CN103026028A - 制备压燃式发动机燃料的方法 - Google Patents
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- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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- F02B51/00—Other methods of operating engines involving pretreating of, or adding substances to, combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture of the engines
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Abstract
制备压燃式发动机燃料的方法,步骤包括:提供包括一种或多种醇的初级烃类燃料的混合物;和在所述混合物中使所述一种或多种醇脱水形成其相应的醚和水,以获得所述压燃式发动机燃料。
Description
本发明涉及压燃燃料组合物。本发明特别是涉及由含醇的初级燃料或通过向烃类燃料中添加醇来制备压燃式发动机燃料的方法。
现在,随着第二代含醇生物燃料的出现生物燃料的可持续和普遍应用已经成为可能。然而,制备态的生物燃料在粗产品形式下品级较低且在传统的压燃式发动机中不燃烧。
具体地说,生物乙醇的高达5%或10%的高水含量和低十六烷值限制了其在运输中的应用。同时,严格的排放法规使传统的柴油燃料不适宜在没有额外的排气净化系统的情况下工作。
这些限制可通过使用某些提高生物乙醇的十六烷值或改善传统化石柴油燃料以更清洁地工作的添加剂来克服。已知充氧剂,例如醚,能够提高十六烷值和无烟尘排放地燃烧。
出面实用性的考虑,可用的压燃式发动机燃料组合物的数量进一步减少。出于存储安全的原因,燃料闪点必须在52℃以上。为了限制成本和使得不经大的发动机改造就能在柴油发动机中工作,待与燃料混合的添加剂量也优选低,根据添加剂的价格一般在1和5wt%之间。
本发明基于低成本且容易获得的添加剂,所述添加剂使得能够将大多数已知的柴油和非柴油烃类燃料改质(upgrade)以在压燃式发动机中清洁利用。
具体地说,用于制备本发明的压燃式发动机燃料的燃料添加剂完全基于便宜、可广泛获得且本身就是安全运输燃料但在未经进一步处理时十六烷值低的醇。
因此,本发明一般地提供制备压燃式发动机燃料的方法,包括步骤:
提供初级烃类燃料与一种或多种醇的混合物;和
在所述混合物中使至少部分所述一种或多种醇脱水形成其相应的醚和水,以获得所述压燃式发动机燃料。
术语"初级燃料"在本说明书的上下文中是指填加到车辆油箱或填加到用于固定的压燃式发动机的油箱中且随后在喷射到发动机中之前经受转化处理的燃料。
如前所述,向燃料中添加醇被认为会降低所述燃料的十六烷值,从而使其不适合于压燃应用。
本发明要求使所述醇/初级燃料混合物通过醇脱水催化剂以确保按照以下反应将足够分数的所述醇转化成相应的醚和水:
R1-OH+R2-OH->R1-O-R2+H2O
其中R1和R2是包含H、C和任选的O的分子。
上述反应受平衡限制且所产生的压燃燃料是烃、醇、醚和水的共混物。
所述初级烃类燃料优选包括C5-C28的烃和/或生物燃料。
在本发明的一个具体实施方案中,所述初级烃类燃料包括汽油。
可用于所述初级燃料的醇为C1-C10的一元醇和/或多元醇。
优选使包含在所述初级燃料混合物中的所述一种或多种醇在有脱水催化剂存在的情况下脱水。
适合用于本发明的脱水催化剂包括所有的固体酸,如氧化铝、二氧化硅-氧化铝(silica alumina)、沸石、钨酸盐化的氧化物(tungstated oxides)、硫酸盐化的氧化物(sulphated oxides)、氧化铝磷酸盐(alumina phosphates)、含磺酸官能团的材料(如磺化聚苯乙烯、磺化氟碳聚合物、磺酸官能化的氧化物材料(氧化铝,SBA-15,二氧化硅))及其混合物。
在本发明的一个具体实施方案中,所述脱水催化剂设置在车载的反应器之内。
如果所述初级燃料已经具有适合的十六烷值,则醇的添加和催化脱水使得能够减少颗粒排放物。根据要求的减少来调节添加的醇的重量分数。
实施例1通过使用乙醇改善生物柴油和化石柴油的燃烧描述了此特征。
或者,如果初级燃料的十六烷值不足,添加醇和催化脱水到显著水平使得由此制备的压燃燃料能够驱动压燃发动机。必需的醇量取决于所述初级燃料的性质。
实施例2描述了使用乙醇或丁醇作为柴油改进剂用于含水乙醇、丁醇或传统的汽油。
实施例
实施例1:醇作为用于类似柴油的燃料的清洁改进剂
