CN102692674B - 抗弯曲的多模光纤和光学系统 - Google Patents

抗弯曲的多模光纤和光学系统 Download PDF

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CN102692674B
CN102692674B CN201210082368.8A CN201210082368A CN102692674B CN 102692674 B CN102692674 B CN 102692674B CN 201210082368 A CN201210082368 A CN 201210082368A CN 102692674 B CN102692674 B CN 102692674B
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D·莫林
P·斯拉德
M·比戈-阿斯楚克
F·古埃尔
F·J·阿赫滕
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Draka Comteq BV
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G02B6/0288Multimode fibre, e.g. graded index core for compensating modal dispersion
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G02B6/0281Graded index region forming part of the central core segment, e.g. alpha profile, triangular, trapezoidal core
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03638Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only
    • G02B6/0365Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only arranged - - +

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种抗弯曲的多模光纤和光学系统。该多模光纤包括由外包层包住的中央纤芯。中央纤芯相对于外包层具有渐变折射率分布,并且中央纤芯的外半径r1约为30微米~50微米。该多模光纤还包括位于中央纤芯和外包层之间的内包层、以及位于内包层和外包层之间的凹槽。该多模光纤展现出降低了的弯曲损耗。

Description

抗弯曲的多模光纤和光学系统
技术领域
本发明涉及光纤传输领域,尤其涉及弯曲损耗降低了的多模光纤。
背景技术
传统上,光纤(即,通常由一个或多个包覆层包住的玻璃纤维)包括传输和/或放大光信号的光纤芯以及将光信号限制在纤芯内的光包层。因此,纤芯的折射率nc通常大于光包层的折射率ng(即,nc>ng)。
多模光纤通常用于诸如本地网络或LAN(局域网)等要求宽带宽的短距离应用。多模光纤的纤芯的直径通常约为50微米~62.5微米,而单模光纤的纤芯的直径通常约为6微米~9微米。在多模光纤中,对于给定波长,几种光模式沿着光纤同时传播。
多模光纤已经成为ITU-TG.651.1推荐下的国际标准的主题,其中,ITU-TG.651.1推荐特别定义与光纤兼容性要求有关的标准(例如,带宽、数值孔径和纤芯直径)。ITU-TG.651.1推荐(2007年7月)通过引用而被全部包含于此。
可以通过以下等式来近似光纤的数值孔径(NA)。
NA = n c 2 - n g 2
其中,nc是中央纤芯的折射率,并且ng是外包层(例如,外光包层)的折射率。
对于光纤,通常根据将折射率和光纤半径相关联的函数的图形外观来分类折射率分布。传统上,在x轴上示出相对于光纤中心的距离r,并且在y轴上示出(半径r处的)折射率和光纤的外包层(例如,外光包层)的折射率之间的差。对于具有阶梯、梯形、抛物线或三角形的各种形状的图形,折射率分布被称为“阶梯”分布、“梯形”分布、“抛物线”分布或“三角形”分布。这些曲线通常代表光纤的理论分布或设定分布。然而,制造光纤时的限制可能导致略微不同的实际分布。
对于同一传播介质(即,在阶梯折射率多模光纤中),不同模式的组延迟时间不同。组延迟时间不同导致在沿着光纤的不同径向偏移传播的脉冲之间产生时滞(即,延迟)。该延迟导致由此产生的光脉冲变宽。光脉冲变宽使该脉冲叠加在尾随脉冲上的风险增大,这导致光纤所支持的带宽(即,数据速率)减小。因此,带宽与在光纤的多模纤芯中传播的光模式的组延迟时间相关联。因而,为了确保宽带宽,期望所有模式的组延迟时间均相同。换句话说,对于给定波长,模间色散(intermodaldispersion)应当为0,或者至少应当使模间色散最小。
为了减少模间色散,远程通信时用多模光纤的纤芯的折射率通常从光纤中心向着纤芯与包层的界面逐渐减小(即,纤芯“α(alpha)”分布)。这种光纤已经使用了很多年,并且在D.Gloge等人发表的“MultimodeTheoryofGraded-CoreFibers”,BellsystemTechnicalJournal1973,pp.1563-1578中描述了这种光纤的特性,并且在G.Yabre发表的“ComprehensiveTheoryofDispersioninGraded-IndexOpticalFibers”,JournalofLightwaveTechnology,February2000,Vol.18,No.2,pp.166-177中概括了这种光纤的特性。上述所引用的各文章均通过引用而被全部包含于此。
