CN102858329A - 用于治疗疾病的化合物 - Google Patents
用于治疗疾病的化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102858329A CN102858329A CN2011800165526A CN201180016552A CN102858329A CN 102858329 A CN102858329 A CN 102858329A CN 2011800165526 A CN2011800165526 A CN 2011800165526A CN 201180016552 A CN201180016552 A CN 201180016552A CN 102858329 A CN102858329 A CN 102858329A
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- chemical compound
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- hydrazides
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- phenyl amino
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于治疗和/或预防与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病、特别是炎性疾病的通式(III)化合物,其中:R1为CH2、NH、O、S或单键,R2、R3、R4、R5和R6彼此独立地为H、OH、F、Cl、Br、I或C1至C5烷基,且R7为H、OH、NH2、NH-NH2或CH3。
Description
本发明涉及用于治疗与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶(eosinophil peroxidase)相关的炎性疾病的化合物。
人的过氧化物酶类是非特异性免疫防卫的一部分。在防卫病原性微生物时它们以高浓度被释放出来,并且催化多种生物分子的氧化反应,由此使入侵者如细菌和病毒失活。然而,由于这些蛋白质的过量生产,经常会存在对身体内组织的氧化性损伤,并导致炎症。
因此,这些酶与许多文明史上重要疾病相关。这些被称为“自溶酶诱导”的疾病,其中特别是身体内自身的蛋白质MPO(髓过氧化物酶)和EPO(嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶;EC号:1.11.1.7)与许多炎性疾病的致病机理相关(参见表1)。此外,乳(milk)中含有乳过氧化物酶(LPO),其具有抗微生物性和抗氧化性。
表1:“自溶酶诱导”的疾病的实例,在该疾病的病程中通过过量生产涉及过氧化物酶(同样参见Davies,MJ.et al.Antioxidants&Redox Signaling 10(2008)1199-1234)。
疾病 | 酶 |
哮喘(慢性) | EPO |
吸烟者的肺(COPD) | MPO |
阿尔茨海默病 | MPO |
多发性硬化(MS) | MPO,EPO |
动脉硬化 | MPO |
囊性纤维化 | EPO |
溃疡性结肠炎 | EPO |
乳腺炎(兽医) | LPO |
癌症(继发性感染) | EPO |
高血压(NO-信号) | EPO |
因此,有利的是开发出针对MPO和EPO(这类酶中最强效且最具侵略性的代表)的特异性抑制剂,其中该抑制剂接着可以作为炎性疾病的新的药物和疗法的基础。
EPO被认为是许多疾病的主要成因,特别是慢性病程的支气管哮喘。作为耐受性好的抑制剂,首次向慢性支气管哮喘提供了有效的治愈方法。类似地应用于多发性硬化、溃疡性结肠炎、囊性纤维化和其他涉及EPO作为主要病因的炎性过程。这些严重的且在西方世界高速增长的疾病更多地表现为慢性的过程,并且到目前为止其成功治疗仅非常有限。
一旦嗜酸性粒细胞(白细胞,即白血球)受到刺激(即,病原性物质或寄生物渗透侵入时,即感染时),就释放出身体内自身的蛋白质嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶(EPO)。同时,氧进入吞噬体的吸收在结合膜的NADHP-氧化酶-复合物处增加(“呼吸爆发”),由此释放出大量的反应性氧物质(主要是超氧化物)。接着,这些物质歧化成过氧化氢(H2O2),并通过嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶还原成水(Mitra,SN.et al.Redox Report 5(2000)215-224)。
通过该EPO/H2O2体系,一方面,酶的生理学作用发挥作用(防卫病原体),另一方面,导致非特异性和特异性细胞损坏。
非特异性组织损伤包括细胞/细胞壁的破坏,这是因为EPO由于其非常高的正电荷(pI>11)能够穿透细胞的脂质壁。因此,在EPO至靶向位置的路径上,破坏细胞以及组织,并因此导致炎症。
