CN102281870B - 新型控释组合物 - Google Patents
新型控释组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102281870B CN102281870B CN200980149805.XA CN200980149805A CN102281870B CN 102281870 B CN102281870 B CN 102281870B CN 200980149805 A CN200980149805 A CN 200980149805A CN 102281870 B CN102281870 B CN 102281870B
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Abstract
本披露提供了一种含有多个微粒和一种基质的控释组合物及其制备方法。多个微粒含有第一材料,基质含有第二材料。第一材料的熔化温度高于第二材料的熔化温度。
Description
技术领域
本披露主要涉及一种新型控释组合物,该组合物包括一种基质和操作性地连接于该基质的多个微粒,以及该组合物的制备方法和使用方法。
背景技术
为达到最佳的预防或治疗效果,对许多疾病或状态需要给予药物或生物活性物质并在体内达到稳定或持续的药物水平。这可以通过多剂量给药或者利用可持续释药或者可控制释药的体系来实现。控释药物组合物有两大主要优势,一是可在较长的时间里维持较高的治疗水平,二是可在达到与速释制剂相同效果的同时减少服药次数,从而提高病人的依从性。
维持药物浓度的方式包括,例如,使用含有药物的生物可降解材料,如聚合物的控释组合物。聚合物控制的药物传递系统使许多药物治疗的成功率得到了显著的提高。在这种药物传递系统中,活性物质的代谢动力学以及生物分布依赖于聚合物载体的理化性质和/或降解性质。通过使用这些聚合物的组合物,如以微粒或微球的形式,可实现药物的持续释放。
然而,很多问题阻碍了微粒控释组合物的应用。例如,微粒易于聚集成团,从而显著影响控释组合物的性质。微粒控释组合物在使用前须加入大量的溶剂,溶剂与组合物的比例一般在80-90%∶10-20%,这使很多情况微粒控释组合物的使用变得非常困难,比如在实体瘤中注入微粒控释组合物时。另外,植入组织的微粒在组织中比较容易移动,使得检测药物在植入点附近组织释放速度变得不现实,即便不是不可能。因此,迫切需要对微粒控释组合物进行改进。
发明内容
在此提供了控释组合物及其制备方法。还提供了使用这些控释组合物用于治疗/预防/诊断人或动物体内状态的方法。
一方面,本披露提供了一种控释组合物,其含有操作性地连接于基质的多个微粒,其中:
多个微粒中含有第一材料和第一活性物质;
基质中含有第二材料;
第一材料具有初熔温度TH;
第二材料具有全熔温度TL;
ΔT=TH-TL;以及
ΔT>0。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料或第二材料是聚合物或非聚合的有机化合物。在一些实施方式中,第一材料和第二材料是聚合物或非聚合的有机化合物。在一些实施方式中,第一材料是聚合物,而第二材料是非聚合的有机化合物。在一些实施方式中,第一材料是非聚合的有机化合物,而第二材料是聚合物。在一些实施方式中,第一材料包括聚合物和非聚合的有机化合物的组合。在一些实施方式中,第二材料包括聚合物和非聚合的有机化合物的组合。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料和/或第二材料包括由至少一种单体形成的聚合物,该单体独立地选自下组:L-乳酸、糖类、草酸乙二醇酯、对二氧杂环己酮、ε-己内酯、氰基丙烯酸乙酯、氰基丙烯酸丁酯、β-羟基丁酸酯、3-羟基丁酸酯、4羟基戊酸酯、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷、癸二酸、右旋醣、葡萄糖醋酸酯、羟基取代的葡萄糖、乙醇酸、ε-己酸内酯、1,4二氧杂环己-2-酮、癸二酸酐、十二酸酐、乙二醇、氧乙烯、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷、3-羟基丁酸酯、3-羟基戊酸酯、己内酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、明胶、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、天冬酰胺、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、酪氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸、谷氨酸、苏氨酸、谷氨酰胺、腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶、胞嘧啶和二甲基硅氧烷。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料和/或第二材料可独立地选自下组:聚(L-乳酸)、右旋糖酐、聚草酸乙二醇酯、聚对二氧杂环己烷酮-ε-己内酯、聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯、聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯、聚β-羟基丁酸酯、3-羟基丁酸酯和4羟基戊酸酯共聚物、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、胆固醇、醋酸纤维素、羟丙甲基纤维素酞酸酯、玉米朊、聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、聚ε-己酸内酯、聚1,4二氧杂环己-2-酮、聚癸二酸酐、聚十二酸酐、聚乙二醇、聚氧乙烯、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸棕榈酸乙二醇酯、十六醇酯蜡、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯与3-羟基戊酸酯共聚物、棕榈蜡、乙基纤维素、十八烷醇、聚己内酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚明胶和硅橡胶。
在一些实施方式中,ΔT可以是≥2℃。在一些实施方式中,ΔT可以是≥5℃,在其他实施方式中,ΔT可以是≥10℃,≥20℃,≥30℃,≥40℃,或者≥50℃。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料和第二材料中至少一个是生物可降解的。在一些实施方式中,第一材料是生物可降解的。在一些实施方式中,第二材料是生物可降解的。在一些实施方式中,第二材料的降解速度比第一材料快。
在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的至少一个进一步包括第一添加剂。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的至少一个还包括包衣。
在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的至少一个包括大约2%至大约98%重量的第一材料,大约2%至大约98%重量的第一活性成分,大约0%至大约30%重量的第一添加剂。
在一些实施方式中,基质还包括第二活性成分。在一些实施方式中,基质还包括第二添加剂。
在一些实施方式中,控释组合物含有约1%到约95%重量的微粒,约2%到约98%重量的第二材料,约0%到约70%重量的第二活性物质,以及约0%到约30%重量的第二添加剂。
在一些实施方式中,多个微粒可以均匀地分布于或包埋于基质。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒可以根据预定的模式分布于或包埋于基质。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒可以随机地分布于或包埋于基质。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒可以包衣在基质表面。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的一部分可以包埋于基质,而其余部分可以包衣在基质表面。
在一些实施方式中,控释组合物还包括包衣。
在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的至少一个的直径可以是约1μm至约5000μm。在这些实施方式的一些中,多个微粒的至少一个的尺寸可以是约20μm至约1000μm,在其他实施方式中,约50μm至约100μm,或约120μm至约1000μm。
在一些实施方式中,控释组合物的尺寸可以是约0.2mm至约200mm。
在另一方面,本披露还提供了一种控释组合物的制备方法,其含有操作性地连接于基质的多个微粒,其中,该方法包括:
制备含有第一材料和第一活性物质的多个微粒;以及
