CN102834232B - 挤出机 - Google Patents

挤出机 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102834232B
CN102834232B CN201180015428.8A CN201180015428A CN102834232B CN 102834232 B CN102834232 B CN 102834232B CN 201180015428 A CN201180015428 A CN 201180015428A CN 102834232 B CN102834232 B CN 102834232B
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conveyer
axle
cross
housing
extruder
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CN102834232A (zh
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约瑟夫·布拉赫
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B29C48/425—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders using three or more screws
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/30—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/34—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/38—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary
    • B29B7/46—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft
    • B29B7/48—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws
    • B29B7/482—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws provided with screw parts in addition to other mixing parts, e.g. paddles, gears, discs
    • B29B7/483—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws provided with screw parts in addition to other mixing parts, e.g. paddles, gears, discs the other mixing parts being discs perpendicular to the screw axis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/30—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/34—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/38—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary
    • B29B7/46—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft
    • B29B7/48—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/30—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/34—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/38—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary
    • B29B7/46—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft
    • B29B7/48—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws
    • B29B7/482—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws provided with screw parts in addition to other mixing parts, e.g. paddles, gears, discs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/30—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/34—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/38—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary
    • B29B7/46—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft
    • B29B7/48—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws
    • B29B7/485—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws with three or more shafts provided with screws
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/30—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/34—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/38—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary
    • B29B7/46—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft
    • B29B7/48—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft with intermeshing devices, e.g. screws
    • B29B7/488—Parts, e.g. casings, sealings; Accessories, e.g. flow controlling or throttling devices
    • B29B7/489—Screws
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/27—Cleaning; Purging; Avoiding contamination
    • B29C48/2715—Cleaning; Purging; Avoiding contamination of plasticising units
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B29C48/402—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders the screws having intermeshing parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B29C48/405—Intermeshing co-rotating screws
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B29C48/425—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders using three or more screws
    • B29C48/43—Ring extruders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B29C48/435—Sub-screws
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
    • B29C48/435—Sub-screws
    • B29C48/44—Planetary screws
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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    • Y02P70/10—Greenhouse gas [GHG] capture, material saving, heat recovery or other energy efficient measures, e.g. motor control, characterised by manufacturing processes, e.g. for rolling metal or metal working

Abstract