此外,嗜酸性粒细胞参与了变性原控制疾病如支气管哮喘的发病机理。支气管哮喘是支气管粘膜的炎症或敏感性增加,其导致了气道变窄。这种临床表现基于经由细胞因子如白介素5(IL 5)对一些防卫细胞(所谓的肥大细胞)的刺激。在哮喘的情况中,肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞被吸引至支气管区域。这些细胞释放出接触气道肌肉并刺激肺中粘液产生的物质(主要是组胺)。该反应大部分发生地非常快,在与出发物质和/或应激接触后的15至30分钟之内。稍后(在2至4小时内),炎性细胞(嗜酸性粒细胞)然后迁移进入支气管壁,并在此因此慢性形式(炎症)。如果这些细胞受到刺激,那么它们释放出细胞毒性的蛋白质,会引起多种哮喘的病理学特征:肺上皮组织的变性、上皮组织形貌的破坏、微血管渗透性的增加和浮肿。但是,在慢性炎症期间,分子同样被释放出来,这涉及到组织的“重建(remodelling)”(再生)。由此,被破坏的组织得以再生,并且防止了“非弹性”结缔组织的累积。
特异性细胞损坏是由大量的在EPO/H2O2的酶反应体系中生成的EPO的侵入性氧化产物和扩散性自由基所造成。由于酶中间体(化合物I)具有非常的氧化还原势,EPO能够氧化多种小分子。这些生理相关的酶底物包括亚硝酸根(NO2 -)、溴根(Br-)以及伪卤化物硫氰酸根(SCN-)。接着分别形成了高度反应性物质,如二氧化氮自由基(NO2.)、次溴酸根(-OBr)以及次硫氰酸根(hypothiocyanate)(-OSCN)或氰酸根(-OCN)。此外,必须指出的是EPO/H2O2体系的生物学结果是高度底物特异性的。因此,SCN-的生理学血清浓度高(或可以有利地受营养物质影响)于Br-或NO2 -的生理学血清浓度。因此,例如,氧化产物-OSCN活化了转录因子NF-κB,基本比NO2.更强烈,并因此在MAP激酶体系中具有更强烈的促炎症作用效果(Wang,J.et al.Arch BiochemBiophys 445(2006)256-260)。目前,这些高度活性的反应产物起到被动免疫防卫的一部分的作用并攻击渗透入体内的大的寄生物,由此它们实现了EPO的生理学作用。
另一方面,这些物质在非酶性反应中会攻击大的生物分子(如,脂质、蛋白质、DNA、RNA),其中这些生物分子的结构和/或官能性被改性。溴或硝基被整合,特别是在羟基和氨基(溴-酪氨酸和硝基酪氨酸,溴醇(bromohydrines),溴醛(bromoaldehydes),溴核苷酸(bromonucleotides),脂质过氧化物)处。这样,例如,在哮喘患者的痰中,可以检测到3-溴酪氨酸(生物标记)(Aldridge,CJ.et al.Free Radical Biology&Medicine 33(2002)6,847-856)。
在其他情况中,可以检测到慢性感染/炎症和癌症发病机理的重要一致性,这可以归咎于DNA的氧化性损坏(例如埃及血吸虫(Schistosomahaematobium)和膀胱癌,或者Opisthorcis vicerrini和胆管癌(cancer of the bileduct)(Mitra,SN.et al.Redox Report 5(2000)215-224)。
此外,EPO涉及到血管作用的、即血管舒张的物质一氧化氮(NO)的生物化学中,一氧化氮(NO)在血管形成、血压调节、支气管扩张(如在新生儿中)以及其他生理现象中起重要作用。认为NO被EPO化合物I和化合物II氧化,并且释放出NO+,与超氧化物反应成过亚硝酸根(ONOO-)。接着,该高度反应性化合物(氧化性应激的标记)供给脂质和蛋白质,由此硝基酪氨酸和脂质过氧化物形成。另一方面,通过捕获NO,这种重要的调节性二原子信号分子不再可得,由此重要的生物功能(如递质)不再能实现,或者仅部分实现(Abu-Soud,HM.et al.Biochem 40(2001)11866-11875)。
这类症状的发生证实了嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶或其在反应产物(如溴化脂质和蛋白质)处的“指纹”的血浆或组织浓度分别与疾病程度相关。嗜酸性粒细胞以及嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶可以存在于哮喘患者的血液、痰、支气管组织和支气管肺泡灌洗(bronchoalveolar lavage)中,并且其目前作为哮喘的直接定量标记以及炎症的间接指示剂和患者对哮喘治疗的应答。
WO 2008/121670记载了嘧啶基酰肼及其治疗支气管哮喘的用途。
WO 00/073280记载了儿茶素取代的腙及其治疗支气管哮喘的用途。
WO 2009/145360分别涉及苯基或噻吩衍生物,它们同样地可用于治疗支气管哮喘。
WO 2004/080377记载了苯基酰肼,其适于调节细胞中的钾通道,由此可以主要治疗如支气管哮喘等疾病。
US 2003/0225102和WO 2002/006224记载了被杂环取代基取代的酰肼。这些化合物可以用来治疗支气管哮喘。