将多个微粒加入含有第二材料的基质形成组合物中,由此形成控释组合物,其中:
第一材料具有初熔温度TH;
第二材料具有全熔温度TL;
ΔT=TH-TL;以及
ΔT>0。
在一些实施方式中,该制备方法可进一步包括加热基质形成组合物至温度Tm,其中TH>Tm>TL。在另一些实施方式中,TH-Tm和/或Tm-TL可以大于等于约5℃,大于等于约10℃,或者大于等于约20℃。在一些实施方式中,该方法可进一步包括为多个微粒和/或控释组合物包衣。
在一些实施方式中,该方法还包括把基质形成组合物溶于一溶剂,其中,第二材料溶于该溶剂,而第一材料或含有第一材料的微粒基本不溶于该溶剂。
在另一方面,本披露还提供了一种处理一对象体内状态的方法,包括向该对象给药此处提供的控释组合物。在一些实施方式中,状态可以是病理状态、生理学状态或美容整形状态。
本发明的其他特征和优势将在下面的详细说明中得以体现。但是应理解,详细说明和具体实施例虽然指出了本发明的优选实施方式,但仅作为说明使用,因为本领域的熟练技术人员从本详细说明中可以很容易地得出在本发明思想和范围内的多种变动和修改。
附图说明
图1列出了一份天然和半合成生物可降解材料的示例表格,这些材料可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图2列出了一份合成生物可降解材料的示例表格,这些材料可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图3列出了一份合成生物可降解材料的示例表格,这些材料可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图4列出了一份合成生物可降解材料的示例表格,这些材料可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图5列出了一份合成生物可降解材料的示例表格,这些材料可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图6列出了一份有机化合物的示例表格,这些化合物可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图7列出了一份非生物可降解材料的示例表格,这些材料可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图8列出了一份环糊精材料的示例表格,这些材料可通过本发明中的一种实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图9列出了一份材料的示例表格,这些聚合物可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图10列出了一份聚(对二氧环己酮乙交酯)聚合物的示例表格,这些聚合物可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图11列出了一份聚(CPP-SA)聚合物的示例表格,这些聚合物可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图12列出了一份聚乙二醇聚合物的示例表格,这些聚合物可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图13列出了一份聚泊洛沙姆聚合物的示例表格,这些聚合物可通过本发明中的实施方式之一制备控释组合物。
图14展示了说明控释组合物组成的两幅示意图。
具体实施方式
I.控释组合物
在此提供的控释组合物包括操作性地连接至基质的多个微粒,其中,多个微粒包括第一材料;基质包括第二材料;第一材料的熔点高于第二材料。
在一方面,本披露提供了一种控释组合物,其含有操作性地连接于基质的多个微粒,其中,多个微粒中含有第一材料和第一活性物质;基质中含有第二材料;第一材料具有初熔温度TH;第二材料具有全熔温度TL;ΔT=TH-TL;以及ΔT>0。
A.材料
控释组合物包括第一材料、第二材料以及第一活性物质。第一材料和/或第二材料可以是业界已知的任意合适的材料。此处所用术语“材料”包括聚合物、非聚合有机化合物以及其组合。在一些实施方式中,第一材料或第二材料是聚合物或非聚合的有机化合物。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料包括聚合物。在一些实施方式中,第二材料包括聚合物。聚合物包括:1)聚合的分子,其包括两个或多个以共价连接键合在一起的重复单元;以及2)通过聚合反应由小分子形成的聚合分子。聚合物的重复单元可以是任何适于形成化学联合的化合物。重复单元也被称为单体。单体的示意性例子包括:烷类、烯类、炔类、酸类、醇类、酯类、胺类、酰胺类、酮类、醚类、酸酐类、氮化物、核苷酸、核酸、氨基酸和多糖。例如,明胶,其含有氨基酸的重复单位,本身是聚合物(蛋白),但明胶还可以进一步的被交联,形成聚(明胶),其含有共价连接的聚集的明胶。
本披露的第一材料和/或第二材料可包括由业界已知的合适的单体形成的聚合物。在一些实施方式中,单体独立地选自下组:L-乳酸、糖类、草酸乙二醇酯、对二氧杂环己酮、ε-己内酯、氰基丙烯酸乙酯、氰基丙烯酸丁酯、β-羟基丁酸酯、3-羟基丁酸酯、4羟基戊酸酯、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷、癸二酸、右旋醣、葡萄糖醋酸酯、羟基取代的葡萄糖、乙醇酸、ε-己酸内酯、1,4二氧杂环己-2-酮、癸二酸酐、十二酸酐、乙二醇、氧乙烯、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷、3-羟基戊酸酯、己内酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、明胶、氨基酸例如异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、天冬酰胺、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、酪氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸、谷氨酸、苏氨酸、谷氨酰胺、核苷酸例如腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶、胞嘧啶和二甲基硅氧烷。
本披露的第一材料和/或第二材料可包括任何业界已知的合适的聚合物。在一些实施方式中,第一材料和/或第二材料可以是天然的聚合物、半合成聚合物、合成聚合物,或其组合。天然聚合物包括多糖(例如淀粉、纤维素和树胶等)、多肽、蛋白质和多核苷酸。天然聚合物的示意性例子包括:淀粉、糊精、微晶纤维素、阿拉伯胶、壳聚糖、透明质酸、海藻酸盐、右旋糖酐、黄蓍胶、黄原胶、玉米朊、胶原、明胶、和虫胶等。天然聚合物的更多例子请见图1。合成聚合物可以是任何通过人工对单体聚合形成的聚合物。合成聚合物的示意性例子有,聚氧乙烯、聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)、聚(乳酸)、和对二氧杂环己烷酮-乙交酯共聚物。更多半合成聚合物的例子在图2-5中有提供。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料和/或第二材料包括由相同的重复单元或单体形成的聚合物(同聚物)。例如,聚(乙二醇)包括重复的乙二醇单体。由于聚合度的不同,包括同样单体的同聚物可以有不同的平均分子量,并因此具有不同的熔点。例如,聚(乙二醇)(PEGs)具有很广的平均分子量范围,如PEG1000、PEG1500、PEG2000、PEG6000以及PEG20000。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料和/或第二材料包括由至少两种不同的重复单元或单体形成的聚合物(异聚物)。例如,聚(乳酸-乙醇酸)包括乳酸和乙醇酸的重复单元。包括相同单体的异聚物可以具有不同的单体摩尔配比,因此,可以具有不同的熔点。例如,聚(乳酸-乙醇酸)具有不同的乳酸对乙醇酸摩尔配比,如90∶10、80∶20、75∶25、60∶40或50∶50。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料和/或第二材料可选自图1-5和图7-13中所列的任意聚合物。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料包括非聚合有机化合物。在一些实施方式中,第二材料包括非聚合有机化合物。非聚合有机化合物包括任何不包括重复单元的有机化合物。非聚合有机化合物的示例性例子包括脂肪酸(如硬脂酸、柠檬酸)、脂肪醇(如胆固醇、硬脂醇)、脂肪酯(如硬脂酸棕榈酸乙二醇酯、硬脂酸棕榈酸二乙二醇酯以及甘油二十二烷酸酯)、蜡(如巴西棕榈蜡、微晶蜡以及白蜡)以及任何合适的组合。在一些实施方式中,非聚合化合物可以是包括一种以上有机化合物的混合物。例如,巴西棕榈蜡包括80-85%脂肪酸酯、10-16%脂肪醇、3-6%酸以及1-3%烃的组合。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料和/或第二材料可选自图6所列的任何非聚合有机化合物。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料包括聚合物而第二材料包括非聚合有机化合物,或者相反。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料包括聚合物和非聚合有机化合物的组合。在一些实施方式中,第二材料包括聚合物和非聚合有机化合物的组合。
