CN102507140B - Experiment method for experiment sediment circulating water tank - Google Patents
Experiment method for experiment sediment circulating water tank Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an experiment method for an experiment sediment circulating water tank, which is characterized by including steps as follows: the water tank is filled with cleaned sediment to prepare sediment waves, a water pump is opened, the slope and the water level of the water tank are adjusted, the temperature of the water tank is controlled, after the water flows stably and the temperature is stable, pollutants or colloids are added into a water box, pore water is extracted, and the pollutant or colloid concentrations of overlying water and pore water are measured. The experiment method has the advantages that the space problem that pollutants in a natural river have flowing direction changes along with river flowing is transformed into the time problem that pollutants in the closed circulating water tank system have concentration changes; the function of simulating pollutant movement in the river is realized; and the mechanism of pollutant movement in the river is disclosed.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is the experimental technique of sediment circulating water tank, is specially adapted to the experiment that pollutant moves in circulating water chennel.Belong to hydraulic engineering and field of environment engineering.
Background technology
Along with the development of China's economic, stream pollution is more and more serious, the time accident of stream pollution arranged.The migration of pollutant and home to return to will directly affect ecologic environment and the people ' s health safety in river.The surface water and groundwater interaction produces vital impact to the biological groundization condition of fluvial-environment, and the matter energy Transport And Transformation of overlying water and phreatic zone also has many problems not yet clear and definite, need to further further investigate.River and riverbed, the exchange of riverbank pore water are important processes, and it has affected the home to return to of pollutant in the river system largely.Its medium clay soil and colloid have the ability of very strong adsorption fouling thing, and their migration and home to return to are directly determining migration and the home to return to of absorbed contaminant sometimes.For example the colloid in U.S. Arkansas river migration has affected the concentration of solubilised state metal and the metal concentration in riverbed in the water body, from mining point colloid out concentration when the migrated downstream 50km, has descended half.The concentration of metallic ion in bed material is consistent with the colloid concentration in being deposited on riverbed.Therefore in order to disclose pollutant and colloid Transport in river, and undercurrent exchange impact that pollutant and colloid are migrated in river, mechanism and mode that the exchange of essential research undercurrent produces, and the impact of undercurrent exchange on the pollutant migration under different condition.Due to the impact of many reasons, as large as the research cost of being engaged in this respect in actual river; Relatively difficult to a certain factor or a plurality of factor quantitative test; It is many that field operation is disturbed by environmental factor, is necessary to seek easy operation and the less experiment of cost.
Circulating water chennel is used for studying river hydraulics and the silt migration problem starts from the 1950's, and the broad research of more than 50 year shows that the result of study of tank is applied in natural river.The research operating difficulties in river about environment silt, and environment tank experimental design at present and operative technique are also immature.
Summary of the invention
What the present invention proposed is the experimental technique of sediment circulating water tank, its purpose is intended to overcome the above-mentioned defect that prior art is deposited, and the space problem that pollutant in natural river is flowed to the flow direction variation along the river is converted into the matter of time that in the closed circulation tank system, pollutant levels change.Realize simulating pollution thing shift function in river, can disclose the mechanism that pollutant moves in river.
Technical solution of the present invention: the experimental technique of sediment circulating water tank, first the silt of wash clean is packed into to tank, then make bed ripples, open water pump, adjust the tank gradient and water level, control the tank temperature, after current and temperature stabilization, add pollutant or colloid at water tank, extract pore water, measure pollutant or the colloid concentration of overlying water and pore water.
Advantage of the present invention: 1) if only once it is very little that the pollutant levels of water body change to husky of current process, but, for the circulation system, pollutant repeatedly passes through the sand bed, and the concentration change is just larger; 2) pollutant of circulating water chennel migration experiment, can flow the space problem that flow direction changes to pollutant in natural river along the river, is converted into the matter of time that in the closed circulation tank system, pollutant levels change; 3) tank is easy to operate for a long time (even 1 month), and this is owing to need continuously not adding water, sand and chemical substance in the tank upstream.Therefore the experiment of environment silt can disclose by circulating water chennel the regularity of its inherence.
The accompanying drawing explanation
Accompanying drawing 1 is the overlying water concentration changes with time schematic diagram of non-reactive contaminants, metallic ion and colloid.
Embodiment
It is first to fill up water in tank that described silt is packed into tank, then adds slowly sand, can avoid husky bed to have bubble, the impact experiment, when sand installs to predetermined height, pat tank limit wall, make husky slowly sedimentation, when sand no longer continues sedimentation, stop patting.
