CN102321145B - 一种粗品茶皂素的脱色方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种粗品茶皂素的脱色方法,是向粗品茶皂素溶液中加入复合脱色剂于室温下搅拌反应2min,所述的复合脱色剂由金属复氢化物与酸性亚硫酸盐按质量比为3∶1~1∶10的比例混合配制而成,复合脱色剂的加入量为茶皂素溶液中溶质质量的1-5%。本脱色剂只与粗品茶皂素中多酚类、黄酮类色素成分反应,起脱色作用,脱色后的茶皂素其润湿、乳化、起泡、持泡性等表面活性不受影响。
Description
一、技术领域
本发明涉及一种农副产品的深加工,具体地说是粗品茶皂素的一种脱色方法。
二、背景技术
茶皂素(C30H50O26)是从油茶饼粕中提取的五环三萜类化合物。其基本结构是由皂苷元、糖体及有机酸组成,具有乳化、分散、湿润、去污、发泡、稳泡等性能,是一种性能优良的天然非离子型表面活性剂。茶皂素的水溶液经震荡后产生蜂窝状泡沫,起泡力强,泡沫具有持久性,而且不受水质硬度影响,可用于洗涤剂、化妆品等多种日用化工产品的开发。茶皂素同时还是一种优良的生物活性剂,具有多方面的生物活性,如溶血性、抗渗消炎、化痰止咳、镇痛、杀精子、降血清胆固醇、抗高血压高血脂、抗癌、抗菌杀菌及止痒等功能。
目前使用较多的为茶皂素的粗提物经喷雾干燥所得的粉末,其提取工艺简单、纯度不高且含有大量色素成分。据文献记载,油茶饼粕粗提物中含有约40%茶皂素,其余成分有蛋白质、单宁、黄酮、多酚、多糖等,其中多酚类、黄酮类物质为主要色素物质。2%的茶皂素粗提物的水溶液为颜色较深的棕褐色,严重限制了其应用的范围。现多作为混凝土引气剂、鱼塘清塘剂使用,只有极少量应用于化妆品领域。因此,如何有效脱色,扩展其应用范围称为了当务之急。到目前为止国内对于茶皂素脱色的研究也有不少,研究较多的方法有双氧水氧化脱色法、次氯酸钠脱色法、活性炭吸附法、活性白土脱色法等。其中效果最好的当属双氧水氧化脱色法,但其需要60~70℃的反应温度,且加入较大量时才有一定脱色效果,同时由于双氧水为强氧化剂,茶皂素本身的糖苷键又容易断裂,因此该法对产品的发泡性、持泡性有较大影响。
三、发明内容
本发明针对现有粗品茶皂素脱色方法效果不佳的缺陷,旨在提供一种新的粗品茶皂素的脱色方法,所要解决的技术问题是另辟蹊径使用还原法进行脱色处理。
粗品茶皂素中含有大量多酚、黄酮类物质,它们是主要的色素成分。部分色素十分稳定,在pH4~14条件下都不会分解、颜色不会发生明显变化,且难以除去。本发明针对粗品茶皂素中多酚类、黄酮类物质为主要成色物质的特点,独创性地使用复合脱色剂进行脱色。
所述的复合脱色剂由金属复氢化物与酸性亚硫酸盐按质量比3∶1~1∶10的比例混合配制而成的复合脱色剂,简称脱色剂。
金属复氢化物亦称金属配位氢化物,在以下的叙述中简称配位氢化物,选自氢化铝锂(LiAlH4)、氢硼化钠(NaBH4)、氢硼化钾(KBH4)或硼氢化锂(LiBH4)等。
所述的酸性亚硫酸盐选自亚硫酸氢钠、亚硫酸氢钾或亚硫酸氢铵等。
本发明的技术方案是向粗品茶皂素溶液中加入脱色剂于室温下搅拌反应,该反应十分迅速,2min即可。反应结束后若底部有少量沉淀则是反应产物α-羟基磺酸盐,过滤分离除去即可。
脱色剂的添加量为粗品茶皂素溶液中溶质质量的1~5%。所述的溶质是指粗品溶液中的茶皂素。
配位氢化物具有复盐结构,具有亲核性,当与醛或酮反应时将进攻羰基中带正电的碳原子,继而发生氢离子转移,使羰基转变为醇羟基,而且具有高度的选择性,它只攻击羰基,而不影响分子中的碳碳双键和叁键。化学反应方程式为:
亚硫酸氢根离子与醛、酮也会发生加成反应,生成α-羟基磺酸盐。反应方程式如下:
实验结果表明,本脱色剂有协同作用的脱色效果。使用紫外-可见光全波长扫描显示与原样相比脱色样品在343nm处吸光值发生明显减少,故以343nm波长测定的吸光值为标准计算脱色率。经过比较,本方法脱色率达87.6%。本方法脱色剂用量较少,且脱色后其润湿、乳化、去污起泡性、持泡性等表面活性无明显影响,说明本脱色剂仅同色素成分反应,而不与皂苷类物质反应。
粗品茶皂素溶液的pH值为5.5-6.0。实验表明,这正是本脱色剂脱色所需的pH值范围,在此条件下,粗品溶液中存在的其他有机、无机杂质如蛋白质、硝基、氰基、亚胺基、卤素等对脱色效果并无影响。
四、附图说明
图1本脱色剂与双氧水脱色效果比较。
图2脱色对样品起泡性影响,图中左为粗品,右为脱色样品。
图3脱色对样品持泡性影响,图中左为粗品,右为脱色样品。
图4脱色前紫外-可见光全波长扫描图。
图5脱色后紫外-可见光全波长扫描图。
五、具体实施方式
自市场购买茶皂素含量40%的油茶饼粕粗提物粉末,用水稀释至茶皂素含量1%(g/V)的粗品溶液,该溶液呈棕色。
向3个烧杯中各加入含量1%(g/v)粗品茶皂素溶液250mL,其中0号为空白对照,1号为加入3%(75mg)由LiAH4和NaHSO4按3∶1质量比配制的脱色剂反应2min,2号为加入5%(v/v)过氧化氢60℃脱色30min样品,脱色效果见图1。
通过实验可以看出本脱色剂脱色效果明显优于传统双氧水脱色法。实验发现,继续以一定比例加入两种脱色剂,脱色效果仍然向更好的方向发展,但已经不明显,且会造成脱色剂的浪费。在此条件下,测定343nm下的脱色率为87.6%。
脱色剂对发泡性影响的测定均精确量取100mL的样液,使用组织捣碎机打泡30s,在量筒中测定泡沫最高液面刻度作为起泡性数据;30min后读取泡沫最高液面刻度,作为持泡性数据。
表1起泡性、持泡性数据
从表中可以看出本脱色剂的使用不但不会影响样品的起泡性,还有一定程度上的增效。这可能与配位氢化物的加入有一定关系。因为配位氢化物溶解在水中会有大量气泡产生,从而增加了样品的泡沫体积。
Claims (3)
1.一种粗品茶皂素的脱色方法,其特征在于:向pH值为5.5-6.0的粗品茶皂素溶液中加入复合脱色剂于室温下搅拌反应2min;所述的复合脱色剂由金属配位氢化物与酸性亚硫酸盐按质量比为3:1~1:10混合配制而成,复合脱色剂的加入量为粗品茶皂素溶液中溶质质量的1-5%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的脱色方法,其特征在于:所述的金属配位氢化物选自氢化铝锂、氢硼化钠、氢硼化钾或硼氢化锂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的脱色方法,其特征在于:所述的酸性亚硫酸盐选自亚硫酸氢钠、亚硫酸氢钾或亚硫酸氢铵。
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CN108129523B (zh) * | 2017-12-28 | 2020-11-10 | 江西师范大学 | 一种无患子皂苷的脱色方法 |
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