第一材料和/或第二材料可以是生物可降解的材料、非生物可降解的材料或其组合。术语“生物可降解的材料”是指当暴露于具有与活有机体内体内环境的基本相似的物理、化学或生物特征的体内或体外环境时,可以被完全或基本降解、腐蚀或吸收的材料。当一种材料可被有机体内的例如水解、酶解、氧化、代谢过程、整体或表面侵蚀等等所逐渐分解、再吸收、吸收和/或消除,那么该材料可被降解或腐蚀。此处所用的术语“有机体”是指人和动物。生物可降解的材料在有机体内降解为无毒性成分,并且其在目标组织位置的降解不会导致组织刺激或坏死。生物可降解材料的示例性例子包括,淀粉、玉米朊、聚(乳酸)、聚1,3二氧杂环己-2-酮、聚癸二酸酐、烷氧基聚膦腈、聚原酸酯、聚谷氨酸、泊洛沙姆、胆固醇、硬脂酸、和硬脂醇。更多的生物可降解的聚合物的例子在图1-5中有提供。非生物可降解的材料是那些在有机体内不能降解的材料。非生物可降解的材料的示意性例子包括,聚乙烯醇、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚氨基甲酸酯、和卡波姆。更多非生物可降解的材料在图7中有提供。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料和/或第二材料可独立选自下组:聚(L-乳酸)、右旋糖酐、聚草酸乙二醇酯、聚对二氧杂环己烷酮-ε-己内酯、聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯、聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯、聚β-羟基丁酸酯、3-羟基丁酸酯和4羟基戊酸酯共聚物、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、胆固醇、醋酸纤维素、羟丙甲基纤维素酞酸酯、玉米朊、聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、聚ε-己酸内酯、聚1,4二氧杂环己-2-酮、聚癸二酸酐、聚十二酸酐、聚乙二醇、聚氧乙烯、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸棕榈酸乙二醇酯、十六醇酯蜡、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯与3-羟基戊酸酯共聚物、巴西棕榈蜡、乙基纤维素、十八烷醇、聚己内酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚明胶和硅橡胶。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料包括一种以上材料的组合。在一些实施方式中,第一材料包括以下的至少一种:(i)聚(L-乳酸)与至少一种化合物的组合,该化合物选自下组:右旋糖酐、聚草酸乙二醇酯、聚对二氧杂环己烷酮-ε-己内酯、聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯、聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯、聚β-羟基丁酸酯、3-羟基丁酸酯和4羟基戊酸酯共聚物、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、胆固醇、醋酸纤维素、羟丙甲基纤维素酞酸酯、和玉米朊;(ii)聚草酸乙二醇酯与至少一种化合物的组合,该化合物选自下组:右旋糖酐、聚对二氧杂环己烷酮-ε-己内酯、聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯、聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯、聚β-羟基丁酸酯、3-羟基丁酸酯和4羟基戊酸酯共聚物、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、胆固醇、醋酸纤维素、羟丙甲基纤维素酞酸酯、和玉米朊;(iii)聚β-羟基丁酸酯与至少一种化合物的组合,该化合物选自下组:右旋糖酐、聚对二氧杂环己烷酮-ε-己内酯、聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯、聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯、3-羟基丁酸酯和4羟基戊酸酯共聚物、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、胆固醇、醋酸纤维素、羟丙甲基纤维素酞酸酯、和玉米朊;(iv)1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物与至少一种化合物的组合,该化合物选自下组:右旋糖酐、聚对二氧杂环己烷酮-ε-己内酯、聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯、3-羟基丁酸酯和4羟基戊酸酯共聚物、胆固醇、醋酸纤维素、羟丙甲基纤维素酞酸酯、和玉米朊;和(v)聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯与至少一种化合物的组合,该化合物选自下组:右旋糖酐、聚对二氧杂环己烷酮-ε-己内酯、聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯、3-羟基丁酸酯和4羟基戊酸酯共聚物、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、胆固醇、醋酸纤维素、羟丙甲基纤维素酞酸酯、和玉米朊。
在一些实施方式中,第二材料包括一种以上材料的组合。在一些实施方式中,第二材料包括以下的至少一种:(i)聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物与至少一种化合物的组合,该化合物选自下组:聚ε-己酸内酯、聚1,4二氧杂环己-2-酮、聚癸二酸酐、聚十二酸酐、聚乙二醇、聚氧乙烯、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸棕榈酸乙二醇酯、十六醇酯蜡、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、和3-羟基丁酸酯与3-羟基戊酸酯共聚物;(ii)聚ε-己酸内酯与至少一种化合物的组合,该化合物选自下组:聚1,4二氧杂环己-2-酮、聚癸二酸酐、聚十二酸酐、聚乙二醇、聚氧乙烯、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸棕榈酸乙二醇酯、十六醇酯蜡、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、和3-羟基丁酸酯与3-羟基戊酸酯共聚物;(iii)聚1,4二氧杂环己-2-酮与至少一种化合物的组合,该化合物选自下组:聚癸二酸酐、聚十二酸酐、聚乙二醇、聚氧乙烯、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸棕榈酸乙二醇酯、十六醇酯蜡、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、3-羟基丁酸酯与3-羟基戊酸酯共聚物;和(iv)聚癸二酸酐与至少一种化合物的组合,该化合物选自下组:聚十二酸酐、聚乙二醇、聚氧乙烯、硬脂酸、硬脂醇、硬脂酸棕榈酸乙二醇酯、十六醇酯蜡、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、和3-羟基丁酸酯与3-羟基戊酸酯共聚物。
在一些实施方式中,微粒或基质包括均质材料或异质材料。均质材料是包括相同聚合物、相同重复单元或相同非聚合有机化合物的材料。异质材料是包括不同聚合物、不同单体、不同非聚合有机化合物或其组合的材料。
B.熔点
可以根据熔点来选择第一材料和第二材料。在本披露中,术语“熔点”可被广义地解释为包括以下温度:1)材料的固相和液相保持平衡的熔点;2)固态材料软化的温度;以及3)材料的化学结构改变的分解温度。如业界所熟知,当暴露于热时,固态材料会熔化或转换为液态形式,或者软化和分解而不产生该材料的任何液态形式,或者分解而不软化或熔化。熔化通常发生在固相和液相保持平衡的一个温度范围,随着温度的上升,固体最终变成液态。某些材料并不会熔化,但会随着温度的升高而软化。软化温度通常是通过慢慢加热有特定负载的测试材料直至其发生变形来确定。当温度高于材料的化学结构发生变化(如分解或氧化)的特定温度时,材料会发生分解。
