CN102428138A - 封装剂组合物、其制造方法和用途 - Google Patents

封装剂组合物、其制造方法和用途 Download PDF

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CN102428138A
CN102428138A CN2010800216538A CN201080021653A CN102428138A CN 102428138 A CN102428138 A CN 102428138A CN 2010800216538 A CN2010800216538 A CN 2010800216538A CN 201080021653 A CN201080021653 A CN 201080021653A CN 102428138 A CN102428138 A CN 102428138A
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卢克·A·斯切戈夫斯基
瑞安·T·塔克
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Abstract

公开一种封装剂组合物,其包含约15至约50重量%的乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯/马来酸酐共聚物;约20至约40重量%的乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物;约2至约30重量%的乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯/马来酸酐共聚物;约5至约50重量%的聚乙烯,约0.05至约5重量%的增粘剂;以及任选的约0.01至约2重量%的至少一种添加剂。所述组合物可用于封装薄膜器件。本公开还涉及用所述组合物封装薄膜器件的方法,以及通过所述方法制得的器件。

Description

封装剂组合物、其制造方法和用途
技术领域
本公开涉及可用于封装薄膜器件的组合物。本公开还涉及用该组合物封装薄膜器件的方法,以及通过该方法制造的器件。
背景技术
聚合物材料用于构造光伏模块以保护电池、提供电绝缘和防止环境腐蚀。因机械性能与诱人价格的结合,来自各供应商的基于乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)聚合物的封装剂代表了绝大多数所用材料。
关于EVA聚合物与共聚物长期存在的症结之一是暴露在大气湿气和/或紫外线时生成腐蚀性乙酸的潜力。这尚未证实是结晶硅单元的明显缺点,并且,考虑到所生成酸的低的潜在百分比以及低的生成速率,看起来在利用“可透气”背板构造,即
Figure BDA0000109391500000011
/聚酯/(TPT)或层合聚酯的构造中酸的累积不可能会是问题。
但是,随着硅价格提高,非结晶器件的类型增加,并且许多模块都采用这些技术制造。虽然这些器件可以显著节约成本,但是它们更容易遭受湿气形式的环境损害,并且对乙酸累积的潜在作用更为敏感。
因为仅水就可能对于蒸汽沉积的器件如非晶硅而言是个问题,所以大多数这些构造均依赖于“不透气”背衬,通常为玻璃。虽然在业内对于乙酸的重要性存在一些争论,并且每天用基于EVA聚合物的封装剂生产大量模块,仍然有正当的担心理由,并且明显需要消除酸问题的材料。多种非EVA封装剂在商业上使用,如基于聚硅氧烷、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)和离子聚合物的那些。当与EVA相比时,大多遭遇一些问题,如在湿气渗透率(MVTR)或使用便利性方面,并且都明显更为昂贵。
考虑到提高薄膜器件的耐久性且同时保持成本尽可能低的重要性,期望开发具有见于EVA的使用便利性和低成本的、基于非EVA的封装剂。如果该封装剂提供良好的湿气保护和/或腐蚀保护,特别是当用于蒸汽沉积模块时,这将会更为有利。
发明内容
本发明本公开涉及用于薄膜器件的封装剂组合物。所述组合物包含乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯/马来酸酐共聚物、乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物、乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯/马来酸酐共聚物、聚乙烯、增粘剂以及任选至少一种添加剂。本公开还涉及利用所述封装组合物封装薄膜器件的方法,以及通过所述封装方法制造的器件。
