US20130014432A1 - Method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel - Google Patents

Method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel Download PDF

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US20130014432A1
US20130014432A1 US13/583,802 US201113583802A US2013014432A1 US 20130014432 A1 US20130014432 A1 US 20130014432A1 US 201113583802 A US201113583802 A US 201113583802A US 2013014432 A1 US2013014432 A1 US 2013014432A1
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fuel
diesel
fuels
alcohol
compression ignition
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US13/583,802
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Christophe Duwig
Ton V.W. Janssens
Pär L. Gabrielsson
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Topsoe AS
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Haldor Topsoe AS
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Assigned to HALDOR TOPSOE A/S reassignment HALDOR TOPSOE A/S ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DUWIG, CHRISTOPHE, GABRIELSSON, PAR L., JANSSENS, TON V.W.
Publication of US20130014432A1 publication Critical patent/US20130014432A1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B51/00—Other methods of operating engines involving pretreating of, or adding substances to, combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture of the engines
    • F02B51/02—Other methods of operating engines involving pretreating of, or adding substances to, combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture of the engines involving catalysts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M27/00—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like
    • F02M27/02—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like by catalysts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
    • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
    • C10G2300/1011—Biomass
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
    • Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compression ignition fuel compositions.
  • the invention concerns a method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel from an alcohol containing primary fuel or by addition of an alcohol to an hydrocarbon fuel.
  • bio-fuels as prepared have in raw form a lower grade and do not burn in traditional compression-ignition engines.
  • Oxygenates for instance ethers, are known to increase the cetane number and burn without soot emissions.
  • the number of useful compression ignition engine fuel compositions is further reduced by practical consideration.
  • the fuel flashpoint must be above 52° C. for storage safety reason.
  • the amount of additive to be mixed with the fuel is also preferred to be low, typically between 1 and 5 wt % depending on the price of the additive in order to limit the cost and allow operation in a diesel engine without major engine modification.
  • the present invention is based on low cost and easily available additives enabling upgrade of most of the known diesel and non-diesel hydrocarbon fuel for clean use in compression-ignition engines.
  • the fuel additive for use in preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel according to the present invention is based on solely alcohols that are cheap, widely available and safe transportation fuels on there own, but have a low cetane number when not treated further.
  • this invention provides in general a method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel, comprising the steps of
  • primary fuel as used herein before and in the following description shall mean a fuel which is fuelled into a vehicle tank or into a tank for a stationary compression ignition engine and which fuel is subjected to a subsequent conversion treatment prior to be injected into the engine.
  • the present invention requires that the alcohol/primary fuel mixture is passed through an alcohol dehydration catalyst to ensure that a sufficient fraction of the alcohol is converted to the corresponding ether and water according to the following reaction:
  • R1 and R2 are molecules containing H, C and optionally O.
  • the above reaction is equilibrium limited and the resulting compression ignition fuel is a blend of hydrocarbon, alcohol, ether and water.
  • the primary hydrocarbon fuel comprises preferably C5-C28 hydrocarbons and/or bio-fuel.
  • the primary hydrocarbon fuel comprises gasoline.
  • Alcohols being useful in the primary fuel are C 1 to C 10 monoalcohols and/or polyols.
  • the one or more alcohols contained in the primary fuel mixture are dehydrated in presence of a dehydration catalyst.
  • Suitable dehydration catalysts for use in the invention comprise all solid acids, such as alumina, silica alumina, a zeolite, tungstated oxides, sulphated oxides, alumina phosphates, materials containing sulfonic acid functional groups, such as sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated fluorocarbon polymers, sulfonic acid functionalized oxide materials (alumina, SBA-15, silica) and mixtures thereof.
  • solid acids such as alumina, silica alumina, a zeolite, tungstated oxides, sulphated oxides, alumina phosphates, materials containing sulfonic acid functional groups, such as sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated fluorocarbon polymers, sulfonic acid functionalized oxide materials (alumina, SBA-15, silica) and mixtures thereof.
  • the dehydration catalyst is arranged within a reactor on board of a vehicle.
  • the primary fuel has already a suitable cetane number
  • addition of alcohol and catalytic dehydration enables to reduce the particles emission.
  • the weight fraction of the alcohol to be added is adjusted depending on the desired reduction.
  • Example 1 illustrates this feature using ethanol to improve bio diesel and fossil diesel combustion.
  • the primary fuel has an insufficient cetane number
  • addition of alcohol and catalytic dehydration to significant levels enables the thus prepared compression ignition fuel to operate a compression/ignition engine.
  • the amount of alcohol necessary depends on the nature of the primary fuel.
  • Example 2 illustrates use of ethanol or butanol as diesel improver for hydrous ethanol, butanol or traditional gasoline.
  • the upgraded fuels were prepared by mixing pure components, although they could have been prepared by contacting the primary fuels with a suitable dehydration catalyst.
  • the thus prepared compression ignition fuels were used to operate a commercial Diesel engine R4 Ford 1.6 liter common rail engine (DV6TED4-9 HZ) at 80 kW @4000 rpm.
  • the engines settings were adapted for each case. For instance the fuel injection time was extended and started earlier in order to keep the pressure maximum in the range 8-12 degrees ATDC (standard Diesel operation).
  • the engine load was fitted on the reference Diesel fuel operation.
  • Table 2 summarizes the efficiency at a load point of 55 Nm with the fuels mentioned above after dehydration treatment.
  • a mixture with 50 w % of ethanol showed reduced the particle emissions while keeping the Diesel-fuel properties of the mixture.
  • the reduction is considerable (one order of magnitude), as exemplified by adding 75 w % ethanol to some traditional bio-Diesel.
  • Table 3 presents the fuel mixtures considered in this example with conventional Diesel as a reference and six other fuel mixtures. Before upgrade according to the invention, none of these mixtures could power a Diesel engine.
  • the non-Diesel fuels were upgraded by addition of alcohol and on-board catalytic dehydration prior to injection in the engine. The process conditions of dehydration reaction are chosen to provide a 80 or 85% conversion rate of alcohol to corresponding ether. This step upgrades the non-Diesel fuels into ether containing mixtures with Diesel-like ignition properties.
  • Table 3 shows that the upgraded fuels contain remaining alcohol and water together with ether.
  • the upgraded fuels were used to operate a commercial Diesel engine R4 Ford 1.6 liter common rail engine (DV6TED4-9 HZ) of power 80 kW @4000 rpm. As these upgraded fuels differ from conventional Diesel fuel (lower heating value per volume), the engines settings were adapted for each case.
  • the fuel efficiency for the different fuels is in the same range and increases with the load.
  • all fuels conventional Diesel as well as the upgraded fuels
  • the non-Diesel fuels would not run the engine before upgrade, i.e. catalytic dehydration treatment, but after upgrade these fuels operate as Diesel-like fuels.
  • the upgraded fuels are comparable in performance with conventional Diesel fuel. At higher load (55 Nm), this conclusion is still valid and the upgraded fuels perform very much like conventional Diesel fuel.
  • the upgraded fuels enable to operate a Diesel engine with high efficiency, to reduce slightly the NOx emissions and to reduce particle emissions considerably when compared to conventional fossil Diesel fuel.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Abstract