The described bed ripples of making is to portray the bed ripples of triangle or wave-like with white board marker on the both sides of tank; Mould portrayed triangle or wave-like with the bed ripples plate again; This bed ripples plate is made with organic glass, opens many row's apertures on the bed ripples plate, can discharge and manufacture choking water of bed ripples process generation, and these ripples that can reduce to produce in the bed ripples manufacture process move having made the destruction of bed ripples.
Described unlatching water pump, the adjustment tank gradient and height of water level are first turn on pumps, slowly drive afterwards valve, be transferred to predetermined flow, adjust the tank gradient and overflow groove height, make the water level of tank reach predetermined height, and the depth of water of guaranteeing each position of tank is identical, the water while preventing jockey valve in tank is discharged from water inlet, destroys bed ripples.
It is to use mine lamp oblique illumination wall on tank that described pore water extracts, and watches the shadow of thief hole, and then syringe needle inserts thief hole along shadow; In order to shorten the sample time and to avoid the interference of high concentration to low concentration, the extraction order is as follows: while testing as migration during pollutant is from the overlying water to the riverbed, from bottom land, up take out; As run into microsyringe and have air to enter or extract at need, be likely that granule blocked the microsyringe syringe needle, now should take out immediately microsyringe, remove microsyringe and stop up.
It is the pushing ram of slowly extracting microsyringe that described removing microsyringe stops up, use the 50ml syringe, the syringe needle that length is 80mm injects deionized water in the micro-sampling organ pipe, insert the pushing ram of microsyringe, holding microsyringe with thumb and forefinger partly prevents from causing glass tube to suffer shear failure on 45 ° of directions near syringe needle, push hard the pushing ram of microsyringe, repeat just can discharge the sand grain got lodged in syringe needle after several.
Described control tank temperature is, in the exit portion of tank, 1～3 300W automatic constant-temperature rod is installed, when water temperature does not reach the experiment predetermined value, and constant temperature rod Automatic-heating; When temperature reaches the experiment predetermined value, the constant temperature rod stops heating automatically, and the current of heating are after backwater system is mixed, enter the more even of test section water temperature, after temperature adjustment, the overlying water day and night temperature of tank is less, and the impact of temperature fluctuation on flume experiment controls environment.
Described measurement colloid concentration is to extract overlying water from the afterbody of tank, be contained in the 50ml plastic bottle, by particle size analyzer particle diameter distribution situation, colloid concentration is measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer, before measurement, to rock fully colloid, can reach the distribution of just having extracted out from overlying water the same, each sampling has been surveyed in 12 hours, and to concentration, high colloid concentration wavelength is 400nm monochromatic light wave measurement; The colloid concentration that concentration is low or colloidal particle size is large is respectively 400nm, 420nm and 440nm tri-light wave measurements with wavelength.
[hydraulics 1] embodiment
The test section length of bed material is 10m, and the thickness of bed material is 12～15cm, and each experiment is used husky at 550～750kg.The depth of water of overlying water is 6～10cm, tests water requirement at every turn and comprises at 400～600L(the water contained in overlying water, pore water and return water system).At the rear of bed material, plug the perforate poly (methyl methacrylate) plate, paste in the above one deck 200 order nylon blocks, this block is Littoral Barrier effectively, and the hole current that also can make the tank gradient produce simultaneously pass through smoothly.
The water circulation realization of drawing water from reservoir by stainless steel pump, installed the stainless steel water valve at the water delivering orifice of pump, can control the flow of the whole circulation system.Distance at dried up valve 4.5m has been installed electromagnetic flowmeter.Electromagnetic flowmeter is except several sensing chips, and all the other parts that contact with water are all that plastics are made.Stainless steel and plastic material can prevent the corrosion of pollutant to them effectively.
In order to meet the required minimum depth of water pump operation and tank circulation system water consumption minimum, in reservoir, water feeding of water pump partly adopts grading structure, namely, being provided with cross section in the bottom of reservoir is little inlet water tank (trapezoidal following 30cm, top are 75cm, the high 30cm of being) trapezoidal, thick 30cm.
A few row's vertical samplings hole is set at the middle part of tank, is used for extracting pore water.The hole vertical distance is 1cm, and aperture is 1.5mm.