WO 2007/026215、WO 2005/123688、DE 10 2006 005 179、US 5,571,846、EP 0 323 590、WO 01/032156、WO 2005/085185和US 4,082,846记载了具有肼结构的化合物,其适合用于治疗许多不同的疾病。
本发明的一个目的是提供能够显著或完全抑制嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶活性的化合物。
出人意料地,发现一些化合物如酰肼能够抑制嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶的活性。因此,本发明涉及通式(III)化合物:
其用于治疗和/或预防与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病、特别是炎性疾病,其中,
R1为CH2、NH、O、S或单键,
R2、R3、R4、R5和R6彼此独立地为H、OH、F、Cl、Br、I或C1至C5烷基,和
R7为H、OH、NH2、NH-NH2或CH3。
本发明的另一方面涉及通式(I)的酰肼:
其用于治疗和/或预防与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病、特别是炎性疾病,其中,根据本发明,Rx为杂环化合物(杂环残基),如吡啶、吲哚、吡唑或嘧啶,或芳香族化合物(芳香族残基),如萘酚、苯或苯基氨基乙烷。
对于本发明化合物的抑制活性,起电子受体作用的末端游离氨基是有利的。
此外,然而,该化合物的立体化学性质和/或电化学性质也影响该化合物与EPO的结合和/或酶反应。药典模型显示本发明物质必须具有多种基序(motif)(如,氢键供体、氢键受体、芳香环/区域、疏水区域)。由此产生了以下的实例性结构,该结构还考虑了键长和结构域(II):
(II)
取代基R1为CH2、NH、O、S或单键,取代基R2、R3、R4、R5和R6彼此独立地为H、F、Cl、Br、I或C1至C5烷基,R7为H、OH、NH2、NH-NH2或CH3。
在这种侵入性、破坏细胞的物质的产生中,嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶,EPO,起重要作用,如开始已经讨论的。这些过程,特别是涉及EPO的炎性过程,可以通过使用本发明的物质得到抑制,从而与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病可以被治疗。
根据本发明的化合物对于嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶(在白细胞中存在)和类似的乳过氧化物酶(在母乳和唾液中存在)是选择性的。但是这些化合物不能将髓过氧化物酶、特别是人髓过氧化物酶抑制到相同的程度,这就实现了这些化合物作为特殊药物选择性针对EPO的靶向用途。
由于本发明物质强力的抑制作用,实施上可以开发出剂量非常低的治疗应用。此时,局部或全身浓度为约0.001至10μM可以是足够的。
本发明的化合物对于本领域技术人员而言是充分已知的,并且根据已知的方法制备(参见,例如,Finger,GC.et al.J Am Chem Soc 81(1959)94-101)。大多数N-芳基甘氨酸如同其酯、酰肼和其他衍生物,制备用于生物学检测它们的抗结核病能力。对-烷基苯胺和对-环己基苯胺通过相应的对位取代的苯乙酮的肟的Beckmann重排而制备。对-烷氧基苯胺通过用烷基卤和NaOH在乙醇水溶液中来烷基化对-苯亚甲基氨基苯酚并接着用HCl水解该醛亚胺而制备(Tien,NB.et al.Org Chem 23(1958)186-8)。
术语“与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病、特别是炎性疾病”涉及可归因于个体内EPO活性增加的疾病和病症(参见,例如Davies,MJ.et al.Antioxidants&Redox Signaling 10(2008)1199–1234;Wang,J.et al.ArchBiochem Biophys 445(2006)256-260;Mitra,SN.et al.Redox Report 5(2000)215-224)。这类疾病对于本领域技术人员而言是完全已知的,正如开始时所讨论的。类似地,EPO活性与由EPO活性引起的疾病之间的关联对于本领域技术人员而言也是已知的。例如,在患有支气管哮喘的患者的痰中,可以使用GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱)检测3-溴酪氨酸(生物标记),其通过–OBr(一种EPO氧化产物)改性蛋白质形成(Aldridge,CJ.et al.Free Radical Biology&Medicine 33(2002)847-856)。
EPO的反应产物次硫氰酸根(–OSCN)或NO2.活化了转录因子NF-κB,并因此在MAP激酶系统中具有促炎症反应的作用。转起因小鼠(EPO敲除)显示由溃疡性结肠炎引起的显著更低的破坏。这也适用于其他慢性炎症如克隆氏病(Crohn's disease)或囊性纤维化(Wang,J.et al.Arch Biochem Biophys 445(2006)256-260)。