Method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel, comprising the steps of providing a mixture of a primary hydrocarbon fuel comprising one or more alcohols; and dehydrating in the mixture the one or more alcohol to its or their corresponding ether and water, to obtain the compression ignition fuel.

Description

  • The present invention relates to compression ignition fuel compositions. In particular the invention concerns a method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel from an alcohol containing primary fuel or by addition of an alcohol to an hydrocarbon fuel.
  • Today, a sustainable and common use of bio-fuel is possible with second generation alcohol containing bio-fuels. However, bio-fuels as prepared have in raw form a lower grade and do not burn in traditional compression-ignition engines.
  • In particular, high water content of up to 5 or 10% and a low cetane number of bio-ethanol limit its use for transportation. At the same time, stringent emissions regulations make traditional diesel fuel improper for operation without additional exhaust gas cleaning systems.
  • These limitations can be overcome by the use of certain additives increasing the cetane number of bio-ethanol or improving traditional fossil diesel fuels for cleaner operation. Oxygenates, for instance ethers, are known to increase the cetane number and burn without soot emissions.
  • The number of useful compression ignition engine fuel compositions is further reduced by practical consideration. The fuel flashpoint must be above 52° C. for storage safety reason. The amount of additive to be mixed with the fuel is also preferred to be low, typically between 1 and 5 wt % depending on the price of the additive in order to limit the cost and allow operation in a diesel engine without major engine modification.
  • The present invention is based on low cost and easily available additives enabling upgrade of most of the known diesel and non-diesel hydrocarbon fuel for clean use in compression-ignition engines.
  • In particular the fuel additive for use in preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel according to the present invention is based on solely alcohols that are cheap, widely available and safe transportation fuels on there own, but have a low cetane number when not treated further.
  • Accordingly this invention provides in general a method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel, comprising the steps of
  • providing a mixture of a primary hydrocarbon fuel with one or more alcohols; and
  • dehydrating in the mixture at least part of the one or more alcohol to its or their corresponding ether and water, to obtain the compression ignition engine fuel.
  • The term “primary fuel” as used herein before and in the following description shall mean a fuel which is fuelled into a vehicle tank or into a tank for a stationary compression ignition engine and which fuel is subjected to a subsequent conversion treatment prior to be injected into the engine.
  • As already mentioned hereinbefore, addition of alcohol to fuel is seen to reduce the cetane number of the fuel, hence make it less suitable for compression ignition applications.
  • The present invention requires that the alcohol/primary fuel mixture is passed through an alcohol dehydration catalyst to ensure that a sufficient fraction of the alcohol is converted to the corresponding ether and water according to the following reaction:
  • R1-OH+R2-OH->R1-O-R2+H2O
  • where R1 and R2 are molecules containing H, C and optionally O.
  • The above reaction is equilibrium limited and the resulting compression ignition fuel is a blend of hydrocarbon, alcohol, ether and water.
  • The primary hydrocarbon fuel comprises preferably C5-C28 hydrocarbons and/or bio-fuel.
  • In a specific embodiment of the invention, the primary hydrocarbon fuel comprises gasoline.
  • Alcohols being useful in the primary fuel are C1 to C10 monoalcohols and/or polyols.
  • Preferably the one or more alcohols contained in the primary fuel mixture are dehydrated in presence of a dehydration catalyst.
  • Suitable dehydration catalysts for use in the invention comprise all solid acids, such as alumina, silica alumina, a zeolite, tungstated oxides, sulphated oxides, alumina phosphates, materials containing sulfonic acid functional groups, such as sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated fluorocarbon polymers, sulfonic acid functionalized oxide materials (alumina, SBA-15, silica) and mixtures thereof.
