CN102484203B - 用于改进的电子器件电极的配方 - Google Patents
用于改进的电子器件电极的配方 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102484203B CN102484203B CN201080024635.5A CN201080024635A CN102484203B CN 102484203 B CN102484203 B CN 102484203B CN 201080024635 A CN201080024635 A CN 201080024635A CN 102484203 B CN102484203 B CN 102484203B
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- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/80—Constructional details
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01L23/18—Fillings characterised by the material, its physical or chemical properties, or its arrangement within the complete device
- H01L23/26—Fillings characterised by the material, its physical or chemical properties, or its arrangement within the complete device including materials for absorbing or reacting with moisture or other undesired substances, e.g. getters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/84—Passivation; Containers; Encapsulations
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- H10K50/8426—Peripheral sealing arrangements, e.g. adhesives, sealants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/80—Constructional details
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- H10K59/874—Passivation; Containers; Encapsulations including getter material or desiccant
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
一种导电电极膏剂或油墨配方,包括用于消除或降低电子器件中的非必要的杂质的浓度的吸收剂。所述降低可在器件的制造或密封期间或之后立即发生,或者可在若干活化时间或事件之后发生。水、氧气、二氧化碳、氢、和剩余溶剂可用吸收剂进行处理。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于改进电子器件的性能的包括吸收物质的导电油墨和膏剂的配方。
背景技术