肿瘤疾病,可以为EPO活性增加的后果,这是由于其引起了DNA的氧化性损坏,这是在感染后由反应性氧物质(如溴核苷酸、一单氧)造成的(例如,埃及血吸虫(Schistosoma haematobium)和膀胱癌,或Opisthorcis vicerrini或胆管癌(cholangiocarcinoma)(Mitra et al.Redox Report 5(2000)215-224)。作为“与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病、特别是炎性疾病”的备选命名有基于体内EPO活性增加的疾病,其中活性增加是指未患有任何代表EPO活性增加后果的疾病的普通个体。
通过EPO或其反应性氧化产物(–OBr或NO2.)的迁移,脂质双层以及膜蛋白和细胞壁得以改性(溴酪氨酸和硝基酪氨酸,脂质过氧化物)、崩解并最终被破坏(Wang,J.et al.Arch Biochem Biophys 445(2006)256-260)。这造成了组织破坏和坏死。使用该选择性抑制剂,EPO的破坏组织的作用得到抑制,并且还同时维持了嗜酸性粒细胞的组织形成功能。因此,例如到目前为止支气管哮喘不可逆的和慢性的病程能够被(EPO抑制剂)终止,甚至使用这种新类型的药物可以给出治愈方法。
根据本发明的化合物主要包含可药用酸加成盐,根据本发明这种盐选自盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、磷酸、甲磺酸、乙酸、富马酸、琥珀酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和马来酸的盐,其中特别优选盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、磷酸和乙酸的盐。
发现R7具有游离氨基、优选酰肼基团是有利的。这种通式(I)或(IIIa)化合物和(IV)化合物的氨基对于它们作为EPO抑制剂的作用是有利的。即,根据本发明的化合物在作用位点应当具有游离氨基。但是,为了增加本发明化合物的耐受性可以根据需要提供具有保护基的氨基,该保护基在作用位点被除去(前药的概念)。当然,通式(III)化合物的R7还可以为H、OH或CH3残基。这种化合物也能够以高效率抑制嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶。
根据本发明一个特别优选的实施方案,R1为NH,其中所述酰肼具有通式(IV):
根据本发明一个优选的实施方案,所述C1至C5烷基选自CH3和CH2CH3。
根据本发明一个进一步优选的实施方案,R1为CH2、NH、O或S,特别优选NH或O,R2为F或H,R3为Cl、Br或H,R4为Cl、F、CH3或H,R5和R6为H,R7为OH或NH-NH2。
根据本发明一个特别优选的实施方案,根据本发明的化合物(III)具有以下取代基(参见表A):
表A:
根据本发明一个优选的实施方案,所述化合物选自2-氟-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、4-氟-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、2,4-二-氟-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、4-氯-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、3-氯-4-氟-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、3-溴-4-氟-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、4-甲基-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、2-[(4-氯苯基)硫基]乙酰肼、2-(4-氟苯氧基)乙酰肼、2-(2-溴苯氧基)乙酰肼、N-(2-氟苯基)甘氨酸、2-[(4-氯苯基)氨基]乙酸和3-(2-羟基苯基)丙酰肼。
使用本发明的化合物,能够特别地治疗成因可以为过度EPO活性的炎性疾病。嗜酸性粒细胞(Eosinophilic granulocyte)和EPO是非特异性防卫的成分。特别在炎性过程的情况中,这些白细胞发生积累,这也会导致慢性炎症。炎性疾病优选选自:支气管哮喘,多发性硬化,囊性纤维化,溃疡性结肠炎,克隆氏病,鼻炎,子宫内膜异位,鼻窦炎,嗜酸性食管炎(eosinophilicesophagitis),输血后紫癜综合征(Shulman's syndrome)(嗜酸细胞性筋膜炎),心内膜炎,丘-施二氏综合征(Churg-Strauss syndrome),皮肤病,优选妊娠疱疹或嗜酸性粒细胞皮肤病,慢性特发性组织细胞增多症(Hand-Schüller-Christian disease)(ASCD),心血管疾病,优选心内膜炎和由血管壁的炎症性过程造成的高血压。
由嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶(EPO)导致的或者病程牵涉到EPO的示例性疾病的概述分别如下:
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在各种发炎的器官和组织以及由此得到的分泌物中,会检测到EPO和/或其反应产物(例如,硝化脂质,溴化脂质,蛋白质,DNA)。一方面,这证实了在吞噬作用范围内EPO的被动免疫应答,另一方面,这也有力地显示了EPO及其反应产物破坏组织的作用。例如,在哮喘患者的痰中,EPO可以放射性免疫方法以及通过气相色谱质谱分析(GC-MS)使用3-溴酪氨酸进行检测(Aldridge et al.Free Radical Biology&Medicine 33(2002)847-856)。
在动物模型(大鼠)中,证实在溴化物的存在下EPO是心内膜炎的成因(Slungaard,A.et al.J Exp Med.173(1991)117-26)。心内膜炎是心脏内膜的炎症,所述心脏内膜隔开心脏房室和动脉及静脉接近心脏的部分,并且还形成了心瓣膜小叶结构。原则上,对于每个染上心内膜炎并且未经治疗的人,该疾病的病程几乎是致命的。抗生素可以用于治疗心内膜炎。
此外,溃疡性结肠炎是EPO引起的疾病。Wang等人观察到无EPO的小鼠(EPO敲除的小鼠系)与野生型相比几乎不会染上溃疡性结肠炎。克隆氏病也是一种肠部的慢性炎性疾病,其与非特异性免疫防卫和EPO相关(Wang,J.et al.Arch Biochem Biophys 445(2006)256-260)。
在过敏性疾病如鼻炎(鼻粘膜的炎症)中,EPO也起决定性作用(Hrdlickova,B.et al.Int Arch Allergy Immunol.150(2009)184-91)。
此外,EPO牵涉到皮肤疾病(皮肤病)的发展中,如妊娠疱疹,一种在妊娠范围内发病的起疱性自身免疫疾病。嗜酸细胞性皮肤病常常也发生其他哺乳动物(狗、猫)中(Scheman,AJ.et al.Arch Dermatol.125(1989)1079-83)。
霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin's lymphoma)(同义词:霍奇金病(Hodgkin'sdisease)或淋巴肉芽肿病,缩写HD)是淋巴系统的恶性肿瘤。在肿瘤位点使用放射性标记的单克隆抗体检查EPO时,显示EPO牵涉到细胞凋亡中(Samoszuk,MK.et al.J Nucl Med.34(1993)1246-53)。
慢性特发性组织细胞增多症(HSCD)最经常感染2至5岁的儿童、青少年和中年成人。该形式构成了约15~40%的朗氏细胞组织细胞增多病(langerhans-cell-histiocytoses)。在约30%的感染人口中,存在全身性感染,影响肝、脾、肺、皮肤和淋巴结。经典的Hand-Schüller-Christian三联体(骨损伤、突眼和尿崩症)的发生相当罕见。伴随着多个器官的全身性感染,存在糟糕的预后和侵袭性化疗以及可能干细胞移植的必要性。否则,该疾病本身会消退,如有必要使用化疗。在研究中,确定了EPO的大量释放。最终,EPO是该疾病范围内引起的大块组织损伤的成因(Zabucchi,G.et al.J Pathol.163(1991)225-31)。
根据本发明的化合物可以不同方式给药。根据疾病的不同,该化合物可以全身性或局部性给药。本发明化合物,特别是苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼(PAEH)及其衍生物因此分别优选配制成静脉内、腔内、经口、腹膜内、吸入或局部剂型。
根据给药类型,本发明化合物,特别是苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼及其衍生物,分别优选以浸剂、片剂、胶囊剂、霜剂、凝胶剂、乳剂或贴剂的形式存在。
取决于剂型,本发明的药物组合物除了本发明化合物之外还包含赋形剂,如崩解剂和稳定剂、载体和稀释剂。
常见赋形剂、载体和稀释剂的实例有:白明胶、天然糖(如蔗糖或乳糖、卵磷脂、果胶、淀粉(如玉米淀粉)以及淀粉衍生物、环糊精和环糊精衍生物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、白明胶、阿拉伯胶、藻酸、甲基纤维素(tylose)、滑石、石松(lycopodium)、硅酸(如胶体)、果糖、树胶(tragacanth)、氯化钠、硬脂酸酯/盐、具有12至22个碳原子的脂肪酸的镁和钙盐,特别是饱和类型(如硬脂酸盐)、聚乙二醇(平均分子量为200~20000、优选200~5000、特别是200~1000,或它们的混合物,和/或乙烯吡咯烷酮的聚合物和/或乙烯吡咯烷酮和乙酸乙烯酯的混合聚合物。脂肪族饱和或不饱和脂肪酸(2~22个碳原子,优选10至18个碳原子)与一元脂肪醇(1至20个碳原子)或多元醇如乙二醇、甘油、二甘醇、季戊四醇、山梨糖醇、甘露醇等的酯(根据需要也可醚化),苄基苯甲酸酯、二氧戊环类、甘油甲醛类(glycerol formals)、四氢糠醇、与C1至C12醇的聚乙二醇醚、二甲基乙酰胺、乳酰胺、乳酸酯、乙基碳酸酯、硅酮类(特别是中等粘度的聚二甲基硅氧烷)、碳酸钙、碳酸钠、磷酸钙、磷酸钠、碳酸镁、阿拉伯胶、藻酸、硬脂酸酯、脂肪和具有类似作用的物质。对于溶液剂,如浸剂,可以使用各种缓冲剂体系。