  • In a specific embodiment of the invention, the dehydration catalyst is arranged within a reactor on board of a vehicle.
  • If the primary fuel has already a suitable cetane number, addition of alcohol and catalytic dehydration enables to reduce the particles emission. The weight fraction of the alcohol to be added is adjusted depending on the desired reduction.
  • Example 1 illustrates this feature using ethanol to improve bio diesel and fossil diesel combustion.
  • Alternatively, if the primary fuel has an insufficient cetane number, addition of alcohol and catalytic dehydration to significant levels enables the thus prepared compression ignition fuel to operate a compression/ignition engine. The amount of alcohol necessary depends on the nature of the primary fuel.
  • Example 2 illustrates use of ethanol or butanol as diesel improver for hydrous ethanol, butanol or traditional gasoline.
    • EXAMPLES Example 1 Alcohol as Clean Improver for Diesel-Like Fuels
  • Two primary Diesel fuels, namely standard Diesel and rapseed oil (bio-Diesel) blended with ethanol were tested after upgrade according to the invention, i.e. dehydration treatment. In this example the two primary fuels can power a traditional Diesel engine without additives. Table 1 presents the fuel mixtures considered in this example with pure fossil Diesel as a reference. Three other fuel mixtures include ethanol as additive to the primary fuel. Therefore we use an on-board catalytic converter to perform the dehydration prior to injection in the engine. The conversion rate of the dehydration reaction is chosen to be 80% so that the ethanol is partly upgraded into diethyl ether (DEE) and water. This step ensures that even the mixture with high originally high alcohol content has Diesel-like properties. As shown in Table 1 that the dehydrated fuels contain amounts of alcohol as well as water in addition to DEE and the primary fuel.
  • TABLE 1
    Fuel compositions - before and after dehydration
    Fuels Diesel D70E30 D50E50 Bio25E75
    Composition (weight %) before up-grade
    Ethanol — 30 50 75
    Water — — — —
    Rapseed oil — — — 25
    Diesel 100 70 50 —
    Composition (weight %) after dehydration
    Ethanol —  6 10 15
    DEE§ — 19 32 48
    Water —  5  8 12
    n-Butanol — — — —
    DBE§§ — — — —
    Rapseed oil — — — 25
    Diesel 100 70 50 —
    Conversion
    alcohol to 80 80 80
    ether %
    §Diethyl ether
    §§Dibutyl ether
  • For test purpose, the upgraded fuels were prepared by mixing pure components, although they could have been prepared by contacting the primary fuels with a suitable dehydration catalyst. The thus prepared compression ignition fuels were used to operate a commercial Diesel engine R4 Peugeot 1.6 liter common rail engine (DV6TED4-9 HZ) at 80 kW @4000 rpm. As the fuels differ from traditional Diesel fuel (lower heating value per volume), the engines settings were adapted for each case. For instance the fuel injection time was extended and started earlier in order to keep the pressure maximum in the range 8-12 degrees ATDC (standard Diesel operation). For each fuel test, the engine load was fitted on the reference Diesel fuel operation.
  • Table 2 summarizes the efficiency at a load point of 55 Nm with the fuels mentioned above after dehydration treatment.
  • All fuels, conventional Diesel fuel as well as the upgraded fuels, provide an efficiency of around 33-35% which is well in line with traditional Diesel operation. D50E50 shows a higher efficiency than the other mixtures and than conventional Diesel fuel. This increase causes a slight increase of CO and HC in the exhaust gas with comparable NOx emissions.
  • In general addition of alcohol and subsequent dehydration does not affect the exhaust gas emissions significantly but enables the engine to run with a bio- or partly bio-fuel. In addition a decrease of the particle emissions is seen when adding ethanol to the conventional Diesel fuel.
  • A mixture with 50 w % of ethanol showed reduced the particle emissions while keeping the Diesel-fuel properties of the mixture. When increasing the ethanol content further, the reduction is considerable (one order of magnitude), as exemplified by adding 75 w % ethanol to some traditional bio-Diesel.
  • It clearly shows that alcohol addition and dehydration preserves the Diesel quality of the fuel and secures Diesel engine improved efficiency and much reduced the particle emissions.
