thief hole, syringe needle inserts thief hole along shadow then; In order to shorten the sample time and to avoid the interference of high concentration to low concentration, the extraction order as follows: when testing, up take out from bottom land as migration during pollutant is from the overlying water to the riverbed; As run into microsyringe and have air to get into or extract at need, being likely that granule blocked the microsyringe syringe needle, should take out microsyringe this moment immediately, removes microsyringe and stop up.
6. the experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel according to claim 5; It is characterized in that it is the pushing ram of slowly extracting microsyringe that described removing microsyringe stops up; Use the 50ml syringe; Length is that the syringe needle of 80mm injects deionized water in the micro-sampling organ pipe, inserts the pushing ram of microsyringe, holds microsyringe tight in one's hands with thumb and forefinger and partly prevents to cause glass tube on 45 ° of directions, to suffer shear failure near syringe needle; Push hard the pushing ram of microsyringe, repeat the several back and just can discharge the sand grain that gets lodged in the syringe needle.
7. the experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel according to claim 1 is characterized in that described control tank temperature is in the exit portion of tank 1～3 300W automatic constant-temperature rod to be installed, when water temperature does not reach the experiment predetermined value, and the heating automatically of constant temperature rod; When temperature reached the experiment predetermined value, the constant temperature rod stopped heating automatically, after the current of heating mix through backwater system; Get into the more even of test section water temperature; After temperature adjustment, the overlying water day and night temperature of tank is less, and the influence of temperature fluctuation to flume experiment controls environment.
8. the experimental technique of environment silt circulating water chennel according to claim 1; It is characterized in that described measurement colloid concentration is the afterbody extraction overlying water from tank; Be contained in the 50ml plastic bottle, with particle size analyzer size distribution situation, colloid concentration is measured through ultraviolet spectrophotometer; Before measurement, to rock fully colloid; Make it can reach just the same from the distribution of overlying water extraction, each sampling was surveyed in 12 hours, used wavelength to be 400nm monochromatic light wave measurement to the high colloid of concentration; The low perhaps big colloid of colloidal particle size of concentration is respectively 400nm, 420nm and 440nm three light wave measurements with wavelength.
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