CN102859144A - 用含醇初级燃料运行压缩点火发动机的方法和系统 - Google Patents
用含醇初级燃料运行压缩点火发动机的方法和系统 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
用通过含醇初级燃料的车上转化获得的含醚燃料运行压缩点火发动机的方法和用在该方法中的系统。
Description
本发明涉及运行压缩点火发动机(compression ignition engines)的方法,特别涉及用车上(on board)制备的含醚燃料运行这些发动机。
本发明还提供可用于实施本发明的方法的系统。
压缩点火发动机的最典型实例是用高辛烷值柴油燃料运行的柴油机。为了降低由柴油燃料的燃烧引起的环境污染,过去已作出一些尝试以将柴油燃料换成具有降低的环境影响的替代燃料。
醚,特别是通过低级醇的脱水制成的醚,如二甲醚和二乙醚已表明是环境影响方面优异的柴油燃料。
在许多公开文献,例如美国专利Nos. 4,892,561;5,906,664和7,449,034中描述了低级醚作为柴油燃料的用途。
尽管其有清洁燃烧特性和在柴油机中的高效率,醚-基燃料的主要缺点是在车上难以储存和操作。在环境条件下,二甲醚是气体形式。为了将二甲醚燃料转化成其更方便的液体形式,该燃料必须在压力下储存和操作。
从文献中获知乙醇在用于压缩点火发动机时是较差燃料。但是,据报道,乙醇/二乙醚(DEE)混合物克服这一限制并开启高效和极清洁的柴油机运行的途径。但是,有要解决的实际问题。DEE目前在任何销售网络中都不可得并具有相对严格的安全限制,包括使用加压燃料罐。总之主张使用在车上转化的乙醇或含乙醇的燃料。
可以通过利用合适催化剂的乙醇脱水进行DEE的生产。在车上包括这种系统意味着在喷入发动机之前蒸发含乙醇的燃料,进行转化,冷凝产物并进一步压缩该混合物(直至600-2400巴)。另外,原料必须在开始转化前预热。通过与热废气的热交换或通过电加热器进行预热。因此,一些额外加热系统是实现在大约200oC下的催化转化所必须的,其对系统效率具有负面作用。
该非稳态运行还增加必要设备的复杂性并造成额外制造成本和额外车辆重量。
我们已经发现,在以自热方式,优选在液相中将醇转化成醚时,可以改进用于将初级醇燃料转化成含醚发动机燃料的已知方法和系统。
因此,本发明的一般实施方案是用通过含醇初级燃料的车上转化获得的含醚燃料运行压缩点火发动机的方法,包括以下步骤:
(a) 从燃料罐中取出含醇初级燃料并将所述初级燃料加压至最终发动机喷射压力;
(b) 将加压的初级燃料引入催化脱水反应器;
(c) 在所述反应器中通过与醇脱水催化剂接触来将加压的初级燃料催化脱水成含醚燃料;和
(d) 从所述反应器中取出含醚燃料并将所述含醚燃料喷入发动机,其中所述加压的初级燃料在催化脱水之前通过与含醚燃料间接热交换并由此在从反应器中取出该含醚燃料之前冷却该含醚燃料来在反应器内加热至反应温度。
在权利要求2至9和下列说明书中描述本发明的方法的进一步实施方案。
本发明还提供用于用含醚燃料运行压缩点火发动机的系统,其包含:
压缩点火发动机;
适合储存初级含醇燃料的燃料罐;
用于将初级燃料加压的高压泵;
至少一个脱水反应器,其适于接收加压的初级燃料并在共用耐压壳体(common pressure shell)内包含热交换器和下游催化剂床,该热交换器适于间接加热该加压的初级燃料和冷却含醚燃料,该下游催化剂床含有用于将加热的该加压初级燃料转化成含醚燃料的醇脱水催化剂;和
至少一个将脱水反应器出口与用于将含醚燃料喷入发动机的一个或多个燃料喷射器连接的连接管。
在权利要求10至16中和下列说明书中描述本发明的系统的进一步实施方案。
通常将本发明的方法的运行条件调节至150oC至350oC的催化剂入口温度和80至2400巴的喷射压力。由此,醇在脱水催化剂存在下在适当反应速率下在液相中以绝热方式转化成醚、水和醇的混合物。
根据本发明,从初级含醇燃料到含醚燃料的放热脱水反应中回收所需热。该初级含醇燃料在高压泵中加压至喷射压力以使该燃料在进入脱水催化剂的入口温度下保持在液相并提供所形成的含醚燃料的所需发动机喷射压力。
标准热交换器(即合理地轻的设备)不能承受燃料回路中的高压。但是,通过将热交换器集成在催化脱水反应器内,克服这种限制。初级燃料与来自催化剂的流出物,即含醚燃料之间的压差最多为数巴,这处于例如轻质、小型和有效的板式换热器(其是用于本发明的优选热交换器)的标准范围内。
本发明的方法和系统的一个优点在于所有形成的醚燃料立刻用于发动机中的燃烧并避免储存多余含醚燃料。
本发明的方法和系统的另一优点在于,可以在液相中将初级燃料转化成含醚燃料并且在这种情况下不需要初级燃料的蒸发和含醚燃料产物的冷凝。该热回收能实现自热操作。除启动时外,不另外需要预热初级燃料。
在发动机启动过程中,脱水的含醇初级燃料中所含的热可能在不足以供应预热含醇初级燃料所必须的温度的温度下。
