CN102858712A - 含厚鳞状石墨耐火物 - Google Patents

含厚鳞状石墨耐火物 Download PDF

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CN102858712A
CN102858712A CN201180017189XA CN201180017189A CN102858712A CN 102858712 A CN102858712 A CN 102858712A CN 201180017189X A CN201180017189X A CN 201180017189XA CN 201180017189 A CN201180017189 A CN 201180017189A CN 102858712 A CN102858712 A CN 102858712A
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田中雅人
古田直树
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Krosaki Harima Corp
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Abstract

本发明的目的在于提供一种含石墨耐火物,其具有强度不均较小且裂纹难以发展的特性,从而显示出稳定的耐用性。具体为,本发明的含石墨耐火物为如下含厚鳞状石墨耐火物,在包含耐火性原料与石墨的耐火物中,厚鳞状石墨的含量为该耐火物中的石墨整体的20质量%以上,厚鳞状石墨的厚度为50μm以上、小于100μm,用粒径/厚度来定义的径厚比为5以上12以下。

Description

含厚鳞状石墨耐火物
技术领域
本发明涉及一种含石墨的耐火物。
背景技术
在炼铁工艺中的转炉、浇包、二次精炼炉、高炉、铁水罐车等的内衬用耐火物、连续铸造用浇注嘴、压入材料、锻压材料碎料等上广泛地使用混合氧化镁、氧化铝、氧化锆、尖晶石等耐火性原料与石墨的耐火物。由于有效利用石墨能够赋予难以被炉渣浸润的性质、降低弹性率及热膨胀、增大热传导率等特性,因此在改善耐火物的耐蚀性、抗剥落性方面非常有用。
在以往就已得到关于添加于耐火物中的石墨形状的一些知识。在专利文献1中,公开有含有层面的扩展大小为0.105mm以上、鳞片的厚度为20μm以下的薄鳞片状石墨原料的含石墨耐火物。在专利文献2中,公开有使用厚度为12μm以下的薄膨胀石墨的氧化镁-碳质砖坯。在专利文献3中,公开有干混合耐火骨料与石墨而对石墨进行薄壁化的方法。在非专利文献1中有如下记载,一般使用的石墨的厚度为36μm或25μm,相比之下,通过使用厚度为9μm或10μm的薄石墨,特性有所改善。由于上述文献的石墨已薄壁化,因此用粒径/厚度来定义的径厚比具有15~40左右的较大的径厚比。
但是,由于薄石墨的径厚比较大,因此在混匀时很难均匀地分散。由此,存在以下问题,所得到的含石墨耐火物存在强度不均变大的倾向,在浇注嘴状的耐火物中成为折损的原因,在熔融金属的保持容器的内衬用耐火物中成为表面剥离等的原因,由于这些问题,造成耐火物的耐用性变得不稳定。
另一方面,在专利文献4中,公开有含有粒度为50μm以上且径厚比为0.5以上、小于5的粒状石墨的耐火物。在专利文献5中,公开有含有如下块状石墨的耐火物,该块状石墨具有长度方向为0.1~1mm、与长度方向正交的方向为0.1mm以上的断面。上述文献的耐火物都以使用接近球形即径厚比小的石墨为特征。
