CN102947571B - 运行压燃式发动机的方法和系统 - Google Patents

运行压燃式发动机的方法和系统 Download PDF

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CN102947571B
CN102947571B CN201180017629.1A CN201180017629A CN102947571B CN 102947571 B CN102947571 B CN 102947571B CN 201180017629 A CN201180017629 A CN 201180017629A CN 102947571 B CN102947571 B CN 102947571B
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P·L·T·加布里尔森
T·V·W·詹森斯
S·E·米克尔森
S·I·安德森
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Abstract

用于使用通过转化基于醇的初级燃料获得的含醚燃料运行压燃式发动机的方法和系统，包括以下步骤和装置：(a)从燃料箱连续取出所述基于醇的初级燃料并在所述基于醇的初级燃料的液态形式下将其加压到最终的发动机喷射压力；(b)将所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料连续引入燃料蓄压室；(c)将所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料连续分配到连接所述蓄压室与发动机燃料喷射器的管中；(d)在所述燃料喷射器之前通过与设置在所述燃料喷射器上游的每个管中的醇脱水催化剂接触将所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料连续转化成含醚燃料；(e)在喷射压力下将所述含醚燃料连续喷射到所述发动机中；和(f)从所述蓄压室中连续取出一部分所述引入的基于醇的初级燃料；和(g)将所述取出的基于醇的初级燃料减压和再循环到所述燃料箱。