在这些条件下,优选在上述运行方法中包括例如借助安装在反应器内的电加热器或在反应器入口上游的发动机加热器另外加热加压燃料的进一步步骤。
因此在本发明的一个实施方案中,该加压的液体初级燃料在引入脱水催化剂中之前经过启动-加热器定期预热。
通过醇根据下列反应催化脱水成其相应的醚实现含醚燃料的形成:
适用于本发明的脱水催化剂包括所有固体酸,如氧化铝、二氧化硅氧化铝、沸石、钨酸化氧化物、硫酸化氧化物、氧化铝磷酸盐、含磺酸官能团的材料,如磺化聚苯乙烯、磺化氟碳聚合物、磺酸官能化的氧化物材料(氧化铝、SBA-15、二氧化硅)及其混合物。
醇脱水催化剂优选以固定床方式布置在反应器中,以使加压的初级燃料从反应器入口经过热交换器并随后经过催化剂床。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,该固定催化剂床布置在反应器外壁与居中位于催化剂床内的同心空间(concentric space)之间。
在另一实施方案中,该催化剂床与反应器内壁同心布置并与反应器内壁隔开。
醇脱水是平衡反应。因此平衡限制阻止醇100%转化成醚和水。
在例如由95 w%乙醇和5 w%水构成的初级乙醇燃料的反应温度下,在150至350oC脱水温度下液相中的平衡组成通常为9-21 w%乙醇、19-22 w% H2O和59-71 w%二乙醚。
用于压缩点火发动机的具有有用的点火和燃烧特征的醚燃料是例如二乙醚/乙醇/水混合物和二甲醚/甲醇/水混合物,具有最多20%的甲醇含量和最多20%的水含量。
在美国专利No. 7,449,034中,含有二甲醚、甲醇和最多48%水的柴油燃料已表明是压缩点火发动机中的有效燃料。
除甲醇和乙醇外,更高级醇的混合物也是用于本发明的合适的初级燃料。
另一些合适的含醇初级燃料是烃与一种或多种醇,如生物柴油和醇如水黄皮油和乙醇(60-40体积%)的混合物,其催化转化成含有~15-20体积% DEE的生物柴油/DEE/水的混合物。
用于本发明的另一些合适的初级燃料是汽油和醇的混合物,例如在瑞典的加油站可得的含有85%乙醇的汽油。
为了在含醇燃料不可得且发动机必须用例如常规柴油燃料运行时使用该系统,可以借助安装在连接来自高压泵或共轨(common rail)的进料管与燃料喷射器管的旁通管中的旁通阀绕过(by-passed)该反应器。在控制阀的打开位置,可以将初级燃料,例如柴油经旁通管直接送往发动机。
在下列说明书中参照附图更详细解释本发明的上述特征和方面,其中
图1示意性显示用在根据本发明的一个实施方案的方法和系统中的反应器的横截面。
该催化脱水反应器系统可以根据车上可用的自由体积由所有汽缸共用的单反应器或每个汽缸一个的反应器的集合构成。
可以在高压泵与催化脱水反应器之间布置共轨(未显示)。
在运行该反应器时,冷的含醇初级燃料在100和2000巴,优选200-400巴的压力下从高压泵(未显示)送往反应器。在这些压力下,含醇初级燃料和所形成的含醚燃料都是液体或超临界的。将含醇初级燃料引入反应器并经过布置在该反应器的耐压壳体内的热交换器。冷的含醇初级燃料通过在反应器入口部分中的热交换器中与来自后继催化剂床的含醚燃料的间接热交换加热至脱水反应温度。例如,在50巴下操作时,含醇燃料可以在20oC下进入热交换器并加热至220oC。
如果含醇初级燃料在热交换器后的温度太低,在热交换器下游布置在反应器轴周围的轴向空间内的电加热器将该流体预热至充足温度。预热的含醇初级燃料经过该轴向空间通往催化剂床的入口。在所示实施方案中,催化剂床布置在反应器外壁与该轴向空间之间。
通过经过包含脱水催化剂的催化剂床,将初级燃料中的醇部分脱水成醚和水。通过进入催化剂床的含醇初级燃料的入口温度控制转化速率。该脱水反应是放热的。假定初级燃料由在220oC下进入该床的95%乙醇和5%水构成,脱水产物在240oC附近以80%的乙醇至二乙醚和水的转化率离开催化剂。
来自催化剂床的所得流出物含有热含醚燃料,其经过与引入的含醇初级燃料间接热交换的热交换器。由此在预热冷含醇初级燃料的同时冷却含醚燃料。将含醚燃料从大于240oC冷却至大约40oC,这相当于初级燃料那边预热200oC(如上提到从20oC到220oC)。
该流体与流出物之间的压差对应于催化床和预热器上的压降。因此其足够低以允许使用简单的标准热交换器。
在连续运行过程中,热含醚燃料由于放热脱水反应而离开催化剂。如上例示,燃料通常比反应器入口处的含醇初级燃料热10-20oC(取决于初级燃料的醇含量和该床上的转化率)。温度差足以充分预热含醇初级燃料以供脱水。热的含醚燃料由此冷却并送往发动机喷射器(未显示)。
高压泵或带有阀的共轨之间的旁通管允许燃料绕过脱水反应器。在用常规燃料代替含醚燃料运行发动机的情况下,打开旁通阀并直接从高压泵或共轨进行燃料喷射以实现传统发动机运行。
此外,可操作旁通阀以使仅一部分含醇初级燃料经过该反应器。其给出用含醇初级燃料稀释含醚燃料的选择,因此根据发动机状态调节最终燃料的组成。