可以根据以下等式,通过折射率值n和相对于光纤中心的距离r之间的关系来说明渐变折射率分布(即,α折射率分布)。
n = n 1 1 - 2 Δ ( r a ) α (等式1)
其中:α≥1,并且α是表示折射率分布的形状的无因次参数;n1是光纤纤芯的最大折射率;a是光纤纤芯的半径;以及
Δ = ( n 1 2 - n 0 2 ) 2 n 1 2 (等式2)
其中,n0是多模纤芯的最小折射率,其可以与(最常见是由二氧化硅制成的)外包层的折射率相对应。
因此,具有渐变折射率(即,α分布)的多模光纤具有旋转对称的纤芯分布,以使得沿着该光纤的任何径向方向,折射率的值从该光纤纤芯的中心向着其外围连续减小。当多模光信号在这种渐变折射率的纤芯中传播时,不同的光模式经历不同的传播介质(即,这是由于折射率不断变化)。而不同的传播介质对各光模式的传播速度产生不同的影响。因而,通过调整参数α的值,可以获得对于所有模式实际上均相等的组延迟时间。换句话说,可以修改折射率分布以减少或甚至消除模间色散。
通常,数值孔径较高的多模光纤的宏弯曲损耗(以下称为“弯曲损耗”)较低。
通常期望中央纤芯直径大于50微米的传统多模光纤对于多数应用均提供充分的抗弯曲性。这种示例性光纤的中央纤芯直径可以为62.5微米且数值孔径可以为0.275、或者其中央纤芯直径可以为80微米且数值孔径可以为0.3。
然而,对于较为紧密的弯曲半径(例如,5毫米),这种光纤展示对于高速传输(例如,紧凑型消费电子装置中)而言可能至关重要的极大弯曲损耗。
国际公开WO2010/036684涉及纤芯大的光纤,在此通过引用包含其全部内容。然而,其所公开的光纤的中央纤芯半径a和相对折射率差Δ满足如下:
2 &Delta; a < 5.1 &times; 10 - 3 &mu;m - 1 .
其所公开的光纤的中央纤芯未能提供降低了的微弯曲损耗,这是因为:对于给定Δ值,扩大中央纤芯将导致微弯曲损耗变大。此外,其所公开的中央纤芯半径a和相对折射率差Δ之间的关系导致不期望的大微弯曲损耗。
因此,需要一种弯曲损耗降低了且中央纤芯直径大于50微米的多模光纤。
发明内容
因此,在一个方面中,本发明涉及一种包含由外包层(例如,外光包层)包住的中央纤芯的光纤。所述外包层的折射率值为nc1。所述中央纤芯的外半径为r1,最大折射率值为n0,并且相对于所述外包层具有渐变折射率分布。此外,所述中央纤芯的相对折射率差为如下:
&Delta; = n 0 2 - n c 1 2 2 n 0 2 .
通常,所述中央纤芯的外半径r1约为30微米~50微米。通常,所述中央纤芯的外半径r1和相对折射率差Δ满足以下不等式:
2 &Delta; r 1 &GreaterEqual; 5.1 &times; 10 - 3 &mu;m - 1 .
内包层位于所述中央纤芯和所述外包层之间(例如,直接包住所述中央纤芯)。所述内包层的外半径为r2,并且相对于所述外包层的折射率差为Δn2。通常,所述内包层的外半径r2和所述中央纤芯的外半径r1之间的差r2-r1约为1微米~3微米。
凹槽位于所述内包层和所述外包层之间(例如,直接包住所述内包层)。所述凹槽的外半径为r3,并且相对于所述外包层的负的折射率差为Δn3。通常,所述凹槽的外半径r3和所述内包层的外半径r2之间的差r3-r2约为3微米~7微米。所述凹槽的折射率差Δn3通常约为-10×10-3~-5×10-3
在典型实施例中,在波长850纳米处,对于以曲率半径5毫米绕两匝,所述光纤的弯曲损耗大致为小于0.3dB。
在另一典型实施例中,在波长850纳米处,对于以曲率半径5毫米绕两匝,所述光纤的弯曲损耗大致为小于0.2dB。
在又一典型实施例中,所述中央纤芯的外半径r1和相对折射率差Δ满足以下不等式:
2 &Delta; r 1 &GreaterEqual; 5.4 &times; 10 - 3 &mu;m - 1 .
在又一典型实施例中,所述中央纤芯的外半径r1约为35微米~50微米。
在又一典型实施例中,所述中央纤芯的外径(即,2r1)约为62.5微米。
在又一典型实施例中,所述中央纤芯的外径(即,2r1)约为80微米。
在另一方面中,本发明涉及一种包括根据前述的多模光纤的光学系统。
在以下的详细说明及其附图内,进一步解释本发明的前述示例性发明内容以及其它的示例性目的和/或优点、以及实现这些的方式。
附图说明
图1图示说明根据本发明的示例性光纤的折射率分布。
图2图示说明根据本发明的示例性光纤和比较光纤的作为弯曲半径(即,曲率半径)的函数的弯曲损耗。
图3图示说明根据本发明的另一示例性光纤和另一比较光纤的作为弯曲半径(即,曲率半径)的函数的弯曲损耗。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及弯曲损耗降低了且中央纤芯直径大于50微米的多模光纤。
图1说明根据本发明的示例性光纤的折射率分布。该示例性光纤是包括由外包层(例如,外光包层)包住的中央纤芯(例如,内纤芯)的多模光纤。
如所示,该示例性光纤还包括位于中央纤芯和外包层之间(例如,直接包住中央纤芯)的内包层。在内包层和外光包层之间配置有(例如,直接包住内包层)的凹槽。
中央纤芯的外半径r1通常为30微米~50微米(例如,35微米~50微米)。此外,中央纤芯相对于外包层具有渐变折射率分布。中央纤芯的外半径r1和相对折射率差Δ通常满足以下不等式:
2 &Delta; r 1 &GreaterEqual; 5.1 &times; 10 - 3 &mu;m - 1 .
利用以下等式来定义中央纤芯的相对折射率差Δ:
&Delta; = n 0 2 - n c 1 2 2 n 0 2 .