本发明的再一个方面涉及包含上述化合物的药物组合物,其用于治疗和/或预防与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病、特别是炎性疾病。
本发明的药物组合物优选以浸剂、片剂、胶囊剂、霜剂、凝胶剂、乳剂或贴剂的形式存在。
本发明的仍再一个方面涉及本发明化合物用于制备治疗和/或预防与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病、特别是炎性疾病的药物的用途。
本发明的再一个方面涉及治疗和/或预防与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病、特别是炎性疾病的方法,通过使用一种或多种本发明化合物。
下面将基于实施例详细解释本发明,但是这些实施例是非限制性的。
实施例:
实施例1:
为了测试本发明物质能够抑制EPO的程度,测试了这些物质的抑制潜能。在此,确定IC50值作为对比参数。在此,IC50为抑制酶(在此为EPO)50%所需的抑制剂浓度。使用一氯二甲酮(MCD)测定法在稳态于290nm处以UV/Vis分光光度法确定该浓度。
抑制作用的确定
IC50值的确定
嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶形成多种不同酶中间体,并且能够催化大量的氧化还原反应。EPO的生理学作用是分别将溴根或硫氰酸根氧化成次溴酸或次硫氰酸根(hypothiocyanate)(也称为卤化循环)。这恰恰是必须抑制的反应。但是,在酚类物质的存在下,酶也可以经历所谓的过氧化物酶循环。
为了确定本发明物质的抑制性质,使用一种检测溴化活性的方法。
溴化活性
生理学溴化物氧化的抑制程度使用一氯二甲酮以光度计进行确定。使用抑制剂的卤化速率(曲线在290nm的初始倾斜度)与盲值(不使用抑制剂)相关,并且因此确定了失活速率(以%表示)。将其相对抑制剂浓度(x轴)作入图(y轴)中,并由该曲线的双曲线拟合确定各抑制剂的IC50值。
100mM的磷酸盐缓冲盐,pH 7.0
100μM的一氯二甲酮(monochlorodimedon)
100mM的溴化物
20nM的EPO
100μM的HOOH
0.001–500μM的抑制剂
苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼
在检测各组物质(这些物质因其结构被认为适合进入EPO (以及类似的LPO)的催化中心并在此也抑制了活性)中,发现苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼(III)组物质、特别是其衍生物及其卤化衍生物是非常好的EPO选择性抑制剂。相应衍生物的实例,但主要是卤化的衍生物而言,必须说明如下:基于多个实施例,表2显示了苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼对EPO(也是对类似的LPO)的选择性,而不是对MPO的选择性:
表2:苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼衍生物的实例和抑制潜能(IC50:抑制50%酶活性的浓度)
化合物(3)2-氟苯基-NH-乙烷酰肼对EPO的IC50值为0.009μM,但是对MPO具有显著更高的IC50值,分别为1.900或8.800μM。即,该物质代表非常好的EPO抑制剂,但是对于人过氧化物酶的同族酶的MPO不是如此。
此外,可以从表2获知,卤化的苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼衍生物具有比非卤化类型更强的抑制作用。
化合物(6)苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼显示的IC50值为2.290μM。该潜能已经带来了作为耐受性好的抑制剂的治疗应用。然而,实例标号(3)2-氟苯基-NH-乙烷酰肼显示了超过200倍的潜能的IC50值,为0.009μM。因此,非常低的治疗浓度是可能的,由此也可以最小化所发生的不利副作用。
实施例2:
在进一步的测试系列中,检测了通式(I)的其他物质能够抑制EPO活性的程度。作为实例,使用了异烟肼(吡啶-4-碳酰肼),其中通式(I)中的Rx表示吡啶残基。该测试的实施如实施例1所示。
异烟肼 异丙异烟肼(Isoproniazide)
异烟肼的IC50值确定为6.04μM。