聚合物的熔点与其分子量以及其单体组成相关。在一些实施方式中,具有不同分子量的同聚物具有不同的熔点。例如,分子量为103、1.5×103、2×103以及3×103的聚(乙二醇)的熔点分别为37-40℃、44-48℃、45-50℃以及48-54℃。图8、9、12以及13中提供了更多的例子。在一些实施方式中,具有不同摩尔配比的单体的异聚物具有不同的熔点。例如,1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷对癸二酸摩尔比为4∶96、22∶78、41∶59以及60∶40的聚(1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸)的熔点分别为76℃、66℃、178℃以及200℃。图9-11中提供了更多的例子。
还可以根据初熔温度(Ti)和全熔温度(Tc)来选择第一材料和第二材料。术语“初熔温度(Ti)”是指发生以下现象的温度:1)如果材料可熔化,材料样本开始液化时的温度;或2)如果材料可软化但不可熔化,材料样本开始软化时的温度;或3)如果材料不可熔化也不可软化,材料样本开始分解时的温度。术语“全熔温度(Tc)”是指发生以下现象的温度:1)如果材料可熔化,整个材料样本变成液态时的温度;或2)如果材料不可熔化,材料开始分解时的温度。
在一些实施方式中,材料是均质的,材料的Ti和Tc是均质材料的Ti和Tc。在一些实施方式中,材料是异质的,材料的Ti是具有最低的Ti的材料组分的Ti,材料的Tc是具有最高的Tc的材料组分的Tc。在一些实施方式中,材料是异质的并且是低共熔混合物,材料的Ti是低共熔温度(eutectic melting temperature)的Ti,材料的Tc是低共熔温度的Tc。“低共熔混合物”是指包括一种以上材料组分的异质材料,其具有的各组分的比例使得所有材料组分在低于任意单个组分的熔点的温度下共同液化。
Ti和Tc可以用业界已知的方法来确定,例如,不限于差示扫描量热法(请参D.Braun et al,Polymer synthesis:theory and practice:fundamentals,methods,experiments,Published by Springer,2005,Edition 4,p124-126;R.Koningsveld et al,Polymer phase diagrams:a textbook,Published by Oxford University Press,2001,p24),基于毛细管的方法(请参例如R.P.Brown et al,Handbook of polymer testing:physical methods,Published by CRC Press,1999,p348-349)或基于显微镜的方法(请参例如A.K.Kolb et al,Automatic microscopicmethod for determination of melting point,Anal.Chem.,1967,39(10):1206-1208),基于Kofler热块的方法,维卡测试,Martens方法,以及热畸变温度测量法(请参例如D.Braun et al,Polymer synthesis:theory and practice:fundamentals,methods,experiments,Published by Springer,2001,Edition 3,p86-88),基于分解容器的方法,气相色谱,热重分析(TGA),或TGA与质谱结合或TGA与FTIR谱结合(请参例如D.Braun et al,Polymer synthesis:theory and practice:fundamentals,methods,experiments,Published bySpringer,2001,Edition 3,p93-94;D.Braun et al,Polymer synthesis:theory and practice:fundamentals,methods,experiments,Published by Springer,2005,Edition 4,p 123-124)。
可以根据熔点差异来选择第一材料和第二材料。在一些实施方式中,根据以下方程式计算ΔT:
ΔT=TH-TL
其中,TH是第一材料的Ti,TL是第二材料的Tc。
在一些实施方式中,第一材料和第二材料可以被选择以使得ΔT>0℃。在一些实施方式中,第一材料和第二材料的ΔT≥2℃。在一些实施方式中,第一材料和第二材料的ΔT≥5℃。在一些实施方式中,第一材料和第二材料的ΔT≥10℃。在一些实施方式中,第一材料和第二材料的ΔT≥20℃。在一些实施方式中,第一材料和第二材料的ΔT≥30℃。在一些实施方式中,第一材料和第二材料的ΔT≥40℃。在一些实施方式中,第一材料和第二材料的ΔT≥50℃。表1展示了第一材料和第二材料以及它们的ΔT的示例性例子。
表1.第一材料和第二材料及其ΔT的示例性例子
在一些实施方式中,第一材料和第二材料可以是选自以下组的一对材料:聚(L-乳酸)与聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、聚(L-乳酸)与聚ε-己酸内酯、聚(L-乳酸)与聚1,4二氧杂环己-2-酮、聚(L-乳酸)与聚癸二酸酐、聚(L-乳酸)与聚十二酸酐、聚(L-乳酸)与1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物与聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物与聚ε-己酸内酯、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物与聚1,4二氧杂环己-2-酮、聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯与聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯与1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯与聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯与1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、聚草酸乙二醇酯与聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、聚草酸乙二醇酯与聚ε-己酸内酯、聚草酸乙二醇酯与聚1,4二氧杂环己-2-酮、聚草酸乙二醇酯与聚癸二酸酐、聚草酸乙二醇酯与聚十二酸酐、聚草酸乙二醇酯与1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、右旋糖酐与聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯、右旋糖酐与聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯、右旋糖酐与聚L-乳酸、右旋糖酐与聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、右旋糖酐与1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、右旋糖酐与聚癸二酸酐、醋酸纤维素与聚L-乳酸、醋酸纤维素与聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯、醋酸纤维素与聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、醋酸纤维素与聚癸二酸酐、醋酸纤维素与聚十二酸酐、巴西棕榈蜡和聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、乙基纤维素和十八醇、巴西棕榈蜡和聚己内酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚L-乳酸、聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)和聚明胶、硅橡胶和聚L-乳酸、乙基纤维素以及聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)和聚乙二醇的组合、聚L-乳酸和右旋糖酐的组合以及聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)和聚乙二醇的组合、右旋糖酐以及聚L-乳酸和聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)的组合。
在一些实施方式中,还可以根据生物降解速率来选择第一材料和/或第二材料。在一些实施方式中,可以这样选择第一材料和/或第二材料,使得第二材料降解速度快于第一材料。