对混有乙醇的两种初级柴油燃料,即标准柴油和油菜籽油(生物柴油),在根据本发明加以改质(即脱水处理)之后进行测试。在此实施例中,所述两种初级燃料可以在不加添加剂的情况下驱动传统的柴油发动机。表1给出了在此实施例中考虑的燃料混合物,以纯化石柴油为参照。三种其它的燃料混合物包括乙醇作为所述初级燃料的添加剂。由此在喷射到发动机中之前使用车载的催化转化器来执行所述脱水。选择脱水反应的转化率为80%以将所述乙醇部分地改质成乙醚(DEE)和水。此步骤确保了即使高初始醇含量的所述混合物也具有类似柴油的特性。如表1所示,脱水的燃料中除DEE和所述初级燃料之外还包含一定量的醇和水。
表1:燃料组合物-脱水前后
燃料 | 柴油 | D70E30 | D50E50 | Bio25E75 |
组成(重量%) 脱水之前 | ||||
乙醇 | - | 30 | 50 | 75 |
水 | - | - | - | - |
油菜籽油 | - | - | - | 25 |
柴油 | 100 | 70 | 50 | - |
组成(重量%) 脱水之后 | ||||
乙醇 | - | 6 | 10 | 15 |
DEE§ | - | 19 | 32 | 48 |
水 | - | 5 | 8 | 12 |
正丁醇 | - | - | - | - |
DBE§§ | - | - | - | - |
油菜籽油 | - | - | - | 25 |
柴油 | 100 | 70 | 50 | - |
醇到醚的转化率 % | 80 | 80 | 80 |
§乙醚
§§丁醚。
出于测试目的,通过混合纯组分来制备所述改质燃料,尽管本来可以通过使所述初级燃料与适合的脱水催化剂接触来制备它们。使用如此制备的压燃燃料以80kW4000rpm驱动商用柴油发动机R4标致1.6升共轨发动机(DV6TED4-9HZ)。由于所述燃料不同于传统的柴油燃料(较低的单位体积热值),所以为每种情形调整发动机设置。例如延长燃料喷射时间并更早地开始燃料喷射以保持压力最大值在8-12°ATDC(标准柴油操作)的范围。对于每个燃料测试,都使发动机负载与参照的柴油燃料操作相一致。
表2汇总了上述燃料在脱水处理之后在55Nm负载点的效率。
所有燃料,不管是传统的柴油燃料还是改质的燃料,都提供了与传统的柴油操作非常一致的约33-35%的效率。D50E50显示了比其它混合物和比传统的柴油燃料更高的效率。此效率的提高导致了排气中CO和HC轻微增多而NOx排放相当。
总的来说,醇的添加和随后的脱水不显著影响排气排放物,但使得发动机能够使用生物燃料或部分生物燃料来驱动。此外,当向传统的柴油燃料中添加乙醇时可以看到颗粒排放物的减少。
含50重量%乙醇的混合物在保持该混合物的柴油燃料特性的同时显示了减少的颗粒排放物。当进一步提高乙醇含量时,所述减少是相当可观的(一个数量级),如向某些传统的生物柴油中添加75w%乙醇所例示的。
结果清楚表明,醇的添加和脱水维持了燃料的柴油品质并确保了柴油发动机提高的效率和大大减少的颗粒排放物。
表2:在负载为55Nm的柴油发动机中的操作
燃料 | 柴油 | D70E30 | D50E50 | Bio-E75 |
效率% | 34.74 | 36.39 | 41.14 | 33.15 |
NOx[g/kWh] | 10.17 | 10.08 | 7.74 | 8.86 |
HC[g/kWh] | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.09 |
CO[g/kWh] | 1.87 | 2.42 | 2.53 | 2.72 |
颗粒数/cm3 | 2.07E+07 | 3.07E+06 | 1.43E+06 | 0.12E+06 |
CO2[kg/kWh] | 0.77 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.79 |
实施例2:醇作为用于非柴油燃料改质的改进剂
在柴油发动机的操作中测试了三种非柴油燃料,即乙醇、正丁醇和汽油。除非使用络合物添加剂,这些燃料单独或它们的任何混合物在传统的柴油发动机中不燃烧。
表3给出了在此实施例中考虑的燃料混合物,以传统的柴油为参照,以及六种其它的燃料混合物。在根据本发明改质之前,这些混合物都不能驱动柴油发动机。通过添加醇和在喷射到发动机中之前进行车载催化脱水对所述非柴油燃料进行改质。选择脱水反应的工艺条件以提供80%或85%的醇向相应醚的转化率。此步骤将所述非柴油燃料改质成具有类似柴油的点火特性的含醚混合物。
表3显示改质的燃料除醚之外还包含剩余的醇和水。
表3:燃料组合物-改质前后
燃料 | 柴油 | E95 | E85 | E75 | E60 | B95 | B85 |
组成(重量%) 改质之前 | |||||||
乙醇 | - | 95 | 85 | 75 | 60 | - | - |
正丁醇 | - | - | - | - | - | 95 | 85 |
水 | - | 5 | - | - | - | 5 | - |
汽油 | - | - | 15 | 25 | 40 | - | 15 |
柴油 | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