具体实施方式
本文描述包含具有特定的聚合组分组合的封装剂组合物。特别地,本发明人已经发现,利用至少四种基于乙烯的共聚组分的组合可获得提高的耐湿气和/或耐腐蚀性。相应地,一个实施方案包括封装剂组合物。基于组合物总重量计,所述组合物包括:
约15至约50重量%或约20至约35重量%或约25至约30重量%的乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯/马来酸酐共聚物;
约20至约40重量%或约22至约35重量%或约25至约30重量%的乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物;
约2至约30重量%或约5至约20重量%或约10至约17重量%的乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯/马来酸酐共聚物;
约5至约50重量%或约10至约40重量%或约20至约35重量%的聚乙烯;
约0.05至约5重量%或约0.1至约3重量%或约0.3至约1重量%的增粘剂,和
任选地,约0.01至约2或约0.05至约1重量%的至少一种添加剂。
基于共聚物中单元总重量计,乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯/马来酸酐共聚物包含约10至约25重量%或约15至约20重量%的丙烯酸乙酯单元和约1至约10重量%或约2至约5重量%的马来酸酐单元,其余的单元衍生自乙烯。
基于共聚物总重量计,乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物包含约5至约15重量%或约6至10重量%的(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯单元,其余的单元衍生自乙烯。
基于共聚物总重量计,乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯/马来酸酐共聚物包含约3至约10重量%或约5至8重量%的丙烯酸丁酯单元和约2至约10重量%或约3至约6重量%的马来酸酐单元,其余的单元衍生自乙烯。
上述共聚物可以通过已知的聚合技术如自由基聚合而由各自的单体制得。或者,共聚物的代表性实例是市售的。例如,可以采用Arkema以商标
Figure BDA0000109391500000021
销售的共聚物。乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯/马来酸酐共聚物的具体实例是
Figure BDA0000109391500000031
7500。乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物的具体实例是
Figure BDA0000109391500000032
AX 8840。乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯/马来酸酐共聚物的具体实例是4210。
共聚物可以是无规共聚物或嵌段共聚物。
所用的聚乙烯没有特别限制,只是其在标准条件下(例如在磨机上)必须可与其它聚合物一起加工。代表性聚乙烯包括极低密度聚乙烯(VLDPE)、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)(包括线形低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE))、高密度聚乙烯(包括极高密度聚乙烯(VHDPE))或其组合,条件还是聚乙烯可与其它聚合物一起加工,并提供所需的粘附特性。聚乙烯可以通过已知方法制得,例如使用齐格勒-纳塔型催化剂或金属茂催化剂制得。低密度聚乙烯具有约0.9至约0.95克/立方厘米的密度,极低密度聚乙烯具有小于0.9克/立方厘米的密度,并且高密度聚乙烯高于0.95克/立方厘米。聚乙烯的代表性实例是市售的。具体实例包括由AT Plastics销售的
Figure BDA0000109391500000034
和由Exxon销售的LD
Figure BDA0000109391500000035
LD与LD
该增粘剂没有限制并可包括可用于促进乙烯型均聚物和/或共聚物与基材的粘附的任意类型组合物。增粘剂的实例包括含有烯基团的有机硅烷(例如末端烯键式不饱和基团如(甲基)丙烯酰氧基)或环氧基。市售有机硅烷的具体实例包括可作为由DeGussa(现为Evonik)销售的