在一些实施方式中,可以通过测量材料在有机体内的重量损失速度来确定第一材料和/或第二材料的生物降解率。例如,可以通过包括以下步骤的方法来测量重量损失速度:用测试材料制备植入物;把特定量的植入物植入有机体;以及在指定时间期间后测量植入材料的重量。
在一些实施方式中,可以通过测量材料在有机体内特性粘度的损失速度来确定第一材料和/或第二材料的生物降解速率。不希望受理论的限制,但认为特性粘度与材料,特别是聚合物,的分子量直接关联。可以通过包括以下步骤的方法来测量特性粘度损失速度:用测试材料制备植入物;把特定量的植入物植入有机体;在指定时间期间后采样特定量的植入物;以及测量植入样本和植入之前样本的粘度。可以用业界已知的合适的方法来测量粘度,例如,用玻璃粘度计如Ostwald型粘度计和Ubbelohde型粘度计(请参M.Chanda,Introduction to polymer science and chemistry:a problem solving approach,publishedby CRC Press,2006,p218-221)。
在一些实施方式中,可以如此选择第一材料和第二材料,使得第二材料的降解速度快于第一材料,其中,第一材料是聚L-乳酸,第二材料可以是聚(乳酸-乙醇酸)。
C.活性物质
本披露的控释组合物可以是药物组合物或美容整形用组合物。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物可以是可植入的药物组合物,例如但不限于,治疗癌症的医用植入剂。
本披露的控释组合物包括至少一种活性物质。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物的微粒包括第一活性物质。一些实施方式中,控释组合物的基质还包括第二活性物质。在一些实施方式中,第一活性物质和/或第二活性物质包括一种活性物质。在一些实施方式中,第一活性物质和/或第二活性物质包括至少两种活性物质的组合。在一些实施方式中,第一活性物质和第二活性物质可以是相同的也可以是不同的。此处所用的术语“活性物质”包括但不限于药用活性物质、美容整形用活性物质、生理活性物质或其组合。活性物质的例子包括但不限于,药物、药品、治疗物质、药疗、疗方、生物制剂、化学实体、新化学实体、疫苗、植物提取物、小分子化合物、核酸、多肽、抗体或其功能性片段、多糖、脂类、及其组合。任何适用于本披露的目的的本领域已知的活性物质都可以用作第一活性物质和/或第二活性物质。
药用活性物质的示例性例子包括但不限于,局部麻醉药、抗癫痫药及抗惊厥药、抗老年痴呆药、镇痛药、抗痛风药、抗高血压药,抗心律失常药,利尿药,肝脏疾病用药,胰腺疾病用药,抗组胺药,抗过敏药,糖皮质激素类药物,性激素类药物及避孕药,降糖药,抗骨质疏松药,抗生素,磺胺类、喹诺酮类及其他合成抗菌药,抗结核病药,抗病毒药,抗恶性肿瘤药,以及免疫调节剂。示例性的活性物质在表2中详细列出。示例性的美容整形用活性物质也在表2中列出。
表2
C.微粒和基质
控释组合物包括操作性地连接至基质的多个微粒。
多个微粒包括第一材料和第一活性物质。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的至少一个包括第一材料和第一活性物质。微粒中第一材料和第一活性物质的重量百分比可在任意合适的范围内变化,业界一般技术人员可以适当地选择。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的至少一个包括约2%至约98%重量百分比的第一材料,以及约2%至约98%重量百分比的第一活性物质。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的至少一个包括约20%至约70%重量百分比的第一材料,以及约30%至约80%重量百分比的第一活性物质。
在一些实施方式中,多个微粒还包括第一添加剂。业界已知的任意合适的添加剂都可以被采用。在一些实施方式中,添加剂可以是药用可接受的物质、组合物或载体。添加剂涉及改变控释组合物的物理和/或化学性质,调节活性物质的释放率,和/或使接近身体的生理状态。
每一添加剂是“药用可接受的”,与控释组合物的其他组分相容,如材料和活性组分,并且适于与有机体的组织或器官接触而没有过度的毒性、刺激、过敏反应、免疫原性或其他问题或综合症,与合理的利益/风险比相称。
任何适用于本披露目的的添加剂都可被采用,例如,速率改变剂、抗氧化剂、调色剂、缓冲剂、芳香剂、搅味剂、甜味剂、填充剂、润滑剂、等渗剂、抗菌剂、麻醉剂、防腐剂、均化剂、毒性调整剂、赋形剂、粉剂、盐水,或业界已知的其他添加剂,或其各种组合。
适用的速率改变剂包括,例如羧甲基纤维素钠,羧甲基纤维素钠,粉状纤维素,胶质二氧化硅,交聚维酮,可解聚的瓜尔豆胶,镁铝硅酸盐,甲基纤维素,海藻酸,羧甲基纤维素钙,聚克立林钾(和其他阳离子交换树脂如Amberlite树脂),淀粉,预糊化淀粉,乙醇钠淀粉,海藻酸钠,无机盐(例如,氯化钠,氯化钾),吐温类,卖泽类,蔗糖,乳糖,山梨醇,甘露醇,果糖,葡萄糖,葡聚糖,脂肪酸酯,肌醇,硬脂酸镁,硬脂酸锌,硬脂酸钙,阿拉伯胶和海藻酸钠。
适用的抗氧化剂包括,例如甲硫氨酸,抗坏血酸,乙二胺四乙酸,硫代硫酸钠,铂,过氧化氢酶,柠檬酸,半胱氨酸,硫代甘油,巯基乙酸,硫代山梨糖醇,丁基羟基茴香醚,二叔丁基对甲酚,和/或没食子酸丙酯。减少氧化可以预防或减少结合亲和力的降低,从而提高组合物的稳定性,延长保质期。
适用的填充剂包括,例如滑石粉,二氧化钛,淀粉,高岭土,纤维素(微晶或粉末)及其组合。
适用的缓冲剂包括,例如醋酸钠,氯化钠,氯化钾,氯化钙,乳酸钠及类似品,用于模拟有机体的生理条件。
适用的润滑剂包括,例如滑石粉,硬脂酸钙,硬脂酸镁,固体聚乙二醇,十二烷基硫酸钠。
微粒中添加剂的重量百分比的范围为约0%至约30%。在一些实施方式中,微粒中添加剂的重量百分比的范围为约0%至约20%。
在一些实施方式中,多个微粒还可带有包衣。不希望受理论限制,但认为微粒的包衣可改变活性物质的释放模式或改变微粒的物理和/或化学性质。例如,包衣可改变活性物质释放速度。再例如,包衣可改变微粒的透光度。
可采用任意适用的包衣物质。在一些实施方式中,包衣物质包括糖。在一些实施方式中,包衣物质包括聚合物。在一些实施方式中,包衣物质还包括增塑剂,使包衣物质中的聚合物更加软和柔韧。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的包衣物质包括聚合物,其初熔温度高于基质中含有的第二材料的全熔温度。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的包衣物质包括调色剂以保护微粒不受光照的影响。
控释组合物中多个微粒的重量百分比可在任意合理的范围内变化。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物包括约1%至约95%重量百分比的多个微粒。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物包括约20%至约80%重量百分比的多个微粒。
控释组合物的基质包括第二材料。在一些实施方式中,基质还包括第二活性物质。基质中的第二活性物质可以与多个微粒中的第一活性物质相同,也可以与其不同。在一些实施方式中,基质还包括第二添加剂。在一些实施方式中,基质中的第二添加剂可以与多个微粒中的第一添加剂相同,也可以与其不同。
控释组合物中基质的重量百分比可在任意合理的范围内变化。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物包括约2%至约98%重量百分比的第二材料。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物包括约20%至约80%重量百分比的第二材料。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物包括约0%至约70%重量百分比的第二活性物质。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物包括约0%至约30%重量百分比的第二活性物质。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物包括约0%至约30%重量百分比的第二添加剂。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物包括约0%至约20%重量百分比的第二添加剂。
多个微粒可以是操作性地连接于控释组合物的基质。此处所用的术语“操作性地连接”或“操作性地连接于”,可以包括将微粒包埋、包含、整合、结合、组合、交联、混合、和/或包衣于基质上。在一些实施方式中,微粒可以包埋在基质中。在一些实施方式中,微粒可以均匀地或者随机地分布或包埋在基质中。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒可以按照预先设定的方式,例如但不限于,分层的方式,分布或包埋在基质中。在一些实施方式中,微粒可以包衣于基质上。在一些实施方式中,一部分微粒可以包埋在基质中,而其余的微粒可包衣于基质上。图14的一个示意图展示了控释组合物的一种有代表性的组成。