一种挤出机，具有壳体(1)，其包括至少两个传送器轴(2,3)，该传送器轴具有能沿相同方向驱动地布置在至少两个壳体孔(11,12)中的彼此间接合的传送横截面，该壳体孔构造成柱形的或锥形的且其轴线(15,16)设置为彼此平行或以一定角度地朝向彼此，两个壳体孔(11,12)的轴线之间的距离(A)大于D/1.4142，其中D是柱形孔的直径或锥形孔的最大直径，并且在壳体孔(11,12)和传送器轴(2,3)的外径(DE)之间提供有间隙(a’)。各传送器轴(2,3)包括多个传送器部分(17a-17d,18a-18d)，并且各传送器轴(2,3)上的至少两个相邻的传送器部分(17a,17b,18a,18b)相对于彼此的偏置角为180°。各传送器部分(17a,17b,18a,18b…)的横截面轮廓的中心点(PM)相对于壳体孔(11,12)的中心点和传送器轴(2,3)的转动中心(DM)偏心地偏置。

Description

挤出机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种挤出机，其具有壳体，所述壳体包括至少两个传送器轴，所述传送器轴具有能沿相同方向驱动地布置在至少两个壳体孔中的彼此间接合的传送横截面，所述壳体孔构造成柱形的或锥形的且其轴线设置为彼此平行或以一定角度地朝向彼此，所述两个壳体孔的轴线之间的距离大于D/1.4142，其中D是柱形孔的直径或锥形孔的最大直径，并且在壳体孔和传送器轴的外径之间提供有间隙。
背景技术
在挤出机中可优选装备有双螺旋式传送件的同向螺杆轴用于连续地输送、混合、分散和挤出尤其是塑料，并且可用在连续式机械过程加工中。通过一个螺杆构件来处理尽可能多的产品而不会导致质量降低、中间清洗或机器停机的能力具有重大的经济意义。系统内的产品的停留时间行为和处理区域内的材料交换和自清洁之间存在着非常紧密的关系。宽的操作范围意味着不同的应用和产品种类。
很久以来就已知道具有模块化传送件系统的双螺杆。根据现有技术，对于紧密啮合的传送器系统的几何形状的设计来说，传送件的内径和由此啮合的传送件的梳齿(Kamm)之间的间隙典型地为壳体孔的1.0％，而梳齿和孔之间的间隙典型地为壳体孔的2-10％。根据DE102008029305A1，对于不利的情况、主要是对于较大的直径和/或具有非常不同的颗粒尺寸的产品来说，通过轮廓校正来减小螺旋角，以便减小比能输入，并因此降低局部的产品损坏和机器损坏的风险。
从DE 102004010553 A1中已经知道了一种挤出机，这种挤出机具有具有壳体，所述壳体包括至少两个传送器轴，所述传送器轴具有能沿相同方向驱动地布置在至少两个壳体孔中的彼此间接合的传送横截面，所述壳体孔构造成柱形的或锥形的且其轴线设置为彼此平行或以一定角度地朝向彼此，所述两个壳体孔的轴线之间的距离大于D/1.4142，其中D是柱形孔的直径或锥形孔的最大直径，并且在壳体孔和传送器轴的外径之间提供有间隙。由于壳体孔和传送器轴的梳齿之间具有增大的间隙，因此其特别适用于敏感性材料和/或高的轴转速。然而，由于壳体孔不可被接合到，因此这种已知挤出机的应用领域受到了螺杆和捏合块的限制。
发明内容
本发明的目的是改善产品质量，减小支承轴上的扭矩载荷峰值，并因此显著地提高挤出机的经济效率。
根据本发明，通过以下挤出机实现了此目的，该挤出机有壳体，所述壳体包括至少两个传送器轴，所述传送器轴具有能沿相同方向驱动地布置在至少两个壳体孔中的彼此间接合的传送横截面，所述壳体孔构造成柱形的或锥形的且其轴线设置为彼此平行或以一定角度地朝向彼此，所述两个壳体孔的轴线之间的距离大于D/1.4142，其中D是柱形孔的直径或锥形孔的最大直径，并且在壳体孔和传送器轴的外径之间提供有间隙，每个传送器轴包括多个传送器部分，并且每个传送器轴上的至少两个相邻的传送器部分相对于彼此的偏置角为180°，其中，每个传送器部分的横截面轮廓的中心点相对于壳体孔的中心点和传送器轴的转动中心偏心地偏置，其中每个传送器轴的横截面轮廓的中心点由传送器轴的横截面轮廓的两个镜像面的交叉点形成。本发明还包括挤出机的其他有益的实施方案。
根据本发明的挤出机包括至少两个双螺旋式传送器轴，该轴具有彼此间精确接合的传送器横截面，即具有基本上仅补偿制造公差的间隙。
对于具有能精确接合于孔壁的几何形状的双螺杆挤出机的螺杆来说，根据书籍《同向双螺杆挤出机》(Klemens Kohlgrüber，德国慕尼黑Carl Hanser出版社，2007年)第102页，应用了公式
A / D ≥ cos ( 90 Z )
其中，A是两个孔的轴线之间的距离，D是孔径，Z是螺旋的数量，即，对于具有能精确地接合于螺杆轴的横截面轮廓和孔壁的几何形状的双螺旋式螺杆来说，A/D>cos45°>0.707。也就是说，两个孔的轴线之间的距离A大于D/1.4142。
每个传送器轴包括至少两个相邻的传送器部分。从至少两个传送器部分中的一个传送器部分到相邻的传送器部分的转动角为180°，即，每个传送器轴上的至少两个相邻的传送器部分相对于彼此转动了180°。
彼此间接合的传送器轴部分的传送器横截面相对于彼此转动360°/n，其中n是螺旋的数量。
根据本发明的挤出机典型地包括具有平行轴线的柱形孔。但是，本发明也涉及到具有锥形孔的挤出机，所述锥形孔具有以一定角度彼此接近的轴线。
每个传送器部分的横截面轮廓的中心相对于壳体孔的中心和传送器轴的转动中心均偏心地设置。每个传送器部分的横截面轮廓的中心通过传送器部分的横截面轮廓的两个镜像面的交叉而形成。
传送器部分的横截面轮廓的中心相对于壳体孔的中心和传送器轴的转动中心所偏置的偏心量不大于(D-A)/4。