Figure BDA0000109391500000038
Memo和作为来自Dow的获得的3-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷。增粘剂的其它实例包括基于环氧、丙烯酸酯和嵌段异氰酸酯的组合物。市售基于嵌段异氰酸酯的组合物的具体实例是得自Air Products的
Figure BDA00001093915000000310
封装剂组合物可任选包含至少一种添加剂。添加剂可以包括UV稳定剂、UV吸收剂、抗氧化剂、润滑剂、填料、染料及任意这些的组合。可清除水、酸和/或碱的添加剂可与上述添加剂结合使用。添加剂是市售的,并可包括二苯甲酮、取代或位阻胺、取代或位阻酚、脂肪酸的金属盐、滑石、碳酸钙、粘土、二氧化钛、炭黑、有机磷酸酯/盐和有机亚磷酸酯/盐。
UV稳定剂和吸收剂的具体市售实例包括由CIBA销售的Tinuvin 770
Figure BDA00001093915000000311
由Cytec Industries销售的
Figure BDA00001093915000000312
UV-531吸光剂和由Ed-LynnNetwork销售的LC
Figure BDA00001093915000000313
封装剂组合物通过熔融加工来配制,例如使用已知的挤出技术熔融挤出各组分(例如共聚物、聚乙烯、增粘剂和任选添加剂)。例如,组分被真空进料到称量料槽,后者随后翻滚以混合组分。组分被进料到挤出机中,在挤出机中熔融混合并由模头挤出为片状。可使用单螺杆或双螺杆挤出机。挤出机可以具有沿挤出机长度的、温度为约150至350°F的一个或更多个温度区。或者,组分可以在沿挤出机长度的一个或更多个添加点处顺序加入挤出机中。任选地,组分中的一种或更多种(例如,添加剂中的一种或更多种)可以制成母料并在开始时或在沿挤出机的一个或更多个添加点处加入熔体中。方法没有限制,只要获得均匀的组分熔体即可。
本公开的另一实施方案包括用上述封装剂组合物封装薄膜器件的方法。通常,该方法涉及将薄膜器件与封装剂组合物一起置于第一基材和第二基材之间。封装剂组合物通常为薄带形式,其在第一和第二基材边缘周围形成框架。在两个基材之间未被薄膜器件或封装剂占据的任何空间可以容纳空气、氮气、氩气或任意其它惰性气体,或可以抽空至约1×10-12至约10托的压力。
薄膜器件没有限制,可以是任意可用类型的电子器件。例如,薄膜器件是选自光伏电池、发光二极管、有机发光二极管和液晶显示器中的至少一种。
该第一和第二基材没有限制。对某些应用来说,基材的至少一个对光而言是透明的或部分透明的。基材可以选自玻璃、塑料、石英晶体或这些的组合。玻璃或塑料的类型没有限制。塑料包括丙烯酸树脂如来自Arkema的聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)、含氟聚合物如来自Dupont的ETFT和来自Arkema的PVDF、聚酯、和聚乙烯。
第一基材和第二基材可以通过层压利用封装剂组合物来密封在一起。层压涉及将封装剂组合物的片置于第一基材和第二基材之间以形成层合体,并将层合体加热至高于封装剂组合物的熔点。随后使层合体冷却,以在第一基材和第二基材之间形成密封。没有被薄膜器件占据的空间可以容纳空气。任选地,空气可用氮气、氩气或其它惰性气体代替,或者该空间可以在层压工艺的加热阶段过程中抽空至1×10-12至10托的压力。其它方法包括在真空和无压力情况下的压热器法、在压力和非真空情况下采用加热辊的辊-辊和夹辊技术。
该公开的另一实施方案包括通过上述方法制得的电子器件。电子器件可以是光伏电池、发光二极管、有机发光二极管或液晶显示器。电子器件可以包括各薄膜器件的一个或更多个,或各薄膜器件的一个或更多个的组合。例如,电子器件可包含多个光伏电池,或可包含一个或更多个光伏电池和一个或更多个发光二极管。
下列实施例仅用于举例说明的目的,而无意于限制本公开的范围。
实施例
制备几种封装剂组合物并随后进行比较以评价组合物作为用于薄膜器件的封装剂的性能。组合物中使用的组分在表1中列出。
表1
Figure BDA0000109391500000061
使用剥离粘附技术和蠕变测试技术评价封装剂组合物。剥离粘附技术测量基材与封装剂组合物之间的粘合。高于30磅/英寸的剥离强度通常认为是可接受的。蠕变测试技术定性测量封装剂组合物的最低令人满意固化水平。下面描述各技术的方法。
使用已经用异丙醇清洗并用棉纸干燥的玻璃板进行粘附测试。玻璃板放置在一片防粘衬层上,并且一片1英寸×12英寸的封装剂组合物放置在玻璃上,对齐左边缘并使组合物的长度向右延伸。一小片防粘衬层置于组合物下方,沿玻璃横向放置,距离玻璃右侧1/2英寸。将