水、氧气和非必要的有机残余物会不利于半导体器件的运行或使用寿命。在诸如有机发光器件或光敏器件的以有机半导体为基的器件中尤其如是,其中水或氧气可导致电极退化或导致器件正常运作所必需的有源发光、吸收、或电荷迁移材料的退化。通常,电子器件包括导电电极或与电介质或半导体材料一道的绝缘功能部件的布置。在典型的有机发光器件或光敏器件的情况下,有源半导体和/或放射性、吸收性或电荷迁移材料夹设在导电电极之间,其在器件之内对或从作用区进行电荷载体注入或电荷载体萃取。电子注入电极称为阴极。在某些有机发光器件中,诸如在美国专利第6,605,483号创造的掺杂有机发光器件结构中,器件堆栈用以下各项构成:设置在可具有防水或氧气阻隔特性的衬底上的底层半透明的空穴注入阳极;继之以活性物质层;放置在活性物质之上并与活性物质直接接触的阴极。在某些情况下,通过在阴极上面沉积薄的阻挡膜来封装该器件,或者通过使用固定于该器件的阴极侧的阻挡膜和/或粘合剂来密封该器件,从而封装该器件和限制O2或H2O通过阳极侧的阻挡衬底膜和顶边上的封装膜进入。该过程还可捕获O2、CO2、H2、H2O或其它存在于原材料中的或者在制造过程中引入器件内部的非必要的物质,所述非必要的物质在器件内部可与器件内的电极或活性物质相互作用。
典型的导电膏剂组分,除了可以是金属薄片、颗粒、纳米粒子、纳米管、有机导体、或聚合物导体的导电材料本身之外,还可以是残余水源或杂质源。例如,导电膏剂配方还可包括聚合物或有机粘合材料,诸如聚酯、聚氨酯、导电聚合物、聚噻吩、聚苯胺、或环氧树脂,其可含有残余水或其它杂质,或其一旦印刷在器件上就可吸引、吸收、或产生非必要的杂质。可以是油墨中的非必要的杂质的来源的其它材料包括表面活化剂和添加剂,包括离子、非离子和两亲剂,以及在颗粒表面上的或者分散在油墨或膏剂的非金属组分中的杂质。
发明内容
本发明使用包含在内的吸收剂来消除或降低存在于导电膏剂或油墨配方内的或在沉积过程期间或封装器件之前引入膏剂或印刷功能部件中的非必要的杂质的浓度。非必要的杂质也可以在器件工作期间形成或者通过从环境中进入的物质而引入到器件中。在本发明的一种构型中,吸收物质在沉积时暂时不起作用、具有降低的活性、或潜在地起作用。吸收材料,诸如那些消除、封存、或转换H2O、CO2、H2、O2或其它非必要的物质的吸收材料可以直接包含入导电油墨或膏剂配方,以致于该些非必要的物质可自由这些油墨或膏剂所形成的电极中去除,或者这些非必要的物质可在器件或封装包的相邻部位中去除或具有降低的浓度。所述降低可在器件的制造或密封期间或之后立即发生,或者可在若干活化时延之后发生。按照持续时间,它们可用于消除器件中最初残留的非必要的气体或杂质,或者也可用于消除在其产品周期后期于器件中或附近出现的非必要的物质,诸如通过封装材料进入或除气作用、或在器件或封装材料本身之内发生的反应而出现的非必要的物质。特别令人关注的是H2O、O2、CO2、H2或残留溶剂吸收材料,其主要在利用油墨形成功能导电功能部件之后实现其作用,以致于所述吸收材料在那些非必要的物质不再是有意存在的时候才消除所述非必要的物质。例如,在用于有机发光器件或通过印刷或涂覆而制造的光生伏打或光电导器件的阴极的制造期间存在吸收材料,但其可在最初的制造步骤之后实现其作用。在本发明中,源自于导电膏剂的吸收剂并不是永久地饱和或通过暴露于过程环境中的H2O、O2或溶剂而消耗,诸如在来自溶剂型溶液的空气中进行处理的时候。
附图说明
图1所示为电压(V)和亮度(cd/m2)随时间而变的视图,其用于比较标准的银阴极器件和银硅烷阴极器件之间的性能,是在氮气手套箱中于2mA/cm2的电流密度下进行测试。
具体实施方式
在本发明中,吸收物质直接包含于用作电子器件中的电极的导电膏剂或油墨配方中。术语“膏剂”和“油墨”在本说明书中交替使用以描述可流动的溶液。吸收剂可为活化的、可为不饱和的、或具有足够的容量,以致于其可在空气或加工环境暴露步骤之后起作用。该概念大体适用于其中会使用导电膏剂或油墨来形成电极的电子器件,并尤其适用于有机发光二极管(OLEDs)和光生伏打器件。使用工艺技术的目的为确保吸收材料可在沉积期间至少暂时不起作用、具有降低的活性、或潜在地起作用,以在电子器件被封装和激活后提供改进的吸收作用。因此,吸收材料可在膏剂沉积和电子器件封装之后活化是特别地有用。控制吸收材料的活化可通过使用许多技术来实现,例如用热、用光、用电、通过控制非必要的物质到吸收材料的扩散的基质所作出的保护、或使用保护吸收剂的溶剂直到溶剂在稍后的诸如加热或真空处理的工艺步骤中被去除(其中加热或真空处理是在没有诸如水、氧、氢的非必要的物质的环境中进行)。若干吸收剂也可在后面的步骤中重组,诸如硅胶或某些沸石,以致于吸收剂中的水或其它吸收的物质可以用热或真空或其它手段馏出,以使吸收剂在稍后阶段重新活化。