在一些实施方式中,控释组合物还包括包衣。包衣可以由业界技术人员适当地决定,例如,期望包衣改变控释组合物的物理化学性质(如透光度),或改变活性物质从控释组合物释放的速度或模式。
多个微粒和/或控释组合物的形状和尺寸可以由业界一般技术人员适当地选择。微粒可以是业界已知的任何合适的形状,例如但不限于,不规则形状、管状、板状、颗粒状、块状以及膜状。多个微粒的尺寸可以在很广的范围内变化。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的至少一个的尺寸(直径)在约1μm到约5000μm的范围内。在一些实施方式中,多个微粒的至少一个的尺寸(直径)在约20μm到约1000μm的范围内。
控释组合物可以是任何不规则形状或者规则形状,例如但不限于,丸、丸链、环、膜片、膜、颗粒、球、块、针和柱。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物可以是以下形状:柱、膜、丸或丸链。
控释组合物可以是任何适于给药路径和目标位置的尺寸,并且可由业界一般技术人员适当地选择。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物的尺寸可以为约0.2mm到约200mm。例如,控释组合物可以是柱状,其半径为约0.2mm到约10mm,长度为约0.3mm到约20mm,或者其半径为约0.3mm到约5mm,长度为约0.4mm到约10mm。在另一实施方式中,控释组合物可以是膜状或膜片状,其半径为约5.0mm到约150mm,厚度为约0.1mm到约5mm;半径为约10mm到约60mm,厚度为约0.3mm到约2mm;长度为约5.0mm到约150mm,宽度为约3.0mm到约100mm,厚度为约0.1mm到约5mm;或长度为约10mm到约100mm,宽度为约5.0mm到约100mm,厚度为约0.3mm到约2mm。又例如,控释组合物可以是颗粒状,其半径为约0.5mm到约20mm,或约3.0mm到约10mm。
在又一方面,本披露提供了一种控释组合物,其包括操作性地连接至基质的多个微粒,其中,控释组合物可以由包括以下步骤的方法制备获得:制备包括第一材料和第一活性物质的多个微粒;以及把多个微粒加入基质形成组合物以形成控释组合物。
II.制备方法
在又一方面,本披露提供了一种制备此处提供的控释组合物的方法,其包括:制备包括第一材料和第一活性物质的多个微粒;以及把多个微粒加入基质形成组合物以形成控释组合物。
此处提供的多个微粒可以用业界已知的任意合适的方法制备获得。在一些实施方式中,可以通过向第一活性物质提供第一材料形成微粒,从而制备获得多个微粒。第一材料可以是一种或多种聚合物,一种或多种非聚合有机化合物,或一种或多种聚合物和一种或多种非聚合有机化合物的组合。在一些实施方式中,通过向第一活性物质提供形成聚合物的单体,从而形成微粒。形成聚合物的单体可以聚合形成聚合物。在一些实施方式中,制备微粒的方法还包括把获得的产物切分成期望的尺寸。
在一种实施方式中,微粒的制备可以通过混合活性物质、形成聚合物的单体、以及可选择地,添加剂和催化剂,将形成聚合物的单体交联生成聚合物,从而将活性物质包裹在聚合物中以形成微粒。适用于本披露用途的单体,方法以及条件为本领域公知,本领域熟练人员无需过多的实验即可选择得到。业界一般技术人员可以确定和调整聚合反应的条件使其适于聚合物和微粒的形成。例如,第一活性物质可以与甲基丙烯酸酯单体混合,混合物可以在过苯甲酸存在下,在80℃和大气压下反应形成聚甲基丙烯酸酯,其将第一活性物质包含在内。
业界已知的各种方法可被用于制备微粒,包括例如凝聚法,如单凝聚和复凝聚,乳化固化(emulsion solidification),溶剂挥发法,溶剂萃取法,交联法,热熔包裹,界面聚合法,喷雾干燥法,喷雾包衣法,流化床包衣法,以及锅包衣法,超临界流体法,双轴挤出法,以及基于离心的方法(请参J.Swarbrick,Encyclopedia of pharmaceuticaltechnology,Volume 4,Edition 3,published by Informa Health Care,2007,p2316-2325;S.Benita,Microencapsulation:methods and industrial applications,published by CRC Press,2006,p2-41)。业界一般技术人员可以根据,例如期望的微粒的尺寸、活性物质和/或第一材料的物理化学特性以及所要求的设备等因素,适当地选择制备微粒的方法。
在一个实施例中,可以用物理化学方法来制备微粒。例如,可以通过加入絮凝剂降低第一材料在第一材料溶液/组合物中的溶解度,而制备微粒。还可以用携带相反电荷的材料作为复合材料,并使复合材料交联以把活性物质包裹在内而形成微粒。还可以通过在第一材料组合物/溶液中加入能诱导界面分离的溶液来形成微粒。还可以通过把在高温下熔化或溶解的第一材料冷却而制备微粒。另外,还可以通过除去乳化组合物的分散相中的挥发性溶液(如通过蒸发)而制备微粒。另外,还可以先把第一材料和第一活性物质溶于溶剂,再除去该溶剂,然后把获得的颗粒碾碎而制备获得微粒。
在又一实施例中,可以用物理机械方法制备微粒。例如,可以用喷雾干燥法制备微粒,其包括把第一活性物质加入第一材料溶液,然后在热的惰性气流下使混合物化成微粒。形成液滴,使其浓缩并干燥而形成微粒。还可以用喷淋冷却法制备微粒,其中,第一活性物质和第一材料的组合物(如包括第一活性物质的熔化的第一材料组合物)被喷入冷却的气流而形成微粒。还可以用基于离心的方法,流化床包衣的方法或超临界流体的方法制备得到微粒。另外,微粒还可以通过挤压法或锅包衣的方法制备,其中,前者是将第一活性物质与第一材料在挤压机内混合,经捏制和粉碎后形成微粒,后者是将第一活性物质粒子用第一材料包衣。
在另一实施方式中,微粒可用化学方法制备。例如,微粒的制备可以通过界面缩聚法,在分散相(如,水)和连续相(如,有机相)的界面发生缩聚反应并形成微粒。微粒也可以通过基于辐射的交联过程形成。
在另一实施方式中,微粒可通过熔融方法制备。例如,将第一材料、第一活性物质、以及可选择地,添加剂,进行共同熔融,经冷却、粉碎制得微粒。微粒的制备也可通过将第一活性物质和第一材料共同熔融,随后加入混合器剧烈搅拌并同时冷却制得。微粒的制备还可将熔融的第一活性物质与第一材料的混合物加到底板(如,不锈钢板)的表面上,骤然冷却后,将得到的固体粉碎/研磨制得微粒。
在一些实施方式中,微粒可以包衣,例如但不限于,通过锅包衣或者流化床包衣的方法(请参J.Swarbrick,Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical technology,Volume 4,Edition 3,published by Informa Health Care,2007,p2330-2331)。例如,在制备释放期长达数月或数年的控释组合物时可使用包衣。
可通过在基质形成组合物中加入多个微粒得到控释组合物。此处所用的术语“基质形成组合物”是指一种组合物,其含有形成基质的材料,包括但不限于,第二材料,聚合物,形成聚合物的单体,非聚合有机化合物,活性物质,添加剂,催化剂,溶剂和/或以上组合。在一些实施方式中,方法还包括把多个微粒与基质形成组合物混合。
在一些实施方式中,基质形成组合物包括形成聚合物的单体。在一些实施方式中,可以通过混合微粒、形成聚合物的单体、以及可选择地,活性物质、添加剂和催化剂,将形成聚合物的单体交联以生成聚合物,从而将微粒包裹在聚合物网络中形成操作性地连接至微粒的基质。适用于形成本披露的聚合物的单体、方法以及条件可以由本技术领域熟练人员无需过多实验即可选择得到。
在一些实施方式中,基质形成组合物包括第二材料。第二材料可以是聚合物、非聚合有机化合物或其组合。在一些实施方式中,可通过混合微粒和第二材料而制备获得控释组合物。
可以用业界已知的方法,以微粒和基质形成组合物制备控释组合物。这些方法的例子包括但不限于挤出、挤模、注塑、模压、注模、包衣、压延等。
挤出法包括把微粒和基质形成组合物从具有期望的横截面的模具中推出或拉出。挤出法可以用挤出机来实施,如螺杆挤出机、筛或篮挤出机、滚压机以及柱塞挤出机。
挤模法包括把微粒和基质形成组合物挤出,并把获得的材料给料至模具以形成特定的形状。
注塑法包括把微粒和基质形成组合物给料至容器,并迫使其进入模腔。
模压法包括把微粒和基质形成组合物放置在开放的模腔内,并向封闭的模具施加压力,迫使材料与模具的所有面积接触。
注模法包括把微粒和基质形成组合物倒入模腔,并使其固化。在一些实施方式中,当控释组合物的形状为膜片或膜状时,可以优选采用注模法。
包衣法包括在微粒表面包裹一层基质形成组合物。
压延法包括挤出微粒和基质形成组合物,并迫使其从滚柱下通过以成形。
在一些实施方式中,所述方法还包括使控释组合物成形。控释组合物可以是任何不规则形状或者规则形状,例如但不限于,丸、丸链、环、膜片、膜、颗粒、球、块、针和柱。可以采用任何适用的成形法。例如,控释组合物可被载入注射器,然后其被推送通过针以形成柱状控释组合物。