Figure BDA0000109391500000071
/聚酯/
Figure BDA0000109391500000072
层合体(TPT)的1英寸×12英寸片段放置在组合物和玻璃上,闪光面朝下。接下来,将一大片防粘衬层放置在最上方以覆盖整个样品,并在约280至约320°F下将样品层压约4至约20分钟。然后,使样品冷却至室温。冷却后,将玻璃面朝下放置在切割板上,其中TPT/组合物部分朝上取向。试样在距试样边缘1/2英寸的3个点处作标记。用美工刀从上到下切割两个1/2寸的TPT/封装剂带,并修整溢出玻璃两侧的任何过量组合物。从顶部朝玻璃拉伸带,直到粘附到玻璃的组合物产生阻力。然后使美工刀划过组合物熔融到玻璃的点以松动连接。随后将样品放置在张力计中并以每分钟200毫米的十字头速度测定玻璃与组合物之间粘合的抗拉强度(以磅/平方英寸计)。随后计算平均剥离力。最小值随用途变化并采用约20磅/英寸至约80磅/英寸的粘合强度。
蠕变试验通过将1英寸×4英寸的组合物带片悬挂在烘箱中并在试验带底部加重物来进行。重物为试验带重量的3倍。条带用相距两英寸的记号来标记并在选定温度(90℃、100℃和130℃)下在炉中放置10分钟。保持记号之间2英寸初始间隔的固化条带合格,拉长超过记号之间2英寸间隔的固化条带不合格。合格/不合格标准是令人满意的组合物固化的度量。
用于剥离粘附和蠕变试验的试验带样品按如下制备。样品用不同百分比的聚合物组分来制备。四种聚合物组分和增粘剂以各自的选定重量百分比干混到称量料槽中。干混的组分随后在单螺杆挤出机中熔融混合并从模头中挤出成厚度为约0.46毫米的片形。挤出机以大约140至约310°F的温度运行。挤出的片随后在上述剥离粘附和蠕变试验中进行评价。
进行三项研究来确定聚乙烯负载的影响、乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯/马来酸酐共聚物和乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物的比例的影响以及乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯/马来酸酐共聚物负载的影响。所用聚合物总结在表1中。结果总结在表2-4中。
表2.聚乙烯负载对剥离强度的影响
Figure BDA0000109391500000081
表3.乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯/马来酸酐共聚物和乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物的比例对剥离粘附和蠕变的影响
Figure BDA0000109391500000082
表4.乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯/马来酸酐负载对剥离粘附的影响
Figure BDA0000109391500000091
封装剂制剂E的湿气渗透率(MVTR)与市售封装剂(EVA和离子聚合物)比较。MVTR方法为ASTM F-1249-90,并且结果总结在表5中。结果显示,当使用所公开的封装剂时相对于市售产品在23和40℃下在湿气渗透率方面获得出乎预料的改进。封装剂制剂E出乎预料地在湿气渗透方面表现出比更常采用的EVA封装剂高两个数量级的改进。
表5.湿气渗透率的比较
Figure BDA0000109391500000092
用如表6中所示的多种不同聚合物代替AT 280来制备其它实施例。示例性制剂包含28重量%的Lotader 7500、28重量%的Lotader 8840、5.5重量%的Lotader 4210、28重量%的聚乙烯和0.5重量%的MEMO。测试初始剥离强度和在85℃下暴露于85%相对湿度(DH)500小时后的剥离。结果显示在表6中。
表6.聚乙烯聚合物的影响
Figure BDA0000109391500000101
结果可与优选实施例相比的唯一制剂含有Exxon LD 506。
用表6中所示多种不同促进剂代替MEMO增粘剂来制备其它实施例。每种配方含有28重量%的Lotader 7500、28重量%的Lotader 8840、15.5重量%的Lotader 4210、28重量%的聚乙烯和0.5重量%的增粘剂。测试初始剥离强度和在85℃下暴露于85%相对湿度(DH)500小时后的剥离。结果显示在表7中。
表7.增粘剂的影响