由于石墨的形状不同于一般的耐火骨料的形状,具有鳞片状这样的特殊形状,而且具有层之间容易剥离的性质,因此具有如下效果,通过使将要发展的裂纹发生分支或迂回,或者通过使石墨的层之间发生剥离来吸收裂纹的发展能量。但是,在将径厚比小的石墨分散于耐火物中的情况下,裂纹容易在石墨以外的耐火性骨料中发展,通过添加石墨来吸收裂纹的发展能量的效果则变小。尤其在如专利文献5所示的厚度为100μm以上的较大石墨中,由于因相同质量左右的石墨个数减少从而裂纹接触石墨的概率降低,因此改善效果进一步变小。
专利文献1:日本国特公平2-43698号公报
专利文献2:日本国特开2000-319063号公报
专利文献3:日本国专利第3077942号公报
专利文献4:日本国专利第3327884号公报
专利文献5:日本国专利第3327883号公报
非专利文献1:《耐火物》37(1985)25页
发明内容
本发明要解决的课题为提供一种含石墨耐火物,其具有强度不均较小且裂纹难以发展的特性,从而显示出稳定的耐用性。
本发明者们考虑到具有强度不均较小且裂纹难以发展的特性十分有助于含石墨耐火物的耐用稳定性,对使用的石墨形状进行了潜心研究。如背景技术所记载,以往虽然对用粒径/厚度来定义的径厚比为15~40左右的较大石墨与径厚比小于5的较小的石墨进行了研究,但是在实际上作为耐火物的原料来使用时,判明了分别存在如上所述的问题。本发明者们对石墨形状对上述特性产生的影响进行了调查,其结果发现,在径厚比为以往的中间值的石墨中,能够通过使用特定厚度的石墨来解决上述的问题,从而完成了本发明。
即,本发明的特征为,在包含耐火性原料与石墨的耐火物中,厚鳞状石墨的含量为该耐火物中的石墨整体的20质量%以上,厚鳞状石墨的厚度为50μm以上、小于100μm,用粒径/厚度来定义的径厚比为5以上12以下。
通过如下方法判明了本发明中的石墨形状,通过单轴冲压来形成单独的石墨坯体或混匀石墨与耐火骨材的坯体,将此埋入于树脂中,研磨平行于加压方向的面,用反射显微镜观察石墨断面。石墨的粒径是被观察的石墨的长度方向的大小,石墨的厚度是与长度方向呈直角方向的大小。由于在各个石墨中粒径与厚度未必是一定的,因此根据需要对几处任意点进行测定后进行平均。径厚比是作为通过观察测定的粒径/厚度来定义的。
图1表示通过本方法埋入于树脂中的石墨的反射显微镜相片。本发明的厚鳞状石墨显然比供含石墨耐火物之用而一般使用的天然鳞状石墨厚度大。
在使用于含石墨耐火物的石墨中,径厚比为15~40左右的较大石墨难以均匀分散,结果造成耐火物的强度不均变大。另一方面,像径厚比小于5那样的径厚比小的石墨则缺乏吸收裂纹的发展能量的效果。另一方面,作为其中间的径厚比为5以上12以下的石墨则消除了上述问题。但是,该改善效果只在特定的厚度范围内的石墨中得到显著发挥,其厚度为50μm以上、小于100μm。在厚度小于50μm时,由于相同质量左右的石墨个数增加,因此分散性变差,助长强度不均。因而,在如非专利文献1所记载的厚度为36μm或25μm的一般使用的天然鳞状石墨中,即使径厚比为5以上12以下,也不能得到关于降低强度不均的显著的改善效果。另一方面,在厚度为100μm以上时,如上所述,裂纹接触石墨的概率降低,从而通过石墨来吸收裂纹的发展能量的效果变小。
在本发明中,规定厚度为50μm以上、小于100μm且径厚比为5以上12以下的厚鳞状石墨的含量必须为含石墨耐火物中所包含的石墨量整体的20质量%以上。在小于20质量%时,无法得到本发明的显著的改善效果。而且,厚鳞状石墨的含量越多则越优选,优选40质量%以上,更优选60质量%以上,即使石墨整体都是厚鳞状石墨也无妨。虽然未特别限制厚鳞状石墨以外的石墨,但是从成本上考虑,最优选天然鳞状石墨。