传送器部分的横截面轮廓的中心相对于横截面轮廓的两个镜像面优选地均偏置45°，这是由于在该角度下，在轴的每个角位置中所有的孔都会被接合到。
对于双螺旋式传送器轴，每个传送器部分的一个梳齿距壳体孔的间隙对应于偏心量，而传送器轴的第二梳齿连续地接合于壳体孔。因此，壳体孔和螺杆轴的传送轮廓沿着整个周向形成接合。
通过在壳体孔直径和传送器轴外径之间任意选择偏心量和层厚度，可以使螺槽深度相应地较小。
归因于传送器轴和壳体孔之间的间隙而产生的减小的传送作用导致填充水平和材料交换增加，同时减小了局部材料负载。根据本发明，每个传送器轴的一个传送器部分的梳齿接合于孔壁，而在相应传送器轴的相邻传送器部分的相邻梳齿之间形成了间隙。因此，产品的流向受到了干扰。也就是说，被接合于孔壁的梳齿所阻挡的材料可流出到由所述传送器轴的相邻传送器部分的相邻梳齿所形成的间隙中。
优选地，两个相邻的传送器部分均由凸轮盘的两个部分盘体形成，其中每个凸轮盘的两个部分盘体相对于彼此转动180°。
通过根据本发明的挤出机，实现了传送器轴的平衡的动态条件，这是很重要的，因为均匀的载荷是支承轴和齿轮箱的技术设计的基础，并且是经济性的长期操作的先决条件。使用毫秒级分辨率在支承轴处进行的扭矩测量表明，不再有其他无法达到的典型捏合块的技术要求。虽然必须非常严格地考虑对于轴上的最大容许长期载荷而言过载10％的技术要求，然而捏合块可经常导致在每一转中变化30％的载荷。为了避免任何情况下的轴的疲劳失效，不可使用机器的满额定功率。甚至对于捏合块内的单个盘体的180°的轮廓包容区(Profilumschlag)来说，也可在较低的轴载荷下实现较好的产品，并且该180°的包容区用于螺杆螺纹的连续运行，在改善的产品混合下提供了最小波动的轴载荷。
每个传送器部分或每个部分盘体在轴向方向上的长度优选地不大于孔径，特别是最大为孔径的一半。
因此，每个传送器轴和其所支撑的根据本发明的至少一个传送件可形成单个部件。通过将轴和传送件实施成一个整体，便可传递明显更大的扭矩。例如，轴(包括驱动轴)以及填充区(包括熔化区)的区域内的传送件可制造成单个部件。
根据本发明，使用了重复的轮廓包容区，从而提供了针对产品的轴向流速的额外阻力。即，改变了在整个自由横截面上的螺槽深度，由此整个产品和挤出机可受到更加均匀的载荷。
由此，传送器轴的梳齿可作为螺旋垂直于孔的轴线地或者相对于其倾斜地而延伸。
传送器轴优选包括处于两个传送器部分之间的与孔轴线同心的挡环，其直径相应地不大于轴线之间的距离。由此可减慢轴向上的材料流，并且可提高分散作用。由此，挡环可以设置在传送器部分之间的不同的距离处。
传送器部分也可由一个整体传送件中的一部分形成，例如通过磨削金属件而获得。
通过根据本发明的挤出机，通过连续相的粘度来向存在于那里的固态团聚体上施加拉力或压力，从而导致其疲劳失效。因此，根据本发明会实现固体的有效均匀化和分散，甚至对于具有颗粒尺寸小于100μ、特别是小于10μ的固体颗粒也是如此。通过根据本发明的挤出机，产品因此连续地处于不同的流向和速度下，并因此处于不同的应变条件下。
根据本发明，从传送器部分的一个梳齿到壳体孔的较大距离导致大量的材料交换，而在梳齿接合于壳体孔壁的区域处仅发生少量的材料交换，然而在这里通过对产品施加大载荷以及通过两个传送器轴的彼此间精确接合的传送横截面，可以实现最大的分散作用。通过在双螺旋式传送器轴中在一个或另一个传送器轴处使相互接合的传送器部分彼此间转动180°角，使得产品仅在小区域内承受到极大的载荷，由此必须始终将产品的温度保持为低，使得产品甚至在非常高的载荷区域中也不会被损坏，并且因此能始终轻柔地处理。因此，根据本发明的挤出机特别适合于处理敏感性材料，例如生产聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)。
根据一个优选的实施方案，挤出机包括至少六个以等中心角间距沿圆周设置的传送器轴，其中各传送器轴均接合于两个相邻的传送器轴。由此，真空度通过流束处的特别高的密度而加倍。由于这在传送器轴的整个长度上没有产生峰值载荷，并且因此没有产生不希望有的粘度降低，因此实现了有效、快速的混合，以及在均匀的同质化下的甚至更高的产品质量和更大的产出。
如果在所述实施方案中传送器轴的传送横截面由这样的传送器部分形成，其中对于双螺旋式传送器轴来说彼此接合的传送器部分转动了180°，则轮廓包容区、即在两个相邻轴之间的沿轴向步进式变化的螺槽深度加倍，并因此显著地增加。
附图说明
下面将使用附图来对本发明进行更详细的举例说明。在图中：
图1是根据DE 102004010553 A1的已知双轴挤出机的两个彼此啮合的传送件的横截面图；
图2和3分别是已知双轴挤出机的两个彼此啮合且偏心设置的传送件的横截面图；
图4是图3所示的两个彼此啮合的传送件的横截面图，在图4(a)和5(a)中是0°、45°、90°等转动位置。
图5、6和7分别是两个彼此啮合且具有根据本发明的螺杆部分和挡环的双螺旋式传送件的正视图、侧视图和横截面图；
图8是图5到7所示的两个传送件中的一个的侧视图；
图9(a)到9(d)分别是图5到7所示的彼此啮合的两个传送件沿图8中的线A-A、B-B、C-C和D-D的横截面图。
图10、11和12分别是两个彼此啮合且具有挡环的双螺旋式捏合块的正视图、侧视图、和截面图；
图13是图10到12所示的两个传送件中的一个的侧视图；