  • TABLE 2
    Operation in a Diesel engine with load at 55 Nm
    Fuel Diesel D70E30 D50E50 Bio-E75
    Efficiency % 34.74 36.39 41.14  33.15 
    NOx [g/kWh] 10.17 10.08 7.74 8.86
    HC [g/kWh] 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.09
    CO [g/kWh] 1.87 2.42 2.53 2.72
    Particle 2.07E+07 3.07E+06 1.43E+06 0.12E+06
    number/cm3
    CO2 [kg/kWh] 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.79
    • Example 2 Alcohol as Improver for Non-Diesel Fuel Upgrade
  • Three non-Diesel fuels, namely ethanol, n-butanol and gasoline were tested in the operation of a Diesel engine. These fuels alone or any mixture of them do not burn in a conventional Diesel engine, unless complex additives are used.
  • Table 3 presents the fuel mixtures considered in this example with conventional Diesel as a reference and six other fuel mixtures. Before upgrade according to the invention, none of these mixtures could power a Diesel engine. The non-Diesel fuels were upgraded by addition of alcohol and on-board catalytic dehydration prior to injection in the engine. The process conditions of dehydration reaction are chosen to provide a 80 or 85% conversion rate of alcohol to corresponding ether. This step upgrades the non-Diesel fuels into ether containing mixtures with Diesel-like ignition properties.
  • Table 3 shows that the upgraded fuels contain remaining alcohol and water together with ether.
  • TABLE 3
    Fuel compositions - before and after upgrade
    Fuels Diesel E95 E85 E75 E60 B95 B85
    Composition (weight %) before upgrade
    Ethanol — 95 85 75 60 — —
    n-Butanol — — — — — 95 85
    Water —  5 — — —  5 —
    Gasoline — — 15 25 40 — 15
    Diesel 100 — — — — — —
    Composition (weight %) after upgrade
    Ethanol — 14 17 15 12 — —
    DEE — 64 54 48 38 — —
    Water — 21 13 12  9 10  8
    Butanol — — — — — 20 17
    DBE — — — — — 70 60
    gasoline — — 15 25 40 — 15
    Diesel 100 — — — — — —
    Conversion
    alcohol to ether % 85 80 80 80 80 80
  • The upgraded fuels were used to operate a commercial Diesel engine R4 Peugeot 1.6 liter common rail engine (DV6TED4-9 HZ) of power 80 kW @4000 rpm. As these upgraded fuels differ from conventional Diesel fuel (lower heating value per volume), the engines settings were adapted for each case.
  • The engines settings were adapted for each case. For instance the fuel injection time was extended and started earlier in order to keep the pressure maximum in the range 8-12 degrees ATDC (standard Diesel operation). Table 4 and 5 summarizes the results for two different load points.
  • The fuel efficiency for the different fuels is in the same range and increases with the load. At low load (20 Nm), all fuels (conventional Diesel as well as the upgraded fuels) present an efficiency around 23-24% which is well in line with conventional Diesel operation. The non-Diesel fuels would not run the engine before upgrade, i.e. catalytic dehydration treatment, but after upgrade these fuels operate as Diesel-like fuels. The upgraded fuels are comparable in performance with conventional Diesel fuel. At higher load (55 Nm), this conclusion is still valid and the upgraded fuels perform very much like conventional Diesel fuel.
  • A considerable difference is seen when comparing the particle emissions. Indeed operation on the upgraded fuels E95 and E85 emits 30 to 40 times less particle than the reference fossil Diesel fuel.
  • The upgraded fuels enable to operate a Diesel engine with high efficiency, to reduce slightly the NOx emissions and to reduce particle emissions considerably when compared to conventional fossil Diesel fuel.
  • TABLE 4
    Operation in a Diesel engine with load at 20 Nm
    Fuel Diesel E95 E85 E75 E60 B95 B85
    Efficiency % 23.80 23.77 23.32 25.04 24.58 22.97 23.21
    NOx 13.32 2.79 2.70 3.14 4.05 10.58 9.64
    [g/kWh]
    HC§ 0.13 1.42 4.50 5.06 3.12 0.41 0.25
    [g/kWh]
    CO [g/kWh] 9.27 55.41 58.10 51.26 52.81 8.43 10.81
    §Hydrocarbons
  • TABLE 5
    Operation in a Diesel engine with load at 55 Nm
    Fuel Diesel E95 E85 E75 E60 B95* B85
    Effi- 34.74 31.65 33.91 34.32 34.07 36.12 33.17
    ciency
    %
    NOx 10.17 6.59 5.95 7.73 7.72 12.02 9.84
    [g/kWh]
    HC 0.09 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.11 0.06
    [g/kWh]
    CO 1.87 4.93 8.14 10.01 11.93 0.98 1.73
    [g/kWh]
    Particle 2.07E+6 0.07E+6 0.05E+6 — — — —
    number/
    cm3