组成(重量%) 改质之后 | |||||||
乙醇 | - | 14 | 17 | 15 | 12 | - | - |
DEE | - | 64 | 54 | 48 | 38 | - | - |
水 | - | 21 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 8 |
丁醇 | - | - | - | - | - | 20 | 17 |
DBE | - | - | - | - | - | 70 | 60 |
汽油 | - | - | 15 | 25 | 40 | - | 15 |
柴油 | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
醇到醚的转化率 % | 85 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 |
使用所述改质的燃料以80kW4000rpm的功率驱动商用柴油发动机R4标致1.6升共轨发动机(DV6TED4-9HZ)。由于这些改质的燃料不同于传统的柴油燃料(较低的单位体积热值),所以为每种情形调整发动机设置。例如延长燃料喷射时间并更早地开始燃料喷射以保持压力最大值在8-12°ATDC(标准柴油操作)的范围。表4和5汇总了对于两个不同负载点的结果。
所述不同燃料的燃料效率在相同范围内且随着负载而升高。在低负载(20Nm)下,所有燃料(传统的柴油以及所述改质的燃料)都表现出与传统的柴油操作非常一致的约23-24%的效率。在改质(即催化脱水处理)之前所述非柴油燃料不能驱动所述发动机,但在改质之后这些燃料像类似柴油的燃料一样工作。所述改质燃料在性能上与传统的柴油燃料相当。在较高负载(55Nm)下,此结论依然成立,所述改质燃料的表现与传统的柴油燃料非常像。
当比较颗粒排放物时,可以看到相当大的差异。使用改质燃料E95和E85的操作所排放的颗粒是所述参照化石柴油燃料的1/40到1/30。
所述改质的燃料使得能够高效地驱动柴油发动机,和与传统的化石柴油燃料相比稍微减少NOx排放物和大大减少颗粒排放物。
表4:在负载为20Nm的柴油发动机中的操作
燃料 | 柴油 | E95 | E85 | E75 | E60 | B95 | B85 |
效率% | 23.80 | 23.77 | 23.32 | 25.04 | 24.58 | 22.97 | 23.21 |
NOx[g/kWh] | 13.32 | 2.79 | 2.70 | 3.14 | 4.05 | 10.58 | 9.64 |
HC§[g/kWh] | 0.13 | 1.42 | 4.50 | 5.06 | 3.12 | 0.41 | 0.25 |
CO[g/kWh] | 9.27 | 55.41 | 58.10 | 51.26 | 52.81 | 8.43 | 10.81 |
§烃类。
表5:在负载为55Nm的柴油发动机中的操作
燃料 | 柴油 | E95 | E85 | E75 | E60 | B95* | B85 |
效率% | 34.74 | 31.65 | 33.91 | 34.32 | 34.07 | 36.12 | 33.17 |
NOx[g/kWh] | 10.17 | 6.59 | 5.95 | 7.73 | 7.72 | 12.02 | 9.84 |
HC[g/kWh] | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.06 |
CO[g/kWh] | 1.87 | 4.93 | 8.14 | 10.01 | 11.93 | 0.98 | 1.73 |
颗粒数/cm3 | 2.07E+6 | 0.07E+6 | 0.05E+6 | - | - | - | - |
Claims (8)
1.制备压燃式发动机燃料的方法,步骤包括:
提供包括一种或多种醇的初级烃类燃料的混合物;和
使所述混合物中的所述一种或多种醇脱水形成其相应的醚和水,以获得所述压燃式发动机燃料。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述初级烃类燃料包括C5-C28的烃和/或生物燃料。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述初级烃类燃料包括汽油。
4.权利要求1-3中任一项的方法,其中所述一种或多种醇为C1-C10的一元醇和/或多元醇。
5.权利要求1-3中任一项的方法,其中所述一种或多种醇为通常的C1-C4的一元醇。
6.权利要求1-5中任一项的方法,其中使所述一种或多种醇在有脱水催化剂存在的情况下脱水。
7.权利要求5的方法,其中所述脱水催化剂设置在车载反应器之内。
8.在先权利要求中任一项的方法,其中所述一种或多种醇包含高达20重量%的水。
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