图14(a)到(d)分别是图10到12所示的两个彼此啮合的传送件沿图13中的线A-A、B-B、C-C和D-D的横截面图；
图15到17分别是根据另一实施方案的两个彼此啮合的双螺旋式捏合块的正视图、侧视图和横截面图；
图18是图15到17所示的两个捏合块中的一个的侧视图；
图19(a)到(d)分别是图15到17所示的两个捏合块沿图18中线B-B和C-C的横截面图；和
图20(a)到(f)分别是具有以等中心角的间距沿圆周设置的传送器轴的多轴挤出机的初始0°以及转动60°、120°、180°、240°和300°的横截面图。
具体实施方式
根据图1，双轴挤出机包括设于壳体1中的两个双螺旋式传送器轴2、3，它们分别具有传送件4、5，各传送件例如通过齿牙8、9可转动地固定设置在支撑轴6、7上。
传送器轴2、3设置为在两个壳体孔11、12内沿相同的方向驱动，其中孔11、12的孔壁13和14与延伸穿过壳体孔11、12的中心BM和传送器轴2、3的转动中心DM的传送器轴2、3的转动轴线同心。
因此，孔11、12设计为柱形或锥形，其中对于柱形孔11、12来说转动轴线相互平行，在锥形孔的情况中，所述轴线以一定角度朝向彼此延伸。
壳体孔11、12具有直径D。轴间距A，即两个壳体孔11、12的中心BM之间的距离大于D/1.4142。在横截面中，传送件4、5和因此传送器轴2、3具有外径DE＞D，其具有由A和DE形成的镜像对称的双螺旋式轮廓，并且螺槽深度GE＝DE-A，内径DI等于DE-2GE。图1所示的传送器轴2、3居中地设置。因此，传送器轴2、3的横截面轮廓的中心点PM与DM和BM相一致。在孔壁13、14和传送器轴2、3的横截面轮廓之间存在有规定间隙a。因此，传送器轮廓彼此间接合，但是不会接合到壳体孔11、12的表面。
相对于图1所示的已知挤出机，如图2和3所示，传送器轴2、3的横截面轮廓的中心点PM相对于壳体孔11、12的中心点BM和传送器轴2、3的转动中心DM偏心地偏置了“e”。因此，每个传送器轴2、3的横截面轮廓的中心点PM由每个传送器轴2、3的横截面轮廓的两个镜像面x、y的交叉点来限定。
传送器轴2、3的横截面轮廓的中心点PM相对于壳体孔11、12的中心点BM和传送器轴2、3的转动中心DM所偏置的偏心量“e”不大于(D-A)/4。
根据图2，两个传送器轴2、3的横截面轮廓设置为具有在由Y坐标表示的镜像面方向上偏心了(D-DE)/2的中心点PM，而传送器轴2、3的转动中心DM和壳体孔11、12的中心点BM的位置保持不变。因此，壳体孔12非常适合连续清洁。
如围绕着DM和BM的圆所显示的那样，偏心量e可处于任意方向中。
在图3中，两个传送器轴2、3的横截面轮廓的中心点PM相对于两个镜像面x、y呈45°等距离地偏心式偏置“e”。
因此，两个传送轮廓以相同的方式在整个圆周上相互接合，壳体孔11、12同样如此。
偏心量e以及层厚度在D和DE之间内的自由选择使得螺槽深度GE同时彼此不同。
虽然图3所示的双螺旋式传送器轴2、3中的一个梳齿接合于孔壁13或14，但如从传送器轴2上可见的那样，另一个梳齿距孔壁13、14为距离a’。由此所形成的间隙的确减小了传送作用，但是因此提高了填充水平和材料交换，同时减小了局部材料负荷。因此，改进了横向于转动轴线的混合作用，并且因此提高了分散作用。
在图4中显示了两个传送器轴4、5的八个不同的转动位置。传送器轴2、3的梳齿和孔壁13、14之间的层厚度最大为D-DI。通过对于两个镜像面或主坐标x、y的不同的偏心量e和/或偏心角E，可以设置多个不同的层厚度。
根据图5、6、7和图9(a)到(d)，双轴挤出机具有单体式传送件17、18，各传送件具有例如2.5-4D的长度L，并且由传送器部分17a到17d和18a到18d构成。每个传送件17、18的传送器部分17a到17d和18a到18d步进式地以相同的角度、例如90°地彼此偏移设置。传送器部分17a到17d和18a到18d中的每一个实施为双螺旋式螺杆。因此，彼此啮合的传送器部分以基本上密封的方式、即例如带有小于1mm的小间隙在点C处接触，如图7和9a所示。每个传送件17、18的传送器部分17a到17d和18a到18d包含具有中心点PM的横截面轮廓，所述中心点PM相对于壳体孔11、12的中心点BM和传送器轴2、3的转动中心DM中的每一个以相同的方式偏心地偏置，如上文根据图2到4所述。
在传送件17和18的两个传送器部分17a到17d和18a到18d之间设置了挡环20a到20c，它们均与转动轴线同心。
虽然根据图5到9的实施方案涉及具有有限螺距的螺杆部分的传送件，但是根据图10到20提供了具有无限螺距的螺杆部分的传送件，以便形成相互啮合的捏合块22、23，如图10到14所示，以实现高比能输入。
因此，如图10到14可看到，每个捏合块22和23由凸轮盘22a到22d和23a到23d构成。对于根据图10到14的实施方案，在两个凸轮盘22a到22c和23a到23d之间设置了均与传送器轴的转动轴线同心的挡环24a、24b。
凸轮盘22a到22d和23a到23d包含垂直于传送器轴的横截面轮廓，其具有相对于传送器轴的中心点BM和壳体孔的转动中心以与上文根据图2、3和4描述的方式相同的方式偏心地偏置的中心点PM。即，每个凸轮盘包含两个梳齿，其中每个凸轮盘的两个梳齿中的一个紧密地接合于壳体孔的孔壁，而另一个梳齿以由于凸轮盘的偏心量而距孔壁为一定间隙的距离而设置。