Claims (8)

1. Method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel, comprising the steps of
providing a mixture of a primary hydrocarbon fuel comprising one or more alcohols; and
dehydrating in the mixture the one or more alcohol to its or their corresponding ether and water, to obtain the compression ignition fuel.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the primary hydrocarbon fuel contains C5-C28 hydrocarbons and/or bio-fuel.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the primary hydrocarbon fuel comprises gasoline.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more alcohols comprise C1 to C10 mono-alcohols and/or polyols.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more alcohols are normal C1 to C4 mono-alcohols.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more alcohols are dehydrated in presence of a dehydration catalyst.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the dehydration catalyst is arranged within a reactor on board of a vehicle.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more alcohols contain up to 20 weight % of water.
US13/583,802 2010-03-31 2011-03-02 Method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel Abandoned US20130014432A1 (en)

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DKPA201000273 2010-03-31
DKPA201000273 2010-03-31
DKPA201000587 2010-07-02
DKPA201000587 2010-07-02
DKPA201000590 2010-07-05
DKPA201000590 2010-07-05
DKPA201000801 2010-09-09
DKPA201000801 2010-09-09
DKPA201001036 2010-10-15
DKPA201001036 2010-11-15
PCT/EP2011/001018 WO2011120613A1 (en) 2010-03-31 2011-03-02 Method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel

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US13/634,504 Abandoned US20130000181A1 (en) 2010-03-31 2011-03-02 Diesel fuel composition based on diethyl ether
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