为了检测通式(I)的酰肼残基处的游离氨基对本发明物质在EPO上的抑制作用的影响,检测了异烟肼的衍生物,即N'-异丙基异烟碱酰肼(异丙异烟肼(iproniazide))。此时,出人意料地确定异丙异烟肼的IC50值大于500μM。
这证实了,对于除了其他性质(II)外的EPO活性的强烈抑制,本发明通式(I)物质的游离氨基在任何情况中也都是确定性的。这在结构上相关的物质异烟肼和异丙异烟肼的实例中都令人印象深刻。游离氨基的衍生化导致了抑制强度的损失。
实施例3:
在进一步实施的与实施例1所述实验方案相同的测试系列中,检测了其他本发明化合物抑制嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶的能力。这些测试的结果和其中使用的化合物可以从下表中获知。
实施例4:
为了显示本发明化合物的药效,使用了动物模型。使用动物模型,可以通过实验的方式验证药理学上的活性剂具有相应作用的程度。
1.支气管哮喘
作为支气管哮喘(1)的表现和进展的根源的一些因素有:变性原、情绪应激、强体力活动、冷空气,以及所有这些因素的组合。病理生理学应答是非常复杂的,但是针对我们的目标EPO中有一条“红线”。T-辅助细胞2(Th2)细胞导致白介素细胞的释放,特别是IL-5,这导致了嗜酸细胞活化趋化因子的释放。这些嗜酸性粒细胞迁移至肺的作用位点。随着过敏嗜酸性粒细胞处IgE水平和IgE受体的增加导致60%份额EPO的蛋白质的脱粒和释放。EPO催化了卤化物和硫氰酸根的氧化,其中形成了高度反应性的氧化产物,其释放用于防卫寄生物和微生物,但是(在哮喘和其他慢性疾病的情况中)也具有破坏组织的作用。
因此,“慢性模型”是要求的,其中必须证实该机制是否也发生,是否接近人的病程。然后使用该模型,可以测试EPO抑制剂的作用。
为了证实该作用,使用相应的动物模型,但是特别与哮喘和EPO相关的动物模型是复杂的。
途径:
Balb/c小鼠,体重18-21g,在1周的驯化阶段中饲养。
卵清蛋白与诱导哮喘(气道的过敏性炎症)的无关性是已知的,因此刺激会伴随房尘螨或禾本科植物花粉发生。经7周,每天经鼻施用变性原。这种刺激直接导致伴有AHR(急性气道高应答性)和气道的嗜酸性粒细胞炎症的哮喘症状(Johnson et al.2004,Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:378-385;Johnsonet al.2008,Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295:L780-L788)。
使用ELISA,最终在BALB(支气管肺泡液(bronchioalveolar liquid))上清液中测量炎症参数、嗜酸性粒细胞和EPO。当EPO呈活性时,这些个体分成治疗组和对照组。治疗组接收本发明化合物(1–10mg/kg KG每天),对照组接受安慰剂。作为气道和肺的过敏症以及慢性炎症发展的参数,使用恶化(严重发作)的次数和AHR的程度等。第三组可以用地塞米松(以及其他)以常规方式治疗。
2.鼻炎和鼻窦炎
本发明化合物对窦和筛骨的疾病的作用可以使用与支气管哮喘中相同的动物模型来确定。
3.子宫内膜异位
子宫内膜异位候选药物的有效测试的动物模型已经成熟并且容易操作。大鼠(Neto JN,Coelho TM,Aguiar GC,Carvalho LR,de Araújo AG,MJ,Schor E.Experimental endometriosis reduction in rats treated with Uncariatomentosa(cat's claw)extract.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.2010 Oct 26.)和小鼠(Lu Y,et al.Hum Reprod.25(2010):1014-25)为常见的测试动物。在此,将子宫内膜异位组织的人切片移植进入测试动物中。在三至四周的适应期后,本发明的化合物可以“简单地”进行测试,并且分别与安慰剂组进行比较,或者与使用常规治疗方法治疗的组进行比较。
4.心内膜炎
是否是心脏内膜的感染疾病,且可以在大鼠模型中很好的模拟(SinghKV,et al.PLoS Pathog.2010Jan 8;6(1):e1000716)。
5.慢性炎症性肠病(intestinal diseases)(炎性肠病(bowel diseases),例如:
克隆氏病和溃疡性结肠炎)
在此,结肠细胞从小鼠提取,并且准备用于进一步检测(Weigmann B,etal.Nat Protoc 2(2007):2307-11.)。此时,过氧化物酶活性可以使用酶MCD(一氯二甲酮)测定法进行测试,或者在电泳分离中作为凝胶剂中的活性染色进行测试。
6.囊性纤维化
在小鼠上容易实施的测试。由于囊性纤维化也与感染相关,测试动物受到干扰,并在疾病爆发后进行治疗(候选药物–安慰剂–常规)(Wang Y,et al.Respir Res.2010 Nov 30;11:166;Guilbault C,et al.Lab Anim.2005Jul;39(3):336-52)。
Claims (15)