Afterbody at tank has been installed MPTROLL-9500, and temperature, the electricity of automatically monitoring overlying water led, pH and salinity, and measuring intervals of TIME is 3～5 minutes.The exit portion of tank has been installed 1～3 300W automatic constant-temperature rod, when water temperature does not reach the experiment predetermined value, and constant temperature rod Automatic-heating; When temperature reaches the experiment predetermined value, the constant temperature rod stops heating automatically.The current of heating, after return water system mixes, enter the more even of test section water temperature.After temperature adjustment, the overlying water day and night temperature of tank is less, and the temperature fluctuation impact on flume experiment well controls environment.
the extraction of pore water and measurement
For reactive contaminants, for the ease of measuring, the pore water extension rate extracted is the smaller the better, but because husky bed porosity is 0.39 left and right, and the spacing 1cm in hole, for non-interference when extracting pore water, at every turn at most can only 0.39ml, therefore the Hamilton microsyringe (the external diameter 0.72mm of syringe needle, internal diameter 0.15mm, long 51mm) that the injector adopted is 250 μ L fixed needles extracts 0.25ml, is put in the 4ml vial, adds the deionized water of 2ml.
SGE(Australia for non-reacted pollutant with 100 μ L fixed needles) microsyringe (syringe needle external diameter 0.5mm, internal diameter 0.2mm, long 50mm) extracts 0.1ml, be put in the glass tube of 15mm * 8cm, the deionized water that adds 5ml, measure electricity under the constant temperature of 20 ℃ leads with conductivity meter, with the typical curve of measuring under same temperature, contrast, calculate concentration, then be multiplied by the 51(dilution ratio), be exactly the concentration of non-reacted pollutant in actual pore water.
Hamilton(Switzerland for the metal adsorption experiment with 250 μ L fixed needles) microsyringe (external diameter 0.72mm, internal diameter 0.15mm, long 51mm) extracts 0.25ml, be put in the 4ml vial, add the deionized water of 2ml, be tamping lid, be placed in refrigerator and preserve.Experiment finishes unified with the ICP-MS measurement, and it is exactly that actual hole underwater gold belongs to ion concentration that concentration is multiplied by 9.
Due to tank wall opening diameter 1.5mm only, be not easy to find the position of sampling aperture.With mine lamp oblique illumination wall, can see the shadow of thief hole on tank, syringe needle just is very easy to insert thief hole along shadow.
In order to shorten the sample time, and avoid the interference of large concentration to small concentration, the extraction order is as follows: while testing as migration during pollutant is from the overlying water to the riverbed, take out from the bottom up.After exhausting a position pore water, with deionized water rinsing microsyringe number time.
As run into microsyringe and have air to enter or extract at need, be likely that granule blocked the microsyringe syringe needle, now should take out immediately microsyringe.Slowly extract the pushing ram of microsyringe, use the 50ml syringe, the syringe needle that length is 80mm injects deionized water in the micro-sampling organ pipe, inserts the pushing ram of microsyringe, hold the part of microsyringe near syringe needle with thumb and forefinger, push hard the pushing ram of microsyringe.Just can discharge the sand grain got lodged in syringe needle after repeating for several times.
the sampling of colloid and measurement
Extract overlying water from the afterbody of tank, be contained in the 50ml plastic bottle.Apply existing particle size analyzer particle diameter distribution situation.Colloid concentration is measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer.To rock fully colloid before measurement, can reach the distribution of just having extracted out from overlying water the same.Each sampling has been surveyed in 12 hours.To concentration, high colloid concentration wavelength is 400nm monochromatic light wave measurement; The colloid concentration that concentration is low or colloidal particle size is large is respectively 400nm, 420nm and 440nm tri-light wave measurements with wavelength.
The experimental technique of sediment circulating water tank, 1) pollutant moves to the experiment riverbed from overlying water, in the situation that tank is full of tap water, whether the inspection tank leaks, whether other parts of tank system normally move.First with tap water, rinse 2 times tanks, use brush and cloth to wipe the attachment in the cleaning sink system, then use deionized water rinsing 2 times; 2) add deionized water in the tank reservoir, start pump, the rising overflow groove makes the water in tank arrive certain height, first shutoff valve, rear pass pump.First to close valve and be in order to prevent from first closing pump, water is partly discharged from the tank water inlet.With Plastic Drum or plastic spatula, the silt in the dress plastic box is forwarded in tank.First at tank, adding the water purpose is in order to stop or to reduce during gaza's process Air enters riverbed.If gas is arranged in husky bed, bed material is turned over 2 times; 3) the husky bed of leveling, namely make husky bed surface parallel with the tank floor; Draw required bed ripples waveform on the both sides of tank, then the bed ripples plate made from poly (methyl methacrylate) plate is moulded required bed ripples.The bed ripples plate has been opened a lot of apertures, can discharge and manufacture choking water of bed ripples process generation, produces ripples when this can reduce to prepare the bed ripples process moving to carrying out the destruction of bed ripples.For natural bed ripples, with the operation of 20～30cm/s current, within 20～30 minutes, can form; First turn on pump, the rear valve of slowly opening, be transferred to the flow needed, and adjusts the tank gradient and overflow groove height, makes the water level of tank reach the depth of water at predetermined height and each position of tank identical.Due to the tank water surface, with to roll Car Track parallel with the tank base plate, so whether the tank depth of water is identical, can pass through the bed ripples measuring instrument, checks that whether the reading at measuring instrument of water surface of tank diverse location is consistent.The advantage of now after first turn on pump, driving valve is: the water while preventing jockey valve in tank is discharged from water inlet, destroys bed ripples; After drive valve and more easily regulate needed flow.