关于本发明的厚鳞状石墨的制造方法,虽然从天然鳞状石墨中挑选也无妨,但是由于符合厚鳞状石墨的石墨的天然产出量较少,因此优选对一般的天然鳞状石墨进行人工加工来制造。例如,通过在鳞状石墨中添加酚醛树脂等粘结剂后用搅拌机进行混合,从而石墨层叠而厚度变大。通过将其粉碎、分级为所希望的形状能够得到厚鳞状石墨。或者,也可以通过对天然鳞状石墨施加压缩力,使其在厚度方向上层叠来制造。
本发明的特征为含有石墨整体的20质量%以上的厚鳞状石墨,石墨以外的原料可以组合使用公知的原料。作为耐火性骨料可举出例如氧化镁、氧化铝、二氧化硅、莫来石、氧化锆、锆石、尖晶石、叶蜡石、二氧化钛等。作为其他的添加物可举出例如:铝、硅、镁等金属及这些金属的合金;碳化硼等硼化合物;炭黑、沥青、无烟煤等碳原料;碳化硅等碳化物;及作为粘结剂的酚醛树脂、呋喃树脂、沥青、焦油等。可通过公知的技术对这些原料实施混匀、成形、干燥、烧制等工艺而做成定形耐火物,或者经过混匀、施工、干燥等工艺而做为不定形耐火物来使用。
如果示出含石墨耐火物的具体例,则作为定形耐火物存在以下耐火物:使用于转炉、二次精炼炉、钢水罐、电炉等的氧化镁-石墨质耐火物;使用于连续铸造用浇注嘴的氧化铝-石墨质耐火物、氧化锆-石墨质耐火物;使用于铁水罐车的氧化铝-碳化硅-石墨质耐火物;高炉用的碳质耐火物、氧化铝-石墨质耐火物;及铁水罐用的氧化铝-叶蜡石-碳化硅-石墨质耐火物、叶蜡石-碳化硅-石墨质耐火物等。作为不定形耐火物存在以下耐火物:高炉出铁口填充材料用的叶蜡石-碳化硅-碳质耐火物;高炉出铁槽流入材料用的氧化铝-石墨质耐火物;高炉用的碳质压入料;电炉炉底用的氧化镁-石墨质锻压材料碎料;及铁水罐、铁水罐车、钢水罐等的渣线用流入材料等。
本发明的含石墨耐火物由于强度不均较小且具有较佳的防止裂纹发展的能力,因此耐用性稳定,所以在使用于各种炼铁工艺用耐火物中时,有助于提高生产率以及实现操作的稳定化。
附图说明
图1表示埋入于树脂中的石墨的反射显微镜相片。(a)为本发明的厚鳞状石墨,(b)是供含石墨耐火物之用而一般使用的天然鳞状石墨。
图2是示出各石墨的平均厚度与平均粒径的图,同时表示符合本发明的厚鳞状石墨的范围。
具体实施方式
下面,根据实施例对本发明的实施方式进行说明。
实施例
准备了如表1所示的不同厚度、粒径的12种石墨。如下制作了厚鳞状石墨、粗大石墨、粒状石墨、块状石墨,在天然鳞状石墨中添加液状酚醛树脂,在用亨舍尔混合机进行造粒之后进行粉碎、分级。通过树脂的添加量、造粒时间、粉碎方法等来将厚度、粒径调整为所希望的大小。例如,能够通过增加树脂的添加量来得到厚度较大的石墨,通过延长粉碎时间来得到粒径较小的石墨。薄壁化石墨使用了市售品。
表1
Figure BDA00002213913300051
如前所述,将各种石墨埋入于树脂中,之后用反射显微镜观察石墨的断面,调查了通过厚度、粒径、用粒径/厚度而算出的径厚比。各种石墨的纯度为98质量%左右,大致相同。
而且,表1的厚鳞状石墨A是其全部都符合本发明的石墨,厚鳞状石墨B至F是分别50质量%符合本发明的石墨。
在图2中示出各石墨的平均厚度与平均粒径,同时表示厚度为50μm以上、小于100μm且径厚比为5以上12以下的符合本发明的厚鳞状石墨的范围。
调查了厚鳞状石墨在耐火物中的石墨整体中所占的比例对强度不均、表示裂纹的发展抑制能力的破坏能量产生怎样的影响。如表2所示,在石墨10质量%、5mm以下的氧化镁熔块89质量%、0.1mm以下的铝1质量%中添加适量的酚醛树脂,之后用搅拌机均匀地进行混匀而得到了坯体。以1500kg/cm2压力对坯体进行单轴冲压而形成标准形状,在250℃下进行5个小时热处理,制作了供试验的耐火物。
表2
Figure BDA00002213913300061
