CN102918141A - 用助催化的担载型镍催化剂氢化脂肪酸 - Google Patents

用助催化的担载型镍催化剂氢化脂肪酸 Download PDF

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CN102918141A
CN102918141A CN2011800220171A CN201180022017A CN102918141A CN 102918141 A CN102918141 A CN 102918141A CN 2011800220171 A CN2011800220171 A CN 2011800220171A CN 201180022017 A CN201180022017 A CN 201180022017A CN 102918141 A CN102918141 A CN 102918141A
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赫曼纽斯·约翰尼斯·鲍曼
罗伯特·约翰·安德烈亚斯·玛丽亚·特厄德
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于氢化不饱和脂肪酸以制备饱和脂肪酸的方法,所述方法包括在氢气和担载型镍催化剂的存在下氢化不饱和脂肪酸,所述担载型镍催化剂包括:氧化性载体;5~80wt%的镍,基于催化剂的重量以原子镍计算;0.1~10wt%的铜助催化剂,基于催化剂的重量以原子铜计算;以及1~10wt%的第II主族金属,基于催化剂的重量以金属氧化物计算。

Description

用助催化的担载型镍催化剂氢化脂肪酸
技术领域
本发明涉及氢化不饱和脂肪酸以制备饱和脂肪酸,所述方法包括在氢气和担载型镍催化剂的存在下氢化不饱和脂肪酸。
背景技术
担载型金属催化剂已为人所知,并且它们用于很多反应中,包括氢化诸如油或脂肪酸等不饱和脂肪材料,已经在文献中被广泛描述。担载型镍催化剂已经在各种需要低IV(碘值)脂肪产物的氢化方法中使用。如果产物完全或基本上完全被饱和,那么得到低IV。
US-A-6054627描述了将一种包括主量的铜或锌的氧化物以及至少一种其他金属的催化剂,用于氢化反应中。US-A-5493037描述了一种包括镍、二氧化硅、氧化铝和一种粘土矿物粘结剂的催化剂,用于脂肪酸的固定床氢化中。提到了含量为10~50wt%的镍,但没有详细说明如何定义重量百分比。WO-A-2004/035204描述了将一种具有镁助催化剂的镍催化剂,用于氢化不饱和有机化合物。公开了在被还原的催化剂中测定的含量为51~80wt%的镍。US-A-4048116描述了一种还包括铜和锰并且可选地包括钼的非担载型镍催化剂,用于氢化乙炔醇。US-A-4133822描述了一种使用还包括亚铬酸铜辅助催化剂的镍催化剂氢化不饱和脂肪酸的方法。GB-A-1312963描述了一种适合氢化油的包含铜和镍的催化剂。
EP-A-0572081、GB-A-1574389、DE-C-767901、US-A-2320063以及US-A-4251394描述了一种用于氢化油和脂肪的担载型镍和铜催化剂。GB-A-578102描述了一种包括镍、铁和铜的助催化的氢漂白催化剂(hydrobleaching catalyst)。
脂肪酸氢化通常能在具有粉末状催化剂的浆相中或具有成形催化剂的固定床中完成。镍催化剂常用于脂肪酸氢化反应应用中。然而,这些催化剂可能表现出由作为奥斯特瓦尔德熟化结果的大规模微晶生长导致的相对快的失活。此外,在反应条件下主量的镍溶解在脂肪酸原料中。为了使这种催化剂在上述方法中经济,应该最小化该失活速率。
发明内容
本发明涉及用铜和第II主族金属助催化的二氧化硅上的镍催化剂用于氢化(天然油衍生的)脂肪酸的用途,该(天然油衍生的)脂肪酸是油脂化学品加工的原料。
因此,本发明涉及一种用于氢化不饱和脂肪酸以制备饱和脂肪酸的方法,所述方法包括在氢气和担载型镍催化剂的存在下氢化不饱和脂肪酸,所述担载型镍催化剂包括:氧化性载体(oxidic support);5~80wt%的镍,基于催化剂的重量以原子镍(atomic nickel)计算;0.1~10wt%的铜助催化剂,基于催化剂的重量以原子铜(atomic copper)计算;以及1~10wt%的第II主族金属,基于催化剂的重量以金属氧化物计算。本文中涉及的所有重量%都是基于被还原的催化剂的重量,除非另有指出。
惊奇地,用铜助催化的镍催化剂在反应条件下失活较慢。这种效应的真正机制还不知道,但认为在氢化反应过程中形成的对溶解/再沉淀较不敏感的镍-铜合金微晶对此有作用。
本发明能应用于脂肪酸氢化以降低碘值,即,氢化(多)不饱和脂肪酸以制备饱和脂肪酸。
根据本发明被氢化的脂肪酸是具有优选由C6~C36组成,更优选由C16~C24组成的支化或未支化脂肪族链的羧酸。
基于催化剂的重量以原子镍计算,优选本发明中使用的催化剂包括25~80wt%的镍,更优选包括大于30wt%的镍,并且甚至更优选包括大于60wt%的镍。