其中,n0是中央纤芯的最大折射率值(通常与中央纤芯的中心处的折射率值相对应),并且nc1是外包层的折射率值。
光纤的内包层的外半径为r2。通常,内包层的外半径r2和中央纤芯的外半径r1之间的差r2-r1(例如,中央纤芯的外半径和凹槽的内半径之间的径向距离)为1微米~3微米。
凹槽的外半径为r3,并且凹槽相对于外包层的负的折射率差为Δn3。通常,凹槽的外半径r3和内包层的外半径r2之间的差r3-r2(例如,凹槽的宽度)为3微米~7微米。凹槽的折射率差Δn3(例如,凹槽的深度)通常为-10×10-3~-5×10-3
本多模光纤的宏弯曲性能优良。例如,在波长850纳米处,对于以曲率半径5毫米绕两匝,该光纤的弯曲损耗通常小于0.3dB(例如,小于0.2dB)。
根据本发明的示例性多模光纤包括外径为62.5微米的中央纤芯(即,62.5微米MMF)并且展现出改进了的抗弯曲性。另外,示例性多模光纤包括外径为80微米的中央纤芯(即,80微米MMF)并且展现出改进了的抗弯曲性。
如所述,示例性多模光纤包括相对于外包层具有渐变折射率分布的中央纤芯(即,渐变折射率多模光纤或GI-MMF)。GI-MMF的模态结构如下。
在具有如下的折射率分布的多模光纤中:
n ( r ) = n 1 &CenterDot; 1 - 2 &Delta; &CenterDot; ( r a ) &alpha; r &le; a n 1 &CenterDot; 1 - 2 &Delta; r &GreaterEqual; a (等式3)
其中,α约为1.9~2.1,Δ>1.2%,并且a>30微米,则可以将引导模式的有效折射率适当近似为如下:
&beta; = kn 1 &CenterDot; [ 1 - 2 &Delta; ( m M ) &alpha; / &alpha; + 2 ] 1 / 2 (等式4)
其中,m是模式的阶次,并且
M = akn 1 &CenterDot; &Delta; &CenterDot; &alpha; &alpha; + 2
其中, k = 2 &pi; &lambda; , 并且λ=850纳米。
对于α约等于2的情况,模式之间的间距在一定程度上不依赖于模式阶次并且仅是中央纤芯的半径a和中央纤芯的高度Δ的函数。
| &Delta;&beta; | &Proportional; 2 &Delta; a (等式5)
对于Δ=0.9%且a=26微米(作为阈值)的50微米的GI-MMF,考虑到大规模制造固有的扩散,该模式间距(即,Δβ)等于5.1×10-3μm-1
在不局限于任何特定理论的情况下,本发明人发现模式间距影响微弯曲损耗。实际上,考虑到表1的三个示例,较大的(即,模式间距标准)值对应着较低的微弯曲损耗。
表1
因此,根据本发明的示例性光纤的中央纤芯的外半径r1和相对折射率差Δ使得大于或等于5.1×10-3μm-1(例如,大于或等于5.4×10-3μm-1)。
为了使中央纤芯的外半径r1和相对折射率差Δ之间满足前述的关系,则如表2所示,中央纤芯的半径越大,要求Δ的值越大。
表2
a(μm) Δ(%) NA
25 >0.81 >0.185
31.25 >1.27 >0.232
40 >2.08 >0.297
50 >3.25 >0.373
通常,对于数值孔径如此大的光纤,宏弯曲损耗较低。此外,如图2和3所示,在中央纤芯和外包层之间包括凹槽进一步改进了这些大纤芯半径的MMF的宏弯曲特性。
图2图示说明根据本发明的示例性槽辅助光纤(即,示例2)和根据ITU-TG.651.1推荐的比较光纤(即,示例1)的作为弯曲半径(即,曲率半径)的函数的弯曲损耗。
图3图示说明根据本发明的另一示例性槽辅助光纤(即,示例4)和根据给定环通量注入(EncircledFluxLaunch,EFL)的另一比较光纤(即,示例3)的作为弯曲半径(即,曲率半径)的函数的弯曲损耗。
发生弯曲之前的光纤内的环通量(EF)满足下表3的标准。
表3
半径(μm) EF min EF max
10 0.2185 0.0635
15 0.3800 0.2215
20 0.5249 0.4999
对于62.5微米的MMF和50微米的MMF,宏弯曲损耗测量所用的EF的条件是根据ITU-TG.651.1推荐和IEC61280-4-1文献内的EF模板所给出的,在此通过引用包含这些文献的全部内容。
图2和3的比较光纤(示例1和3)以及示例性光纤(示例2和4)与具有表4所列出的参数的光纤相对应。
表4
如所述,示例2和4是根据本发明的具有适当宽度(即,r3-r2)和适当深度(即,Δn3)的凹槽的光纤。示例1和3是不具有凹槽的比较光纤。弯曲损耗是在波长850纳米处所测量出的。
如表4所说明以及图2和3所述,凹槽便于实现降低了的弯曲损耗。实际上,示例性光纤所展现出的弯曲损耗与比较光纤的弯曲损耗相比小了4倍以上(即,降低为比较光纤的弯曲损耗的1/4以下)。
在本说明书和/或附图中,已公开了本发明的典型实施例。本发明不限于这些典型实施例。术语“和/或”的使用包括了所列出的一个或多个关联项的任意组合和所有组合。这些附图是示意呈现,因此无需按比例绘制这些附图。除非另外说明,否则在一般含义和描述的含义上使用这些具体术语,并且这些术语并非用于进行限制。
另一测试的互连光缆包括(例如,如共同申请人的美国专利61/511,672所公开的)纤芯为80微米的槽辅助多模光纤。在波长850纳米处,这些槽辅助多模光纤具有如下的特性:(i)对于以弯曲半径5毫米绕线轴两匝的绕组,宏弯曲损耗不大于0.3dB;以及/或者(ii)对于以弯曲半径3毫米绕线轴一匝的绕组,宏弯曲损耗不大于0.5dB。在挤捏测试(pinchtest)期间,该互连光缆内所包含的这些槽辅助光纤在850纳米处经历约0.227dB的附加衰减损耗。