提供最佳结果的增粘剂是3-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷和3-缩水甘油醚氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷。
本文中所用单数形式也包括复数形式,除非上下文明确指出。还应理解,当用于本说明书时,术语“包含”和/或“包括”明确限定所述特征、整数、步骤、操作、要素和/或组分的存在,但是不排除一种或多种其它特征的存在或加入。涉及相同组分或性质的所有范围的端点包括该端点并可独立地组合。
本说明书中引用的所有公开、专利和专利申请以任意和所有目的通过引用并入本文,如同各个公开、专利或专利申请逐一明确指示为通过引用并入本文那样。在冲突的情况下,以本公开为准。
前文举例说明和描述了本公开。此外,本公开仅仅显示和描述了本公开的优选实施方案,但是,如上所述,应当理解,能够在本文中所表达的概念的范围内作出与上述教导和/或相关领域的技术或知识相称的变动或修改。上文所述实施方案还进一步解释已知实施本发明的最佳方式,并使得本领域技术人员能够在所述或其它实施方案中和采用本文中公开的特定用途或应用所需的各种修改来使用本公开。相应地,说明书无意于将本发明限制为本文中公开的形式。此外,所附权利要求应解释为包括替代实施方案。

Claims (13)

1.一种封装剂组合物,包括:
约15至约50重量%的乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯/马来酸酐共聚物;
约20至约40重量%的乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物;
约2至约30重量%的乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯/马来酸酐共聚物;
约5至约50重量%的聚乙烯;
约0.05至约5重量%的增粘剂;和
任选地,约0.01至约2重量%的至少一种添加剂。
2.权利要求1所述的封装剂组合物,其中所述乙烯/丙烯酸乙酯/马来酸酐共聚物包括约10至约25重量%的丙烯酸乙酯单元和约1至约10重量%的马来酸酐单元,其中所述乙烯/(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物包括约5至约15重量%的(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯单元,并且其中所述乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯/马来酸酐共聚物包括约3至约10重量%的丙烯酸丁酯单元和约2至约10重量%的马来酸酐单元。
3.权利要求1-2中所述的封装剂组合物,其中所述共聚物是无规共聚物,并且所述聚乙烯是低密度聚乙烯,其中所述低密度聚乙烯的密度为约0.9至约0.95克/立方厘米。
4.权利要求1-3中所述的封装剂组合物,其中所述增粘剂包括有机硅烷,其中所述有机硅烷包含烯基团或环氧基团。
5.权利要求1-4中所述的封装剂组合物,其中所述至少一种添加剂选自UV稳定剂、UV吸收剂、抗氧化剂、润滑剂、填料、染料及其组合。
6.一种封装薄膜器件的方法,包括:
提供薄膜器件;
将所述薄膜器件置于第一基材与第二基材之间;和
利用权利要求1-5所述的封装剂组合物将所述第一基材和所述第二基材密封在一起,以封装所述薄膜器件。
7.权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述薄膜器件是选自光伏电池、发光二极管、有机发光二极管和液晶显示器中的至少一种。
8.权利要求6-7所述的方法,其中所述第一基材和第二基材是选自玻璃、塑料和石英晶体中的至少一种。
9.权利要求6-8所述的方法,其中所述第一基材和第二基材通过层压利用所述封装剂组合物密封在一起。
10.权利要求9所述的方法,包括:
将所述封装剂组合物置于所述第一基材和第二基材之间以形成层合体;
向所述层合体施加压力;
将所述层合体加热至高于所述封装剂组合物的熔点的温度;
将所述层合体冷却至室温以在所述第一基材和所述第二基材之间形成密封。
11.权利要求10所述的方法,其中未被所述薄膜器件占据的所述基材之间的空间用氮气、氩气或其它惰性气体填充,或者在所述层合体的所述加热过程中抽空以形成真空。
12.一种电子器件,其通过权利要求6-11所述的方法制得。
13.权利要求12所述的电子器件,其中所述薄膜器件是选自光伏电池、发光二极管、有机发光二极管和液晶显示器中的至少一种。
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