在一个实施例中,用热来活化并与水起反应的以硅烷为基的吸收添加剂显示出改善的器件性能。在本发明的另一实施例中,在电极膏剂中包含的材料可将H2O、O2、CO2、H2或其它杂质转换成良性物质,其不与器件组分起不利的反应。另一实施例包括的吸收材料可潜伏地起作用,或可在稍后的处理步骤中活化,以将非必要的杂质(诸如水)转换成更不稳定的物质,例如,通过四乙基原硅酸盐添加剂在高温下的水解反应产生的低级醇,其比原始形态的非必要的物质更容易或更迅速地于干燥步骤中消除。这使到能够较快地去除例如H2O,其可能要求高温、长的停留时间或低的真空能级,才能有效地从有源器件材料中去除。对于基于水生的、亲水性的或吸湿的器件材料(诸如:导电聚合物(PEDOT:PSSA)、电解质材料(诸如乙烯氧化物)、电介质(诸如聚乙烯基苯酚、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、溶胶凝胶、SiOx、氮化硅))的加工,H2O和相关杂质可以为限速步骤。因此,增加去除该些物质的容易度可改善加工处理能力,降低设备成本和/或达到理想的由于其它器件材料的时间/温度限制而在实际上不能实现的低杂质量。例如,使用聚酯塑料衬底会将安全的加工温度限制于200℃以下,而对于聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯而言,更典型的为170℃以下。
根据本发明的阴极膏剂最好包括至少一种空气稳定的高功函数的金属、至少一种聚合物粘合剂、至少一种硅氧烷有机/无机水分吸收剂、至少一种有机溶剂、以及至少一种表面活化剂。用于阴极的合适的高功函数金属的例子包括银、金、铝、碳(黑色、颗粒、纳米管、富勒烯、石墨、石墨烯)、钨、铜、铬、镍、以及钼。除了前面所述,聚合物粘合剂材料的例子包括热固性和热塑性塑料、纤维素衍生聚合物、聚酯共聚物、乙烯、甲基丙烯酸酯、硅酮,和硅氧烷。在某些情况下,氟化和部分氟化的聚合物对于降低亲水性和渗水性以及使反应性较低可能较理想。合适的有机溶剂可与工艺要求相匹配,并可从多种溶剂中选择。所述溶剂的例子为卡必醇醋酸酯、乙酸乙酯、丁基卡必醇、二甘醇丁醚醋酸酯、萜烯、高级醇、二价酸酯和内酯。许多表面活化剂也适用,包括离子和非离子表面活化剂、两亲性材料、不饱和脂肪酸、油酸、烷基化羧酸、乙氧基丙氧基共聚物(ethoxypropyloxy copolymer)、硅酮和聚硅氧烷共聚物。如果需要,基质材料(matrix material)可用于前述目的。合适的基质材料的例子是那些用作粘合剂材料的材料。
本发明的例子为油墨,其中按重量计算,烷氧基硅烷的总阴极膏剂比例可以从0.01%至10%,以提供所需的效果,避免阴极功能受损。一般来说,对于以塑料衬底为基的器件而言,使用可在室温至200℃的温度范围内水解的吸收剂材料也是有用的。该概念包括使用其它化合物,诸如那些基于烷氧基取代铝(Ⅲ)、锑(Ⅲ)、钡(Ⅱ)、钛(Ⅳ)、或锆(Ⅳ)。用热、光或时间活化的有机金属化合物作为电极吸收添加剂也是有益的。
其它实施例包括溶剂或另外的稳定金属氧化物粒子(诸如钙、钡、锶、镁或硅氧化物或类似物)、高度多孔氧化物、纳米尺寸微粒吸附剂、或沸石颗粒(诸如铝硅酸盐及其衍生物)。至于H2吸收剂,金属氧化物(诸如PdO或PtO)是有用的。如果该些粒子具有较小的尺寸(于x,y,z轴的尺寸<100微米,最好<10微米)就会有优势,因为它们不会干扰器件的工作或导致较大的阴极不均匀性,而所述不均匀性可导致器件工作不均匀性或导致器件电气短路。按重量计,该些粒子最好占总阴极膏剂的0.1%至25%。过高浓度的吸收材料可以干扰电极的电性能。