1.通式(III)化合物:
其用于治疗和/或预防与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病、特别是炎性疾病,其中,
R1为CH2、NH、O、S或单键,
R2、R3、R4、R5和R6彼此独立地为H、OH、F、Cl、Br、I或C1至C5烷基,和
R7为H、OH、NH2、NH-NH2或CH3。
3.根据权利要求1或2的化合物,其特征在于,所述C1至C5烷基选自CH3和CH2CH3。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项的化合物,其特征在于,R1为CH2、NH、O或S,R2为F或H,R3为Cl、Br或H,R4为Cl、F、CH3或H,R5和R6为H,R7为OH或NH-NH2。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项的化合物,其特征在于,所述化合物选自2-氟-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、4-氟-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、2,4-二-氟-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、4-氯-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、3-氯-4-氟-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、3-溴-4-氟-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、4-甲基-苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、苯基氨基乙烷-酰肼、2-[(4-氯苯基)硫基]乙酰肼、2-(4-氟苯氧基)乙酰肼、2-(2-溴苯氧基)乙酰肼、N-(2-氟苯基)甘氨酸,2-[(4-氯苯基)氨基]乙酸和3-(2-羟基苯基)丙酰肼。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项的化合物,其特征在于,所述炎性疾病选自:支气管哮喘,多发性硬化,囊性纤维化,溃疡性结肠炎,克隆氏病,鼻炎,子宫内膜异位,鼻窦炎,嗜酸性食管炎,输血后紫癜综合征(嗜酸细胞性筋膜炎),心内膜炎,丘-施二氏综合征,皮肤病,优选妊娠疱疹或嗜酸性粒细胞皮肤病,慢性特发性组织细胞增多症(ASCD),心血管疾病,优选心内膜炎和由血管壁的炎症性过程导致的高血压。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项的化合物,其特征在于,所述化合物以静脉内、腔内、口腔、腹膜内、吸入和局部剂型提供。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项的化合物,其特征在于,所述化合物以浸剂、片剂、胶囊剂、霜剂、凝胶剂、乳剂或贴剂的形式存在。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项的化合物,其特征在于,所述化合物以0.01~2000mg/kg体重、优选0.1~1000mg/kg体重、更优选0.1~500mg/kg体重的量给药。
10.药物组合物,其包含根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的至少一种化合物,用于治疗与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病、特别是炎性疾病。
11.根据权利要求10的药物组合物,其特征在于,所述炎性疾病选自:支气管哮喘,多发性硬化,囊性纤维化,溃疡性结肠炎,克隆氏病,鼻炎,子宫内膜异位,鼻窦炎,嗜酸性食管炎,输血后紫癜综合征(嗜酸细胞性筋膜炎),心内膜炎,丘-施二氏综合征,皮肤病,优选妊娠疱疹或嗜酸性粒细胞皮肤病,慢性特发性组织细胞增多症(ASCD),心血管疾病,优选心内膜炎和由血管壁的炎症性过程导致的高血压。
12.根据权利要求10或11的药物组合物,其特征在于,所述化合物以静脉内、腔内、口腔、腹膜内、吸入和局部剂型提供。
13.根据权利要求10至12中任一项的药物组合物,其特征在于,所述化合物以浸剂、片剂、胶囊剂、霜剂、凝胶剂、乳剂或贴剂的形式存在。
14.权利要求1至5中任一项的化合物用于制备治疗和/或预防与嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶相关的疾病、特别是炎性疾病的药物的用途。
15.权利要求1至5中任一项的化合物用于抑制嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶的用途。
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