Measure Sand wave height with the bed ripples measuring appliance.For the natural bed ripples formed by current, at interval, windward side 1～2cm, measure once, for sheltered side interval 1cm, measure once.At bed ripples crest and trough, respectively measure once.For the place that vertical pore water thief hole is arranged, the height of bed ripples also will be measured.
Unlatching heated at constant temperature rod, make water temperature reach predetermined value.Open MPTROLL-9500, start to record that pH value, water temperature, electricity are led, salinity.
When doing metallic ion and move to the experiment in riverbed from overlying water, add predetermined NaCl and pH buffer solution.The pH value is between 3～6, and buffer solution is configured to by sodium acetate and acetic acid; The pH value is when 7 left and right, and buffer solution is NaHCO
3.Sodium acetate and acetic acid to the absorption of metallic ion be do not have influential.Reagent just in time adds in a cycle period.
Show to extract overlying water and pore water by predetermined time.Extracted overlying water from three different positions of tank in initial 30 minutes simultaneously; The concentration of overlying water after 30 minutes, tank vertical, side direction is substantially the same with each horizontal position, therefore can only from the afterbody of tank, extract.[hydraulics 1] adds the 400ml deionized water in every 4 hours, supplements evaporation section, guarantees that the water body total amount in tank system is constant.For the metallic ion experiment, regularly check the pH value.The pH value departs from predetermined value, adds acetic acid or sodium acetate is adjusted.
Each Therapy lasted 2～4 days stops experiment when the concentration of overlying water reaches in a basic balance, measures the sample extracted.Just deliver to immediately laboratory measurement after exhausting for NaCl, colloid is measured and is no more than at most 12 hours, and after the concentration of metal ions experiment finishes, unification is measured to chemical laboratory.
Application example
Use respectively inertia pollutant (sodium chloride), metal (zinc chloride) and colloid (silicon powder) to do three groups of experiments.As can be seen from Figure 1, the non-reacted pollutant NaCl concentration in overlying water descends more than 20%; And metallic ion has descended more than 70%, the metallic ion fast reason that descends is the bed material suction-operated.And the colloid silicon powder is owing to filtering and the effect of sedimentation, its concentration can reach 0 gradually, all is deposited in riverbed.Three kinds of concentration change mainly occur in first 800 minutes of experiment.From top experiment, can find out, circulating water chennel system and Examination on experimental operation can carry out the research of environment silt well, and experiment is very successful.The flume experiment condition is in Table 1.
Table
it is flume experiment condition corresponding in Fig. 1
| Sequence number | The silt kind | The bed ripples shape | Pollutant kind | Flow velocity (cm/s) | pH | The depth of water (cm) | Bed ripples length (cm) | Sand wave height (cm) |
| exp7 | No. 5, quartz sand | Triangle | NaCl | 12.26 | 6.8 | 10.21 | 15.53 | 2.19 |
| exp9 | No. 5, quartz sand | Triangle | Zinc chloride | 11.19 | 7.1 | 10.19 | 15.24 | 2.26 |
| exp12 | No. 5, quartz sand | Triangle | Silicon powder JYZ-12 | 12.56 | 7.2 | 10.23 | 15.05 | 2.18 |
As can be seen from the above results, although in tank pollutant to pass in and out the amount in riverbed very little at every turn, As time goes on, through riverbed many times, accumulative total concentration just changes clearly same water body.And the variation of pollutant levels need to be through very long section in natural river.Therefore can think that the pollutant of circulating water chennel moves experiment, be that pollutant in natural river is flowed to the space problem that flow direction changes along the river, is converted into the matter of time that in the closed circulation tank system, pollutant levels change.In this sense, the circulating water chennel experiment mechanism problem that the simulating pollution thing moves in actual river better.