利用若干使用基质和溶剂效应的上述材料可形成高度干燥的膏剂,以致在加工期间一开始就限制它们与水分的相互作用。基质效应的例子包括使用低溶解度或渗透性的基质来限制杂质进入。溶剂效应可以包括在液体功能部件附近利用溶剂蒸汽压力来阻止杂质进入。这样可以允许合理的空气加工窗,其用于可印刷或可分配的膏剂以及用它们而形成的湿印或半湿印薄膜。
此外,有吸引力的封装器件的模式涉及吸收材料的使用,以消除H2O、CO2、H2、O2或其它来自原材料或者在制造期间被困在器件中的非必要的物质,以及该些在器件封装包的初始建构期间密封在器件封装包内的非必要的物质。吸收剂材料可在阴极或电极功能部件中发挥这些作用。
电极也可以由纵向不均匀(在与印刷面或电极界面法线平行的方向上)或多层结构组成,以致于吸收剂的组分在电极内变化。这可用来隔离吸收材料,在直接接触下,吸收材料可能会损害电极界面区域,但是如果放得非常接近所述界面来发挥其吸收功能的话,则可能具有益处。还可能的是,吸收剂可能干扰在阴极或电极的某些层中的界面注射或电荷迁移。在该种情况下,在电极的界面或在关键的迁移区域具有低吸收剂浓度的多层阴极可优化电气功能,而吸收剂较多的层则提供有利的吸收作用。吸收剂也可包含在印刷为部分的电极或阴极本身的油墨或膏剂派生的互连线之内,作为多层阴极的其中一层印刷层,或作为独立的印刷电极互连功能部件。在该些功能部件中的吸收剂用来吸收在油墨或膏剂本身内的引入器件包装中的杂质,也可以用来吸收或阻止杂质从外部环境通过电极互连线或在电极互连线附近进入器件包装。这很重要,因为电极互连线从包装内的有源器件区通往包装的密封部分的外面,可使封装粘合剂和隔离材料中的本地通道或线路本身能具有较高的杂质传输率。因此在那些线路中也可以有利地包含吸收材料。
如上所述,器件的电极结构不需要相同。例如,电极可由多过一层的油墨或膏剂形成,其中所用的吸收剂及其浓度可以是不同的。浓度可以在器件的有源部份的接口之间向着对边或电极均匀地变化,但无需非常均匀。在某些情况下,理想的是,与器件的有源部分导通的电极膏剂不具有吸收剂或具有低浓度的吸收剂,以避免器件的有源部分的污染。
本发明的电极膏剂可以包括吸收剂,其与膏剂的非必要的残余成分或其它的非必要的物质起反应,或将所述残余成分或非必要的物质转换成较良性的材料。在某些情况下,所述非必要的残余成分或其它非必要的物质可转换成更不稳定的、具有较高的扩散性、或更容易消除或迁移的另一种化合物。
在加工期间或之后使用吸收剂来消除非必要的物质可以产生性能较高的器件,也可以减少对加工环境的环境控制,从而提供更简单、更快速的制造工艺,更低成本的器件,并允许使用较不昂贵的加工设备。
实例1.用作为有机发光器件的阴极的混合正硅酸乙酯银导电膏剂。
a.制备混合正硅酸乙酯(硅烷)银(Ag)膏剂
在99g的主要包括银片和颗粒、聚合物粘合剂、表面活化剂和挥发性溶剂的市售银膏中加入1g正硅酸乙酯(硅烷),以在膏剂中产生1%的硅烷含量。然后在印刷前在室温下将膏剂混合过夜。
b.控制:具有标准的银阴极的完全丝网印刷的白色发光器件
掺杂的发光聚合物(LEP)油墨(基于由住友化学和剑桥显示技术合资的Sumation提供的LEP)用丝网印刷印到具有1cm2的作用区的预置图案的铟锡氧化物(ITO)涂覆的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)衬底上。通过在真空状态下加热衬底来去除溶剂之后,将上电极Ag标准银膏印刷到LEP层上并干燥以形成阴极和互连层,并完成器件生产。然后传送该器件到氮气手套箱内,并在2mA/cm2的恒定电流密度下进行测试。亮度(Cd/m2)和电压(V)皆记录作为时间函数(图1)。最大亮度(Lmax)为326Cd/m2,最大亮度效率(L.E.)为16.3Cd/A,而最大功率效率(P.E.)为3.4lm/W。申请人业已利用外推法t1/2x(Lmax/100)y将于Lmax下的使用寿命转换到于100Cd/m2下的使用寿命,其中t1/2为到最大亮度Lmax的一半的时间,而y则为指数,其大体在1.2至2.1之间变化。对于该些基于此类LEP的完全丝网印刷的器件,业已发现该系数y约为1.8。因此,当使用1.8系数的y时,该器件具有2180h的亮度使用寿命(100Cd/m2)。