Description

运行压燃式发动机的方法和系统
本发明涉及运行压燃式发动机的方法和特别是使用含醚燃料运行所述发动机。
本发明还提供用于应用本发明的系统。
压燃式发动机的最典型的例子是使用高十六烷值柴油燃料运行的柴油发动机。为减少由柴油燃料燃烧产生的环境污染，过去人们数次尝试了使用环境影响小的替代燃料来取代柴油燃料。
醚，特别是通过低级醇脱水制备的醚，如二甲醚和二乙醚，已被证明是出众的柴油燃料。
在许多出版物，例如美国专利4,892,561、5,906,664和7,449,034，中已经记述了使用低级醚作为柴油燃料。
尽管醚基燃料具有在柴油发动机中的高效率和清洁燃烧特性，但其主要缺陷在于难以在车上储存和处理。在环境条件下，二甲醚呈气态形式。为将二甲醚燃料转变成更方便的液态形式，必须在压力下储存和处理所述燃料。
尽管二乙醚在环境条件下呈液态形式，但此醚具有高蒸汽压且在与空气接触时有很高的爆炸危险。
现代的柴油发动机具备共轨燃料系统。该系统由高压泵和在大于2,000巴的高压下储存燃料的燃料蓄压室（accumulation chamber）组成。该蓄压室向多个燃料喷射器提供高压燃料。过剩的燃料被从该室取回，减压并再循环到燃料箱。
在美国专利6,340,003中记述了使用醚作为柴油发动机燃料的这种系统。通过该专利的方法，初级的甲醇燃料在被引入蓄压室之前被加压和转化成含醚的柴油燃料。该方法的缺陷出现在当必须从所述室中除去过剩的含醚燃料和再循环到燃料箱时，其需要两个油箱，一个用于醇燃料，一个用于转化的含醚燃料。
本发明的一般目的在于提供一种在车上将基于低级醇或多种低级醇的混合物的初级燃料转化成含醚的二级燃料以运行装备有共轨燃料系统的压燃式发动机而无特别是在车辆中处理和储存所述二次燃料的困难的方法。
根据上述目的，本发明为使用通过转化基于醇的初级燃料获得的含醚燃料运行压燃式发动机的方法，步骤包括：
（a）从燃料箱连续取出所述基于醇的初级燃料并在所述基于醇的初级燃料的液态形式下将其加压到最终的发动机喷射压力；
（b）将所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料连续引入燃料蓄压室；
（c）将所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料连续分配到连接所述蓄压室与发动机燃料喷射器的管中；
（d）在所述燃料喷射器之前通过与设置在所述燃料喷射器上游的每个管中的醇脱水催化剂接触将所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料连续转化成含醚燃料；
（e）在喷射压力下将所述含醚燃料连续喷射到所述发动机中；和
（f）从所述蓄压室中连续取出一部分所述引入的基于醇的初级燃料；和
（g）将所述取出的基于醇的初级燃料减压和再循环到所述燃料箱。
本发明还提供用于上述方法的系统，其包括：
压燃式发动机；
适于储存基于醇的初级燃料的燃料箱；
用于对所述基于醇的初级燃料加压的高压泵；
适于接收和储存所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料的蓄压室；
用于连接所述蓄压室与燃料喷射器的连接管，其中所述燃料喷射器用于将燃料喷射到所述压燃式发动机中；
设置在所述蓄压室与所述燃料喷射器之间的每个所述连接管内的醇脱水催化剂；和
用于将过剩的基于醇的初级燃料从所述蓄压室再循环到所述燃料箱的再循环管线。
本发明的方法和系统的优点在于所有形成的醚燃料都立即用于在发动机中燃烧并避免了过剩的醚燃料的储存。过剩的基于醇的初级燃料被再循环到燃料箱。
所述醚燃料的形成按照以下反应通过醇向其相应的醚的催化脱水实现：
2CnH(2n+2)O ↔ C2nH(4n+2) + H2O
醇向醚的脱水由液体或固体酸催化，如硫酸、氧化铝、二氧化硅氧化铝、沸石、磺酸、二氧化锆-钨酸盐、氧化铝磷酸盐。
醇脱水是平衡反应。因此，平衡限制妨碍醇向醚和水的100%转化。
在例如由95w%乙醇和5w%水构成的基于乙醇的初级燃料的反应温度下，在150-350℃之间的脱水温度下平衡组成为9-21w%乙醇、19-22w%H2O和59-71w%二乙醚。为确保所述组成保持均匀，有利的是或者在将所述初级燃料提供给所述蓄压室时作为添加剂，或者是在所述燃料箱中或在将所述初级燃料提供给所述车辆时作为所述初级燃料的添加剂加入基本上不被所述脱水催化剂转化的乳化剂。
在本发明中所述初级燃料可基于的适合的醇除甲醇和乙醇之外还有它们的混合物以及其它醇。
优选的醇混合物为甲醇与乙醇的混合物。
其它适当的基于醇的初级燃料包括甲醇以及醇与烃类（如汽油）的共混物。后者包括可商购获得的E85（其一般包含85%乙醇、13%汽油和2%MTBE（甲基叔丁基醚）），醇、汽油和汽油添加剂的其它组合物也可用于本发明。尽管它们被称作醇与烃类的混合物，但汽油和汽油添加剂却可能包含少量的非烃物质，如有机金属燃烧催化剂。假如所述初级燃料可与水混溶或者存在乳化剂从而可将水均匀地分布在所述初级燃料中，则所述初级燃料还可包括水。
对本公开来说，二次燃料应定义为由如上所定义的初级燃料形成的燃料混合物。所述二次燃料包含醚且具有可用的点火和燃烧特性适合用于压燃式发动机中。所述二次燃料包括上述的二乙醚/乙醇/水混合物以及甲醇含量直至20%且水含量直至20%的二甲醚/甲醇/水混合物，以及另外还包含烃类（如汽油）的类似的混合物。在美国专利7,449,034中，包含二甲醚、甲醇和直至48%水的柴油燃料已被证明是压燃式发动机的有效燃料。当所述初级燃料包含汽油（包括添加剂在内）时，所述汽油也将包含在所述二次燃料中，因为在所述脱水催化剂上不会发生显著的汽油转化。
在所述二次燃料组合物的上述范围内，一般将调节本发明的方法的运行条件为150℃-350℃的喷射温度和200-2,400巴的喷射压力。从而，醇向醚、水和醇的混合物的转化在所述脱水催化剂的存在下和在合适的反应速率下以绝热方式进行。
为将所述基于醇的初级燃料的温度升高到所述脱水反应温度，必须从环境温度加热所述燃料。其优选如下进行：在所述蓄压室中蓄积所述基于醇的初级燃料之前，使加压的燃料经过热交换器与来自发动机的热排气进行间接热交换。
所述基于醇的初级燃料从所述蓄压室进入连接所述室与所述燃料喷射器的每个所述管中，并与在合适的温度下催化上述醇脱水反应的催化剂发生接触。
所述脱水催化剂可以如美国专利6,319,877中所公开的以催化硬件（catalysed hardware）的形式设置在所述管的侧壁上，或者设置在安装在所述蓄压室与所述燃料喷射器之间的每个所述管上的反应器室之内。
在本发明的一个实施方案中，所述催化剂被电加热到反应温度。
在所述发动机启动期间，排气可能处于不能有效地将所述基于醇的初级燃料加热到必要的反应温度的温度。在该条件下，优选在上述运行方法中包括进一步的另外加热所述加压的燃料的步骤，例如借助于安装在所述蓄压室上的电加热器或发动机加热器。
调节本发明的方法的运行条件，以获得要求的点火性能的醚燃料。
下面参照附图对本发明的上述特征和方面进行更详细的说明，其中唯一的一个附图示意显示了用于本发明的方法的具有共轨燃料喷射单元的系统，其中所述共轨燃料喷射单元装备有醇脱水反应器。
用于本发明的特定实施方案的具有共轨燃料喷射系统的压燃式发动机包括用于基于醇的初级燃料的燃料箱2，其通过管线3连接到高压泵4。在泵4中将所述基于醇的初级燃料加压到最终的喷射压力，并将其传输到所述共轨系统的蓄压室6。在引入室6之前，在热交换器8中通过与来自发动机(未显示)的热排气7进行间接热交换加热所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料。
在热交换器8中将所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料间接地预热到醇脱水反应温度，例如150℃-300℃。
在正常的发动机负荷循环（load cycle）期间，使所述预热且加压的基于醇的初级燃料连续经过蓄压室6并通过管线9a、9b、9c和9d分配到燃料喷射器11a、11b、11c和11d。在引入所述燃料喷射器之前，在设置于管线9a-9d每一个内的脱水催化剂的存在下使所述基于醇的初级燃料脱水。所述脱水催化剂可以呈在管线9a-9d中的催化硬件的形式或者如图1所示以固定床的方式设置在反应器10a、10b、10c和10d中。通过与所述脱水催化剂接触，所述基于醇的初级燃料被部分转化为上述包括醚、醇和水，以及可能的汽油，的二次燃料混合物。
在发动机的启动或低负荷循环期间，发动机排气温度可能不够高以致于不能在热交换器8内提供适合的热量。在这些发动机循环中，在所述蓄压室8中借助于设置在所述室内的电加热器12进一步加热所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料。作为替代或者除其之外，还可以通过电热(未显示)加热所述催化剂。
当上述系统连续工作时，必须从室6中连续取出过剩的基于醇的初级燃料。这借助于阀14来实现，其中阀14是液压或电磁操作的。
在通往燃料箱2的管线16中将取出的基于醇的初级燃料减压8。
上述说明是按照具有共轨喷射系统的发动机给出的，但本领域技术人员将意识到本发明也适用于其它类型的压燃式发动机。
上述说明和附图是纯示意性的，除此之外在压燃式发动机中惯用的部件和装置对于本领域技术人员来说将是显而易见的，在附图中未显示。