Claims (1)
1. the experimental technique of sediment circulating water tank, it is characterized in that first the silt of wash clean being packed into to tank, then make bed ripples, open water pump, adjust the tank gradient and water level, control the tank temperature, after current and temperature stabilization, add pollutant or colloid at water tank, extract pore water, measure pollutant or the colloid concentration of overlying water and pore water; It is first to fill up water in tank that described silt is packed into tank, then adds slowly sand, can avoid husky bed to have bubble, the impact experiment, when sand installs to predetermined height, pat tank limit wall, make husky slowly sedimentation, when sand no longer continues sedimentation, stop patting.
2.the experimental technique of sediment circulating water tank according to claim 1, is characterized in that the described bed ripples of making is to portray the bed ripples of triangle or wave-like with white board marker on the both sides of tank; Mould portrayed triangle or wave-like with the bed ripples plate again; This bed ripples plate is made with organic glass, opens many row's apertures on the bed ripples plate, can discharge and manufacture choking water of bed ripples process generation, and these ripples that can reduce to produce in the bed ripples manufacture process move having made the destruction of bed ripples.
3.the experimental technique of sediment circulating water tank according to claim 1, it is characterized in that described unlatching water pump, the adjustment tank gradient and height of water level are first turn on pumps, slowly drive afterwards valve, be transferred to predetermined flow, adjust the tank gradient and overflow groove height, make the water level of tank reach predetermined height, and guarantee that the depth of water at each position of tank is identical, water while preventing jockey valve in tank is discharged from water inlet, destroys bed ripples.
4.the experimental technique of sediment circulating water tank according to claim 1, is characterized in that it is to use mine lamp oblique illumination wall on tank that described pore water extracts, and watches the shadow of thief hole, and then syringe needle inserts thief hole along shadow; In order to shorten the sample time and to avoid the interference of high concentration to low concentration, the extraction order is as follows: while testing as migration during pollutant is from the overlying water to the riverbed, from bottom land, up take out; As run into microsyringe and have air to enter or extract at need, be likely that granule blocked the microsyringe syringe needle, now should take out immediately microsyringe, remove microsyringe and stop up.
5.the experimental technique of sediment circulating water tank according to claim 4, it is characterized in that it is the pushing ram of slowly extracting microsyringe that described removing microsyringe stops up, use the 50ml syringe, the syringe needle that length is 80mm injects deionized water in the micro-sampling organ pipe, insert the pushing ram of microsyringe, holding microsyringe with thumb and forefinger partly prevents from causing glass tube to suffer shear failure on 45 ° of directions near syringe needle, push hard the pushing ram of microsyringe, repeat just can discharge the sand grain got lodged in syringe needle after several.
6.the experimental technique of sediment circulating water tank according to claim 1, is characterized in that described control tank temperature is, in the exit portion of tank, 1～3 300W automatic constant-temperature rod is installed, when water temperature does not reach the experiment predetermined value, and constant temperature rod Automatic-heating; When temperature reaches the experiment predetermined value, the constant temperature rod stops heating automatically, and the current of heating are after backwater system is mixed, enter the more even of test section water temperature, after temperature adjustment, the overlying water day and night temperature of tank is less, and the impact of temperature fluctuation on flume experiment controls environment.
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| CN103278427A (en) * | 2013-05-24 | 2013-09-04 | 重庆交通大学 | Method and device for measuring parameters of grait sand waves |
| CN103743879B (en) * | 2013-12-31 | 2015-07-29 | 河海大学 | The experimental simulation method of operating of contaminant transportation under suddenly accident |
| CN103940769B (en) * | 2014-04-16 | 2016-04-06 | 河海大学 | The flume experiment method that colloid transports in phreatic zone |
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| CN104964852A (en) * | 2015-07-10 | 2015-10-07 | 河海大学 | Annular sealed tank sampling device with automatic compensation function and sampling method |
| CN105606495B (en) * | 2016-01-05 | 2018-06-19 | 河海大学 | A kind of experimental provision and its implementation of field measurement undercurrent exchange capacity |
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| CN107059995B (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2023-10-10 | 中央民族大学 | Multi-cylinder alternate water supply experiment parameter regulation and control system for circulating water tank |
| CN106644384B (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2023-10-10 | 中央民族大学 | Cross-scale coupling type overlying water-bed sand pollutant transport experiment system with circulating water tank and experimental soil cup |
| CN108827677A (en) * | 2018-04-23 | 2018-11-16 | 天津大学 | The device and experimental method that a kind of simulated sea bottom trend bed ripples influences pipeline engineering |
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| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
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