Claims (4)

1.一种多模光纤,其包括:
由外光包层包住的中央纤芯,其中,所述外光包层的折射率值为ncl,并且:
(i)所述中央纤芯的外半径r1为40微米~50微米、
(ii)所述中央纤芯的最大折射率值为n0
(iii)所述中央纤芯相对于所述外光包层具有渐变的折射率分布、以及
(iv)所述中央纤芯的相对折射率差定义为如下:
&Delta; = n 0 2 - n cl 2 2 n 0 2 ;
位于所述中央纤芯和所述外光包层之间的内包层,其中,所述内包层的外半径为r2;以及
位于所述内包层和所述外光包层之间的凹槽,其中,所述凹槽的外半径为r3,并且所述凹槽相对于所述外光包层的折射率差Δn3为-10×10-3~-5×10-3
其中,为5.1×10-3μm-1以上;
所述内包层的外半径r2和所述中央纤芯的外半径r1之间的差r2-r1为1微米~3微米;
所述凹槽的外半径r3和所述内包层的外半径r2之间的差r3-r2为3微米~7微米;
在波长850纳米处,对于以曲率半径5毫米绕两匝,所述多模光纤的弯曲损耗为小于0.3dB。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多模光纤,其特征在于,为5.4×10-3μm-1以上。
3.根据权利要求1所述的多模光纤,其特征在于,在波长850纳米处,对于以曲率半径5毫米绕两匝,所述多模光纤的弯曲损耗为小于0.2dB。
4.一种光学系统,其包括根据权利要求1所述的多模光纤。
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