基于催化剂的重量以原子铜计算,所述催化剂的铜助催化剂含量包括优选0.5~5wt%,更优选1.5~5wt%。
关于载体,优选使用一种或多种氧化物,氧化物优选二氧化硅、氧化铝、二氧化硅-氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合。更具体地,优选将二氧化硅用作所述氧化性载体材料。然而,不排除其他载体,例如炭、沸石及粘土材料。
以催化剂的重量计算,在本发明中使用的最优选的担载型催化剂包括1~90wt%的二氧化硅,优选包括5~70wt%的二氧化硅,并且更优选包括大于10wt%且小于65wt%的二氧化硅。
第II主族金属可选自镁、钡、钙以及锶。优选第II主族金属是镁。基于催化剂的重量以MgO计算,优选所述催化剂包括1~10wt%的镁。
在优选的实施方式中,担载型镍催化剂包括:大于10wt%的二氧化硅,以基于催化剂的重量计算;大于60wt%的镍,基于催化剂的重量以原子镍计算;和1.5~5wt%的铜助催化剂,基于催化剂的重量以原子铜计算;以及1~10wt%的镁,基于催化剂的重量以MgO计算。
催化剂可涂有保护层,例如脂肪物质,如硬化大豆脂肪、硬化棕榈油脂肪、硬化葵花籽油脂肪或它们的组合,这些物质可起到避免(部分)催化剂氧化的作用。涂布合适的脂肪的方法是本领域内众所周知的,并可根据WO2004/035204。例如,这可通过下述方法完成:将(被还原的)催化剂粉末拌入熔融的涂布材料(例如熔融脂肪)中并接着将产生的悬浮液固化以形成涂布后的催化剂颗粒的碎片或液滴。
为了有利于保护材料在氢化过程开始时溶解,用于涂布催化剂的保护材料的熔融温度优选低于氢化反应进行的温度。具体地,在催化剂用于淤浆法时,保护涂层优选溶解于原料中。另外,在氢化过程中使用催化剂前不久,可将涂层从过程中除去。涂层可非常适合于通过使催化剂与溶剂如原料接触来除去,优选在比涂层脂肪的熔点更高的温度下除去。
催化剂的平均粒径优选为0.1~50μm。这些颗粒可成形(挤出、压片等)为特别适合于固定床应用的更大颗粒。
催化剂(活化形式)的镍表面积优选具有20~50ml H2/g催化剂,更优选具有28~36ml H2/g催化剂范围的氢气吸附容量(HAC)。这里使用的镍表面积是能通过用Micromeretics AutoChem 2920化学吸附分析仪在400℃下用氢气(50ml/min)原位还原2小时之后的氢气解吸附测定的值。原位还原之后,用液氮将样品冷却至-75℃。接着,样品的氢气吸附容量(HAC)通过测量在氩气流(20ml/min)中从-75℃加热至700℃的过程中解吸附的氢气的量而测定。
BET表面积优选为约200m2/g催化剂至约450m2/g催化剂,更优选为约250m2/g催化剂至约400m2/g催化剂。这里使用的BET表面积是能通过以下方法测量的值:在180℃下使催化剂样品脱气后,在77K和大约0.3的P/P0下并且假设氮气横截面积是测定吸附的氮气量。
在优选的实施方式中,催化剂由通过共沉淀法制备的催化剂前体制成,其中,专业的技术人员很清楚如何选择合适的方法条件。在根据本发明的共沉淀方法中,将镍、二氧化硅、铜和第II主族金属一起沉淀(即,没有形成仅一种或一些组分的中间沉淀物)。在该方法中,可将镍源、二氧化硅源、铜源及第II主族金属源混合在液体中(例如:水或水性溶液)以形成包括所有所述组分的沉淀(催化剂前体)。可将各种组分前体的水性溶液同时供入到反应容器中,以连续进行和/或最初在反应器中提供一定量的液体和/或在某个阶段加入沉淀剂,例如碱性化合物。或者,能使用利用预形成的载体的沉积-沉淀法。
通过还原催化剂前体的至少部分含量的镍和铜将催化剂前体活化,并且可选地在被还原之前煅烧催化剂前体。
镍源、二氧化硅源、铜源及第II主族金属源可从制备催化剂通常所用的源中选择。
合适的镍源和铜源以及其他金属源包括诸如硝酸盐、醋酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化物等金属盐,最优选氯化物。优选金属源是任何这些盐的溶液。
合适的二氧化硅源包括水玻璃、硅酸钠及硅胶。优选二氧化硅源是任何这些组分的溶液或悬浮液。
本发明的方法优选在100~400℃温度下进行。本发明可接受的压力范围为3~150巴。
已经发现根据本发明的方法特别适合于氢化不饱和脂肪酸以制备低碘值的饱和脂肪酸。
具体实施方式
现在将基于一些实施例来阐明本发明,这些实施例不用于限制本发明的范围。
实施例
参考例
将氯化镍(每升95g镍)和氯化镁(每升5g镁)在水中的1000ml溶液以及偏硅酸钠(每升61g的Na2SiO3.5H2O)和碳酸钠(每升183g)的1000ml溶液在80℃下以相同的速率同时泵送入搅拌良好的4升沉淀容器中。浆液的pH值是7.2,大约1小时之后,完成沉淀。
用大约30升的水清洗沉淀后,将形成的催化剂前体过滤并且在110℃下在烘箱中干燥。用氢气活化催化剂。
实施例-1