在一些实施方式中,制备控释组合物的方法还包括加热微粒和基质形成组合物至温度Tm,其中,TH>Tm>TL。优选在温度Tm时,基质形成组合物熔化而微粒并未熔化,并且当冷却时,基质形成组合物的熔化可被逆转。还优选在温度Tm时,基质形成组合物不分解。如果TL是第二材料的分解温度,或如果TL超过第二材料的某组分的分解温度,那么可以用除加热微粒和基质形成组合物至预定温度Tm以外的方法来制备控释组合物。
本领域的熟练技术人员无需通过过多实验即可选择得到在本披露的多种实施方式中用到的温度Tm。例如,Tm可以通过公式(TH+TL)/2得到。在一种实施方式中,Tm可以是在以下范围内的某个温度:(TH+TL)/2±约5℃,(TH+TL)/2±约10℃,(TH+TL)/2±约15℃,或(TH+TL)/2±约20℃。在另一种实施方式中,Tm可以通过以下公式得到:TH-Tm≥约5℃,TH-Tm≥约10℃,TH-Tm≥约15℃,或TH-Tm≥约20℃。在又一实施方式中,Tm可以通过以下公式得到:Tm-TL≥约5℃,Tm-TL≥约10℃,Tm-TL≥约15℃,或Tm-TL≥约20℃。在又一实施方式中,Tm可以是在以下范围内的某个温度:自(TL+约5℃)至(TH-约5℃),自(TL+约10℃)至(TH-约10℃),自(TL+约15℃)至(TH-约15℃),自(TL+约20℃)至(TH-约20℃)。
在一些实施方式中,当多个微粒包括包衣,可以进一步选择Tm低于微粒包衣物质的初熔温度。
在一些实施方式中,制备控释组合物的方法还包括把基质形成组合物溶于一溶剂。可以如此选择该溶剂,使得第一材料或包括第一材料的微粒不溶于或基本不溶于该溶剂。在一些实施方式中,可以蒸发该溶剂以形成控释组合物。
III.使用方法
在又一方面,本披露还提供了一种治疗和/或预防对象的状态的方法,包括向该对象给药本披露的控释组合物。
此处所用术语“状态”包括但不限于,病理状态、生理状态、和美容整形状态。在一些实施方式中,状态,例如与衰老相关的状态,同时也是病理状态、生理状态以及美容整形状态。
病理状态的实例包括,但不限于,衰老、咽峡炎、抗凝血酶缺乏症、心律不齐、动脉粥样硬化、房颤、心房扑动、血栓、心脏缺血、心脏手术、心肌病、心血管异常、颈动脉疾病、胸痛、循环障碍、跛行、胶原血管疾病、先天性心脏病、充血性心力衰竭、冠心病、糖尿病、糖尿病和高血压、高血脂、节律障碍、甘油三酯升高、心脏缺陷、心脏病、心脏衰竭、心脏瓣膜病、血管瘤、高胆固醇、高甘油三酯血症、间歇性跛行、高血压、川崎病、心脏病发作、心肌缺血、体位性低血压、周围动脉疾病、周围动脉闭塞性疾病、周围血管疾病、雷诺氏病、戒烟、心动过速、血栓症、静脉曲张、血管病、下肢静脉溃疡、牙龈炎、牙龈病、口臭、口腔癌、牙周病、颞下颌关节紊乱病、颞下颌关节综合症、晒伤、座疮、皮肤老化、脱发、贫血、脚癣、特应性皮炎、褥疮(褥疮溃疡)、拇囊炎、烧伤、烧伤感染、唇疱疹(唇疱疹感染)、先天性皮肤病、接触性皮炎、皮肤红斑性狼疮、糖尿病足溃疡、湿疹、过度出汗、法布里病、真菌感染、生殖器疱疹、生殖器疣、脱发、脱毛、手部皮炎、头虱、血管瘤、遗传性血管水肿、单纯疱疹感染、带状疱疹感染、带状疱疹神经痛、荨麻疹、鱼鳞癣、缺血性足溃疡、性角化病、狼疮、男性型脱发、恶性黑色素瘤、良性黑色素瘤、传染性软疣、蕈样真菌病、甲真菌病、寻常性天疱疹、带状疱疹后遗神经痛、压疮、牛皮癣和银屑病、银屑病性关节炎、剃刀颠簸(razor bumps)、红斑座疮、头皮疾病、瘢痕组织、硬皮病、皮脂溢出、脂溢性皮炎、带状疱疹、皮肤癌、皮肤感染、皮肤脂肪瘤、皮肤伤口、雀斑、孢子丝菌病、葡萄球菌皮肤感染、血瘀性皮炎、妊娠纹、系统性真菌感染、癣、头癣、花斑癣、荨麻疹、白癫风、疣、伤口、肢端肥大症、肾上腺癌、先天性肾上腺皮质增生症、糖尿病(I型和II型)、糖尿病(I型)、糖尿病(II型)、糖尿病胃轻瘫、糖尿病肾脏疾病、糖尿病性黄斑水肿、糖尿病性神经病、糖尿病性视网膜病变、糖尿病性玻璃体出血、血脂异常、女性荷尔蒙不足/异常、弗雷德里克森III型高脂血症、生长激素不足/异常、男子女性形乳房、脱毛、高脂血症、激素不足、潮热、甲状旁腺功能亢进症、特发性矮身材,II型糖尿病、男性荷尔蒙不足/异常、McCune-Albright综合症(多发性骨纤维营养不良),更年期障碍、代谢症候群、肥胖、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、胰腺疾病、胰腺炎、甲状旁腺癌、甲状旁腺疾病、甲状旁腺素乱症(parathyroid disorders),围绝经期、垂体疾病、多囊卵巢综合症、绝经后疾病、绝经后骨质疏松、性早熟症、小高分泌胰岛素、严重身材矮小症、性功能障碍、甲状腺疾病、甲状腺紊乱、特纳氏综合症、肾母细胞瘤、威尔森氏症、腹部癌症、贲门失弛缓症、al抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症、肛裂、阑尾炎、巴雷特食管、胆道癌、肠道功能障碍、腹腔疾病、慢性腹泻、艰难梭菌相关性腹泻、结肠癌、结肠息肉、大肠癌、便秘、克罗恩病、糖尿病胃轻瘫、消化系统肿瘤、十二指肠溃疡、法布里病、大便失禁、功能性消化不良、胆囊疾病、胃癌、胃溃疡、胃肠炎、胃食管反流病、胃肠道疾病和紊乱、胃轻瘫、胃灼热、幽门螺杆菌、痔疮、肝性脑病、肝炎、肠梗阻、传染性肠炎、炎症性肠病、腹内感染、肠易激综合症、肝脏疾病、肝脏紊乱、非糜烂性反流病、非溃疡性消化不良、器官排斥反应的器官移植、手术后恶心和呕吐、呕吐、直肠癌、直肠紊乱、经常性腹泻、胃癌、胃部不适、溃疡性结肠炎、异常血管、急性髓系白血病、贫血、贫血(非霍奇金淋巴瘤)、非小细胞肺癌、癌症贫血、动脉瘤、抗磷脂抗体综合症、抗凝血酶缺乏症、再生障碍性贫血、血栓、念珠菌病、慢性肾性贫血、戈谢病、血液癌症、血液病、突发性血红蛋白尿、出血、高钙血症、低丙球蛋白血症、低钠血症、原发性血小板减少性紫癜、胰岛细胞癌、白血病、B细胞淋巴瘤、淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、骨髓增生异常综合症、心肌缺血、闭塞、血小板不足、血小板紊乱、红细胞异常、肾性贫血、赛扎里综合症、镰状细胞疾病、细胞淋巴瘤、地中海贫血、血小板减少症、血友病、白细胞异常、获得性免疫缺陷综合征(艾滋病)、艾滋病有关的疾病、急性鼻炎、过敏、哮喘、肛门发育不良、细菌感染、鹅口疮、腹腔疾病、颈椎增生、水痘、慢性疲劳综合症、普通感冒、常见变异性免疫缺陷病、细菌性结膜炎、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、皮肤念珠菌病、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤、巨细胞病毒感染、皮肌炎、发热、移植物抗宿主病、肝炎、B型肝炎、C型肝炎、艾滋病毒感染,艾滋病毒/艾滋病、人乳头状瘤病毒感染、低丙球蛋白血症、特发性炎性肌病、流感、腹内感染、卡波西氏肉瘤、狼疮、莱姆病蜱、鸟分枝杆菌复合感染、脑膜炎、甲癣、口腔念珠菌病、肺炎、多发性肌炎(炎症肌肉病)、带状疱疹后遗神经痛(postherpetic neuralgia),原发性免疫缺陷症、呼吸道合胞体病毒感染、风湿热、过敏性鼻炎、轮状病毒感染、肉状瘤病、脓毒症及败血症、性传播疾病、带状疱疹、干燥综合症、天花、软组织感染、葡萄球菌感染、葡萄球菌皮肤感染、链球菌性喉炎、系统性念珠菌、系统性红斑狼疮、咽喉和扁桃体感染、荨麻疹、万古霉素抗药性的肠球菌、西尼罗河病毒感染、肢端肥大症、强直性脊柱炎、骨质流失、运动创伤、骨骼疾病、骨转移、乳房疼痛、拇囊炎、滑液囊炎、腕管综合症、软骨损伤、胸痛、慢性背痛、慢性腰腿痛、慢性疼痛、慢性肩痛、跛行、先天性乳酸中毒、结缔组织病、皮肌炎、特伦挛缩症、纤维肌痛、冻结肩、粘连性囊炎、痛风(高尿酸血症)、特发性炎性肌病、间歇性跛行、关节损伤、膝盖受伤、多发性硬化症、肌肉疼痛、肌营养不良症、肌肉骨骼疾病、重症肌无力、广义重症肌无力、整形外科、骨关节炎、骨髓炎、骨质疏松症、骨肉瘤,佩奇氏病、部分内侧半月板切除术、甲状旁腺疾病、绝经后骨质减少、绝经后骨质疏松症、反射性交感神经营养不良综合征、类风湿性关节炎、坐骨神经痛、脊髓疾病、脊髓肿瘤、脊柱椎间关节成形术、扭伤、肌腱损伤、网球肘、抽动障碍、肛门发育不全、良性前列腺增生症、膀胱癌、膀胱障碍、血液癌症、导管并发症、慢性盆腔疼痛、糖尿病肾脏疾病、遗尿症、勃起功能障碍、法布里病、夜尿症、泌尿生殖道脱垂、肾小球肾炎、肾小球硬化、特发性膜性肾病、阳痿、间质性膀胱炎、肾癌、肾脏病、肾功能衰竭、肾结石、肝癌、睾丸激素水平低、乳房切除术、假肢(medical prosthetics),肾病、阴茎硬结症、早泄、前列腺癌、前列腺疾病、前列腺上皮肉瘤、蛋白尿、赖特综合症、肾动脉疾病、肾细胞癌、肾衰竭、睾丸癌、酪氨酸血症、尿道狭窄、尿失禁、尿路感染、尿道上皮癌、男性勃起功能障碍和女性性功能障碍,全身的血压,人工流产,低血压控制、抑制血小板凝固,肺病,肠胃疾病,炎症,休克,生殖疾病,不育症、骨丢失、骨折、骨质疏松、转移性骨病、帕哲氏病、牙周病、软骨退变、子宫内膜异位、子宫肌瘤、热潮红、LDL胆固醇水平升高、心血管疾病、认知功能损伤、大脑退行性疾病、术后再狭窄、男子女性型乳房、管道平滑肌细胞增殖、肥胖、失禁、焦虑、雌激素受体导致的抑郁、更年期抑郁、产后抑郁、经前综合征、躁狂忧郁、焦虑、痴呆、强迫症、注意力缺陷障碍、睡眠障碍、激惹、冲动、免疫缺失、自身免疫性疾病、愤怒管理、多发性硬化症和帕金森(氏)病、炎症、炎症状态、炎性肠病、呼吸系统疾病、性功能障碍、高血压、视网膜变性、哮喘和癌状态、关节炎、慢性炎症反应、糖尿病、慢性疼痛、中枢神经系统疾病、心血管疾病、肾脏疾病、生殖疾病、感染、精神失常、微循环、药物戒断症状、骨髓疾病、水肿、或一种与对象(如,人,动物)某个部位相关,可通过内窥镜到达的病理状态。