Claims (11)

1. 使用通过转化基于醇的初级燃料获得的含醚燃料运行压燃式发动机的方法，步骤包括：
（a）从燃料箱连续取出所述基于醇的初级燃料并在所述基于醇的初级燃料的液态形式下将其加压到最终的发动机喷射压力；
（b）将所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料连续引入燃料蓄压室；
（c）将所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料连续分配到连接所述蓄压室与发动机燃料喷射器的管中；
（d）在所述燃料喷射器之前通过与设置在所述燃料喷射器上游的每个管中的醇脱水催化剂接触将至少部分所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料连续转化成含醚燃料；
（e）在喷射压力下将所述含醚燃料连续喷射到所述发动机中；和
（f）从所述蓄压室中连续取出一部分所述引入的基于醇的初级燃料；和
（g）将所述取出的基于醇的初级燃料减压和再循环到所述燃料箱。
2.权利要求1的方法，包括进一步的通过与来自所述发动机的热排气的间接热交换预热所述基于醇的初级燃料的步骤。
3.权利要求1的方法，包括进一步的在所述蓄压室之内加热所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料的步骤。
4.权利要求1、2或3的方法，其中所述基于醇的初级燃料包含不同醇的混合物。
5.权利要求1、2或3的方法，其中所述基于醇的初级燃料包含甲醇和/或乙醇。
6.权利要求1、2或3的方法，其中所述基于醇的初级燃料包含汽油。
7.用于根据权利要求1所述的方法的系统，其包括
压燃式发动机；
适于储存基于醇的初级燃料的燃料箱；
用于对所述基于醇的初级燃料加压的高压泵；
适于接收和储存所述加压的基于醇的初级燃料的蓄压室；
用于连接所述蓄压室与燃料喷射器的连接管，其中所述燃料喷射器用于将燃料喷射到所述压燃式发动机中；
设置在所述蓄压室与所述燃料喷射器之间的每个所述连接管内的醇脱水催化剂；和
用于将过剩的基于醇的初级燃料从所述蓄压室再循环到所述燃料箱的再循环管线。
8.权利要求7的系统，进一步包括用于通过与来自所述压燃式发动机的热排气的间接热交换加热所述基于醇的初级燃料的热交换器。
9.权利要求7的系统，进一步包括设置在所述蓄压室之内的加热装置。
10.权利要求7、8或9的系统，进一步包括用于加热所述脱水催化剂的加热装置。
11.权利要求7、8或9的系统，其中所述脱水催化剂以催化硬件提供。
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