将氯化镍(每升92g镍)、氯化铜(每升3g铜)和氯化镁(每升5g镁)在水中的1000ml溶液以及偏硅酸钠(每升61g的Na2SiO3.5H2O)和碳酸钠(每升183g)的1000ml溶液在80℃下以相同的速率同时泵送入搅拌良好的4升沉淀容器中。浆液的pH值是7.2,大约1小时之后,完成沉淀。
用大约30升的水清洗沉淀后,将形成的催化剂前体过滤并且在110℃下在烘箱中干燥。用氢气活化催化剂。
实施例-2
将氯化镍(每升90g镍)、氯化铜(每升5g铜)和氯化镁(每升5g镁)在水中的1000ml溶液以及偏硅酸钠(每升61g的Na2SiO3.5H2O)和碳酸钠(每升183g)的1000ml溶液在80℃下以相同的速率同时泵送入搅拌良好的4升沉淀容器中。浆液的pH值是7.1,大约1小时之后结束沉淀。
用大约30升的水清洗沉淀后,将形成的催化剂前体过滤并且在110℃下在烘箱中干燥。用氢气活化催化剂。
活性测试
通过在200℃下、氢气压力20巴下,用相当于0.032wt%镍的催化剂量氢化500g的碘值为56的动物脂肪酸,测定了参考镍催化剂的活性以及实施例-1和实施例-2两个实施例的铜助催化催化剂的活性。在相同条件下,将实施例-1和实施例-2与参考催化剂比较到达IV-4的时间。此外还对实施例-1和实施例-2测定了90分钟之后的最终IV,并且与参考催化剂进行比较。
  实施例   Cu原子wt%   到达IV-4的时间(分钟)   90分钟之后的IV
  参考   0   51   1.86
  实施例-1   2.3   42.5   1.64
  实施例-2   3.9   42   1.32
从上述结果能看出,包含铜助催化剂的本发明的催化剂在氢化脂肪酸过程中更有效(较短的反应时间和较低的碘值)。
虽然已解释了本发明的优选实施方式,应当明白,本发明的各种修改对阅读了本说明书的本领域内技术人员将变得明显。因此,应当明白本文中公开的本发明将涵盖落入所附权利要求范围内的这些修改。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于氢化不饱和脂肪酸以制备饱和脂肪酸的方法,所述方法包括在氢气和担载型镍催化剂的存在下氢化所述不饱和脂肪酸,所述担载型镍催化剂包括:氧化性载体;5~80wt%的镍,基于催化剂的重量以原子镍计算;0.1~10wt%的铜助催化剂,基于催化剂的重量以原子铜计算;以及1~10wt%的第II主族金属,基于催化剂的重量以金属氧化物计算。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,基于催化剂的重量以原子镍计算,所述催化剂包括25~80wt%的镍,优选包括大于30wt%的镍,并且甚至更优选包括大于60wt%的镍。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,基于催化剂的重量以原子铜计算,所述催化剂包括0.5~5wt%的铜助催化剂,优选包括1.5~5wt%的铜助催化剂。
4.根据权利要求1~3所述的方法,其中,所述载体是氧化性载体,所述载体优选选自二氧化硅、氧化铝、二氧化硅-氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中,所述催化剂的氧化性载体材料是二氧化硅。
6.根据权利要求1~5所述的方法,其中,基于催化剂的重量计算,所述催化剂包括1~90wt%的二氧化硅,优选包括5~70wt%的二氧化硅,更优选包括大于10wt%且小于65wt%的二氧化硅。
7.根据权利要求1~6所述的方法,其中,所述催化剂的平均粒径为0.1~50μm。
8.根据权利要求1~7所述的方法,其中,所述第II主族金属选自镁、钡、钙以及锶。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中,所述第II主族金属是镁。
10.根据权利要求1~9所述的方法,其中,所述催化剂悬浮在液滴中,其中所述液滴形成有效防止所述催化剂氧化的保护涂层,所述保护涂层优选包括脂肪物质。
11.根据权利要求1~10所述的方法,其中,所述氢化在100~400℃的温度下进行。
12.根据权利要求1~11所述的方法,其中,所述氢化在3~150巴的氢气压力下进行。
13.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述担载型镍催化剂包括大于10wt%的二氧化硅,基于催化剂的重量计算;大于60wt%的镍,基于催化剂的重量以原子镍计算;1.5~5wt%的铜助催化剂,基于催化剂的重量以原子铜计算;以及1~10wt%的镁,基于催化剂的重量以MgO计算。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述催化剂悬浮在液滴中,其中所述液滴形成有效防止所述催化剂氧化的保护涂层,所述保护涂层优选包括脂肪物质。
15.根据前述任一项权利要求中所述的方法,其中,所述氢化在包含所述催化剂的脂肪酸浆液中进行。
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