一旦已在汽缸中开始燃烧,阀操作可例如在初次和切换至含醇初级燃料喷射时确保在发动机汽缸中喷射含醚燃料。这提供优化发动机运行的额外自由度。
上述说明书和附图完全是示意性的并且不按比例绘制,在附图中没有显示本领域技术人员显而易见的在喷射系统中常规的部件和装置。
Claims (16)
1.用通过含醇初级燃料的车上转化获得的含醚燃料运行压缩点火发动机的方法,包括以下步骤:
(a) 从燃料罐中取出所述含醇初级燃料并将所述初级燃料加压至最终发动机喷射压力;
(b) 将该加压的初级燃料引入催化脱水反应器;
(c) 在所述反应器中通过与醇脱水催化剂接触来将该加压的初级燃料催化脱水成含醚燃料;和
(d) 从所述反应器中取出所述含醚燃料并将所述含醚燃料喷入发动机,其中所述加压的初级燃料在所述催化脱水之前通过与含醚燃料间接热交换并由此在从反应器中取出所述含醚燃料之前冷却该含醚燃料来在反应器内加热至反应温度。
2. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述脱水催化剂以固定床形式布置在该脱水反应器内。
3. 权利要求1或2的方法,其中在板式换热器中进行所述间接热交换。
4. 根据权利要求1至3任一项的方法,其中所述含醇初级燃料含有不同醇的混合物。
5. 根据权利要求1至4任一项的方法,其中所述含醇初级燃料包含甲醇和/或乙醇。
6. 根据权利要求1至5任一项的方法,其中所述含醇初级燃料包含烃和一种或多种醇的混合物。
7. 根据权利要求1至6任一项的方法,包括使一部分所述加压的初级燃料绕过所述催化脱水的进一步步骤。
8. 根据权利要求1至7任一项的方法,其中所述加压的含醇燃料在液相中。
9. 根据前述权利要求任一项的方法,包括在所述间接热交换之后和在所述催化脱水之前另外加热所述加压的初级燃料的进一步步骤。
10. 用于用含醚燃料运行压缩点火发动机的系统,其包含
压缩点火发动机;
适于储存初级含醇燃料的燃料罐;
用于将所述初级燃料加压的高压泵;
至少一个脱水反应器,其适于接收所述加压的初级燃料并在共用耐压壳体内包含热交换器和下游催化剂床,所述热交换器适于间接加热该加压的初级燃料和冷却含醚燃料,所述下游催化剂床含有用于将该加热的加压初级燃料转化成该含醚燃料的醇脱水催化剂;和
至少一个将该脱水反应器的出口与用于将该含醚燃料喷入发动机的一个或多个燃料喷射器连接的连接管。
11. 权利要求10的系统,其中所述催化剂床布置在反应器外壁与居中位于该催化剂床内的同心空间之间。
12. 权利要求10或11的系统,其中所述反应器进一步包含布置在所述热交换器下游的加热器。
13. 根据权利要求10至12任一项的系统,其中所述热交换器是板式换热器。
14. 根据权利要求10至13任一项的系统,进一步包含在该高压泵与该脱水反应器入口之间的共轨。
15. 根据权利要求10至13任一项的系统,进一步包含在所述高压泵与所述至少一个连接管之间的阀控制的旁通管。
16. 权利要求14的系统,进一步包含在所述共轨与所述至少一个连接管之间的阀控制的旁通管。
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JPH06249089A (ja) * | 1993-02-19 | 1994-09-06 | Riken Corp | 車載用ジメチルエーテル発生装置 |
WO2001002515A1 (en) * | 1999-07-01 | 2001-01-11 | Haldor Topsøe A/S | Continuous dehydration of alcohol to ether and water used as fuel for diesel engines |
CN1249334C (zh) * | 1999-12-10 | 2006-04-05 | 赫多特普索化工设备公司 | 操作压燃式发动机的方法 |
JP2006167511A (ja) * | 2004-12-13 | 2006-06-29 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 燃料変換用触媒及びこれを用いた燃料供給装置 |
US20080098985A1 (en) * | 2006-10-30 | 2008-05-01 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Internal combustion engine system |
US20080282998A1 (en) * | 2007-05-17 | 2008-11-20 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Ethanol fuel reforming system for internal combustion engines |
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