因此，也形成了能带来传送作用的通道。
捏合块22和23在其端部面上包含切口27，以阻止相邻的捏合块因公差的原因而发生碰撞。
根据图15到19，捏合块29、30的每个凸轮盘29a到29d和30a到30d由相对于彼此转动了180°的两个部分盘体构成，如从凸轮盘29a的部分盘体31a和31b中可看出的那样。
相互啮合的捏合块22、23和29、30以与前文针对图2到4详细描述的方式相同的方式偏心地偏置，并且显示为相对于DM和BM的PM。
由于根据图5到9的实施方案的传送器部分17a到17d和18a到18d偏置一定角度，并且根据图10到14的实施方案的凸轮盘22a到22d和23a到23d偏置一定角度，因此在传送器轴的纵向上发生了180°的重复的轮廓包容区，这提供了针对轴向流的额外的抗力，并且在支撑Z中的挠曲区域内非常有效。
如图15中可特别看到，对于形成了传送器部分(即捏合块29的凸轮盘)的两个相邻的部分盘体31a、31b，一个部分盘体31a相对于相邻的部分盘体31b转动了180°。因此，部分盘体31b的梳齿接合于孔壁，而在部分盘体31a的梳齿和孔壁之间形成了间隙(也见图2和3)。
这同样适用于捏合块30的两个部分盘体38a和38b，其相对于捏合块29的部分盘体31a和31b转动了180°。
即，捏合块30的部分盘体38a和38b也相对于彼此转动180°。如图15所示，在挤出机的操作期间，在部分盘体38a的梳齿之前所收集的材料29因此可沿箭头40流出到形成在部分盘体38a的梳齿和孔壁之间的间隙中。
根据图20(a)到(f)，十二个传送件32、33、34连接于具有平行轴线且沿圆周设置的轴35、36、37…上，其中，传送件31到33在整个圆周上彼此咬合。传送件32、33、34…的传送横截面因此与前文使用图2到4详细描述的方式相同的方式偏心地设置。对于本发明所述的实施方案，两个相邻轴之间的轮廓包容区相对于双轴挤出机来说几乎翻倍。

Claims (11)

1.一种挤出机，具有壳体(1)，所述壳体包括至少两个传送器轴(2,3)，所述传送器轴具有能沿相同方向驱动地布置在至少两个壳体孔(11,12)中的彼此间接合的传送横截面，所述壳体孔构造成柱形的或锥形的且其轴线(15,16)设置为彼此平行或以一定角度地朝向彼此，所述两个壳体孔(11,12)的轴线之间的距离A大于D/1.4142，其中D是柱形孔的直径或锥形孔的最大直径，并且在壳体孔(11,12)和传送器轴(2,3)的外径DE之间提供有间隙a’， 
其特征在于，每个传送器轴(2,3)包括多个传送器部分(17a-17d,18a-18d)，并且每个传送器轴(2,3)上的至少两个相邻的传送器部分(17a,17b,18a,18b)相对于彼此的偏置角为180°，其中，每个传送器部分(17a,17b,18a,18b…)的横截面轮廓的中心点(PM)相对于壳体孔(11,12)的中心点和传送器轴(2,3)的转动中心(DM)偏心地偏置，其中每个传送器轴(2,3)的横截面轮廓的中心点(PM)由传送器轴(2,3)的横截面轮廓的两个镜像面(x,y)的交叉点形成。 
2.根据权利要求1所述的挤出机，其特征在于，各传送器部分(17a,17b,18a,18b…)的横截面轮廓的中心点(PM)相对于壳体孔(11,12)的中心点(BM)和传送器轴(2,3)的转动中心(DM)所偏置的偏心量e不大于(D-A)/4。 
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的挤出机，其特征在于，所述传送器部分(17a,17b,18a,18b…)的横截面轮廓的中心点(PM)相对于两个镜像面(x,y)均偏置45°。 
4.根据权利要求1所述的挤出机，其特征在于，各所述传送器部分的长度不大于孔径D。 
5.根据权利要求1所述的挤出机，其特征在于，各所述传送器部分均由凸轮盘(29,30)的两个部分盘体(31a,31b,38a,38b)形成，其中每个凸轮盘(29,30)的两个部分盘体(31a,31b,38a,38b)相对于彼此转动180°。 
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的挤出机，其特征在于，所述传送 器轴的梳齿作为螺旋垂直于壳体孔(11,12)的轴线(15,16)延伸或与之成一定角度地延伸。 
7.根据权利要求4或5所述的挤出机，其特征在于，所述传送器轴(2,3)包括设在两个传送器部分(17a-17d；18a-18d)之间的挡环(20a-20c；24a,24b)。 
8.根据权利要求7所述的挤出机，其特征在于，所述挡环设置在传送器部分之间的不同距离处。 
9.根据权利要求7所述的挤出机，其特征在于，所述挡环(20a-20c；24a,24b)的直径不大于两个壳体孔(11,12)的轴线之间的距离A。 
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的挤出机，其特征在于，所述传送器部分(17a-17d；18a-18d)由单体式传送件(4,5)中的部分形成。 
11.根据权利要求1或2所述的挤出机，其特征在于，至少六个传送器轴以等中心角的间距沿圆周设置。 
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