而且,如表2所示,通过组合厚鳞状石墨A与天然鳞状石墨,从而改变了符合本发明的石墨在石墨整体中的比例。并且,由于厚鳞状石墨A是全部都符合本发明的石墨,在天然鳞状石墨中不包含符合本发明的石墨,因此,符合本发明的石墨的比例与厚鳞状石墨A在石墨整体中的比例相同。
对供试验的耐火物的评价如下,从各供试验的耐火物中切出10根长度160mm、宽度25mm、厚度16mm的呈长方体的测定样本,在跨度140mm、十字头速度0.2mm/分钟的条件下,通过3点弯曲法求出该测定样本从加重开始到破坏为止的应力-弯曲曲线,根据通过最大应力算出的弯曲强度与曲线内的积分值算出了破坏能量。求出n=10的弯曲强度的最大值与最小值的差来评价了强度的不均,通过n=10的平均值来评价了破坏能量。表2分别示出了用以下指数表示的结果,即将实施例1的测定值作为100的指数。强度的不均指数为数值越大则越不均匀,因此不优选。另一方面,破坏能量的指数越大则表示越难以被破坏且良好。在实际的耐火物中,由于两者的平衡很重要,因此算出了用强度不均指数/破坏能量指数×100定义的综合判定指数。作为综合判定的评价是,综合判定指数在85以下时为◎,86~105为○,106~120为△,在121以上时为×。以◎、○、△、×的顺序表示良好。
如表2的综合判定的结果所明示,可知符合本发明的石墨在石墨整体中的比例为20质量%以上的实施例1至5与比较例1、比较例2相比更加良好。而且,可知符合本发明的石墨的比例优选40质量%以上,更优选60质量%以上。当符合本发明的石墨的比例小于20质量%时,强度的不均变得非常大,因此不适合。
如表3所示,使用表1所示的各种形状的石墨进行了评价。由于厚鳞状石墨B至F其整体的50质量%是符合本发明的石墨,因此添加4质量%时,符合本发明的石墨在石墨整体中的比例成为20质量%。供试验的耐火物的制造方法及评价方法与前述的方法完全相同。
表3
Figure BDA00002213913300081
如表3的综合判定的结果所明示,通过含有石墨整体的20质量%的厚度为50μm以上、小于100μm且径厚比为5以上12以下的厚鳞状石墨,能够得到平衡优良的耐火物。径厚比大的粗大石墨、薄壁化石墨的强度不均非常大,径厚比小的粒状石墨A、粒状石墨B与厚度大的块状石墨的破坏能量变得非常小,因此不适合。
如表4所示,为了调查石墨的添加量与石墨以外的耐火原料种类的影响,使石墨的总量为30质量%,作为石墨以外的耐火原料添加0.5mm以下的氧化铝熔块50质量%、0.3mm以下的熔凝硅石20质量%,在其中添加适量的酚醛树脂,均匀地进行混匀而得到了坯体。以1000kg/cm2压力对该坯体进行冷等静压(CIP)成型,形成外径120mm、内径50mm、高度400mm的圆筒状,在250℃下进行5个小时热处理之后,在焦炭粉中在1000℃下进行8个小时还原烧制,得到了供试验的耐火物。供试验的耐火物的评价方法与前述的方法完全相同。
表4
Figure BDA00002213913300101
如表4的综合判定的结果所明示,即使在增加石墨量的情况下或石墨以外的耐火原料的种类不同的情况下,通过使用本发明的厚鳞状石墨,也能够得到平衡优良的耐火物。
如上所述,通过使用本发明的厚鳞状石墨,能够得到裂纹难以发展的稳定的耐火物。这说明与以往相比材料设计的自由度更加扩大,也可以大幅度改善耐蚀性、耐磨性、耐氧化性。

Claims (1)

1.一种含厚鳞状石墨耐火物,其特征为,在包含耐火性原料与石墨的耐火物中,厚鳞状石墨的含量为该耐火物中的石墨整体的20质量%以上,厚鳞状石墨的厚度为50μm以上、小于100μm,用粒径/厚度来定义的径厚比为5以上12以下。
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