c.具有混合硅烷银阴极的完全丝网印刷的白色发光器件
通过使用上述的银-硅烷膏剂而不是银-标准膏剂,以类似于上述的用于控制的方式制造一种器件。其Lmax为355Cd/m2,L.E.为17.7Cd/A以及P.E.为3.6lm/W。利用1.8的亮度对寿命加速指数来推算(图1),该器件在100Cd/m2的亮度寿命为3250h。在亮度寿命上的这种改进是因为在使用靠近阴极的外部吸收剂干燥的器件中的类似改进而产生的。这表明,由于在加热时,银膏剂中的水份通过硅烷添加剂的水解而被去除,因此,银硅烷器件具有更好的寿命性能,同时其硅烷醇产品对该器件没有不利的补偿作用。这种在阴极区中的水汽的减少可以提升功能和减缓阴极退化。它还可为水产生扩散梯度,该梯度则可将水逐出器件的作用区(在此例子中为包含LEP的区域)。水引起的活性层组分的光氧化和水汽引起的掺杂减活作用皆为器件性能退化机理,通过减少作用区的水气含量,可减少该退化机理的影响。要注意,在光生伏打器件、传感器器件和开关器件中,光氧化也为性能退化机理。如图表1中的化学反应所示,硅烷上的其中一团烷氧基原子团与水发生水解,生成乙醇,由于乙醇的蒸气压较高或在LEP退火工艺中与膏剂组分的粘合力较低,乙醇比水更容易去除。所述的水解反应可以在额外的水和具有余下的烷氧基原子团的硅烷醇之间继续进行。由于可通过热退火有效地去除乙醇,硅烷的水解反应变得不可逆转的,水可以用化学方法去除,导致了较佳的器件使用寿命。
图表1
虽然已参照实施例对本发明作出具体叙述,但对于本领域的技术人员而言,显而易见的是,在不背离本发明的精神和范围下,可在其中的构型和细节之内预期出不同的改型、变型和替换方案。因此,应该明白,在许多情况下,可使用本发明的某些功能部件而无需相应地使用其它的功能部件。此外,本领域的技术人员会明白,可对所示的数值和组分结构作出改变。
Claims (5)
1.一种包括作用区的电子器件,其中的改进包括使用导电电极膏剂构成的电极,所述电极膏剂包括:导电金属、吸收剂材料和粘合材料,其中所述吸收剂材料是烷氧基硅烷吸收添加剂;以及其特征在于:在所述电极膏剂沉积时,所述吸收剂材料暂时不起作用、具有降低的活性、或潜在地起作用,并且其特征在于:在电极中所述吸收剂材料的浓度在电极与所述电子器件的作用区的界面和电极的对边之间变化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电子器件,其特征在于:所述吸收剂材料的浓度在电极与所述电子器件的作用区的界面处较低,而在电极的对边处较高。
3.一种包括作用区的电子器件,其中的改进包括比作用区具有较低浓度的性能降低材料的电极,从而使所述性能降低材料从作用区扩散到所述电极,其中所述电极包括吸收剂材料以降低所述性能降低材料的浓度,并且所述吸收剂材料是烷氧基硅烷吸收添加剂;以及
其特征在于:在制造所述电极时,所述吸收剂材料暂时不起作用、具有降低的活性、或潜在地起作用。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电子器件,其特征在于:在制造所述电子器件之后,所述吸收剂材料被活化。
5.根据权利要求4所述的电子器件,其特征在于:所述吸收剂材料通过一种选自由以下各项组成的组的技术而活化:热活化、光学活化、电气活化、去除抑制所述吸收剂材料的活性的溶剂、以及通过控制所述吸收剂材料的污染物扩散的基质对所述吸收剂材料的保护。
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