在一些实施方式中,病理状态可以是癌性的状态。可以用本披露的控释组合物治疗的癌性的状态和肿瘤类型包括但不限于:恶性肿瘤、胚细胞瘤、肉瘤、生殖细胞瘤、或者血液或淋巴的恶性肿瘤,例如:白血病、淋巴瘤、或多骨髓瘤。更具体地,可以用本披露的控释组合物治疗的癌性的状态和肿瘤类型包括但不限于,鳞状细胞癌、肺癌(如,小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)、肺部腺癌、或肺部鳞状细胞癌)、腹膜癌、肝癌(如肝细胞瘤)、胃癌(如胃肠癌)、胰腺癌、脑癌(如,胶质母细胞脑瘤/多形性胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)、非胶质母细胞脑瘤、或脑膜瘤),神经胶质瘤(如,室鼓膜瘤、星细胞瘤、间变型星形细胞瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤、或混合型胶质瘤如星形细胞混合瘤)、宫颈癌、子宫癌、肝癌(如,肝母细胞瘤、肝细胞瘤或肝癌)、膀胱癌(如,尿路上皮癌)、乳癌、结肠癌、肠癌、直肠癌、子宫内膜或宫颈癌、涎腺癌、肾癌(如:肾横纹肌样瘤)、前列腺癌、外阴癌、阴茎癌、肛门癌(如,肛管鳞状细胞癌)、甲状腺癌、头颈部癌(如,鼻咽癌)、皮肤癌(如,黑素癌或鳞状细胞癌)、类癌、眼癌(如:视网膜母细胞瘤)、间皮瘤、淋巴细胞白血病(如,T细胞和B细胞前体谱系的急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)、慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)、急性髓细胞性白血病(AML)、包括肥大细胞白血病、慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)、毛细胞白血病(HCL)、霍奇金淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、慢性粒单核细胞白血病(CMML)、滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL)、弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLCL)、套细胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、淋巴瘤(BL)、蕈样肉芽肿、Sezary综合征,皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤、肥大细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤、肾母细胞瘤、孤立性浆细胞瘤、骨髓异常增生综合征、慢性和非慢性骨髓增生异常、中枢神经系统瘤、脑垂体瘤、前庭神经鞘瘤、神经外胚层肿瘤、室管膜瘤、脉络丛乳头状瘤、真性红细胞增多症、血小板增多症、原发性骨髓纤维化症,以及儿童癌,如,小儿肉瘤(如:神经母细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤以及骨肉瘤)。此外,肿瘤可以是恶性的(如癌)或良性的(如,增生、囊肿、拟孢囊、错构瘤和良性肿瘤)。
生理状态的例子包括但不限于衰老、避孕、伤口愈合以及术后粘连。
美容整形状态的例子包括但不限于,肌肤老化(如皱纹,失去弹性,下垂,色素不匀,皮下组织流失),美容性瑕疵(如妊娠纹,萎缩纹,萎缩性疤痕,伤口或手术疤痕,或脱发),不希望的色素沉着,或后美容手术造成的损害,例如,化学脱毛,磨皮,激光换肤,剥脱式换肤,非剥脱式换肤,光动力疗法,非相干光疗,乳房提升,面部提拉,眼睑提拉,前额提拉,颈部提拉,大腿提拉,臀部提拉,腹部除皱,和疤痕修复。
可以通过合适的方法把本披露的控释组合物给药至目标位置。术语“目标位置”是指有机体内发生状态的位置。通过把控释组合物输送至目标位置,控释组合物所含的活性物质可按受控的方式在目标位置附近释放,从而减轻或者治疗该状态。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物可以通过手术植入、注射、通过经皮穿刺、通过身体开口引入或局部施加于目标位置。
在一些实施方式中,控释组合物可以通过手术植入。例如,在开放式手术中,可以用手把控释组合物撒在需要的组织上,或者用镊子等装置把控释组合物放在需要的组织上,这些组织如脑或肾。在又一实施例中,可以在手术过程中用特殊的针头把控释组合物注射至目标位置,如实体瘤。在又一实施例中,可以在手术过程中把控释组合物放入体腔中或切口处。在又一实施例中,可以用基于蛋白的胶水或生物可降解纱布把控释组合物固定在目标位置。
在一些实施方式中,可以把控释组合物注射至目标位置。可以用注射器或针头来实施注射。可以通过任意适用的路径把控释组合物注射至目标位置,如皮下注射、腹膜内注射、肌内注射、皮内注射、鼻内注射或眼内注射。例如,丸状控释组合物可被注射入肌肉组织内。又例如,可以皮下注射适于注射给药的控释组合物。
在一些实施方式中,可以通过经皮穿刺给药控释组合物。可以利用如超声、荧光透视法、计算机断层扫描(CT)或激光等成像技术把穿刺针引导至目标位置。一旦穿刺针达到目标位置,就可以通过穿刺针输送控释组合物。穿刺路径可以直接通往目标位置,并且应该避免损伤神经和血管。通过经皮穿刺可以把控释组合物给药至任何合适的目标位置,如肾、肺以及腰部。
在一些实施方式中,可以通过身体开口引入控释组合物。身体开口可以是天然的身体开口,如嘴,或可以是体腔上的切口,如胸腔或腹腔上的切口。在一些实施方式中,可以通过身体开口直接把控释组合物插入目标位置。例如,可以把控释组合物插入腔,如牙周、口腔、阴道、直肠或鼻腔,或插入袋,如牙周袋或眼,可以不切口也可以切口。在一些实施方式中,可以用手把控释组合物送到目标位置。在一些实施方式中,可以用给药器把控释组合物送到目标位置。当用手很难把控释组合物送到目标位置,或者不方便把控释组合物的均匀层放置在目标位置时,可以采用给药器。可以采用任何适用的给药器。例如,可以在给药器的一端负载控释组合物,而在给药器的一端操作以释放控释组合物。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物可被置于植入装置的表面,如血管内支架,然后该植入装置被置于目标位置以输送控释组合物。例如,控释组合物可被置于食管支架的表面,然后该支架被置于食管内的病变位置。在一些实施方式中,可以通过输送装置从身体开口引入控释组合物。适用的输送装置包括例如内窥镜、输送导管、通过手术放置的排水管或端口,或其他给药器,如针头。输送装置可以通过身体开口进入,并提供到目标位置的路径以将控释组合物输送到特定的位置。在一些实施方式中,输送装置可以组合使用。例如,内窥镜和植入针头可以组合使用,以把控释组合物引入胰腺内的癌变组织中。可以通过输送装置把控释组合物输送至身体通道、腔或器官,如胃肠道(如食道、胃和十二指肠、小肠、大肠、结肠、胆管、直肠)、呼吸道(如鼻、下呼吸道)、耳道、尿道、女性生殖系统(如子宫颈、子宫、输卵管)、腹腔或盆腔、眼、关节内、心脏、肺、羊膜、胎、乳房以及脊椎。
在一些实施方式中,可以局部地把控释组合物施加于目标位置。例如,可以把控释组合物施加于目标位置,有固定手段或没有固定手段,例如但不限于用胶水或纱布。又例如,控释组合物可被滴在或者刷在目标位置表面。
可以对对象给药特定剂量控释组合物,用于特定的释放期。业界一般技术人员可以选择和调整控释组合物的剂量,使其足以在选定释放期间释放活性物质。
在一些实施方式中,控释组合物的剂量可以是使得足以在选定的释放期间释放治疗有效量的活性物质。术语“治疗有效量”是指目标位置处或血液中的活性物质的浓度,其对于治疗或防止目标状态有效,并且使对象可耐受而没有明显的副作用。治疗有效量取决于业界已知的多个因素,如状态的程度、期望的效果、对象的健康状况、交叉反应的可能性、过敏、敏感度和副作用、病史、当前药物治疗、体重以及年龄。
在一些实施方式中,从控释组合物释放的活性物质的量可以明显低于(如10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%或90%低于)临床批准的同期系统性给药的剂量,但却达到相似的局部浓度。例如,载有5份临床批准的全身给药的日剂量的活性物质的控释组合物可能足够用10天的释放期间,并且能够获得相似的局部浓度和相似的临床效果。又例如,在两周的释放期间内以5mg/kg(按活性物质算)的剂量给药控释组合物可以取得20%的肿瘤抑制率,而在两周内以12mg/kg的剂量,以全身给药方式,分四次连续给药活性物质,获得的肿瘤抑制率为19%。
在一些实施方式中,从控释组合物释放的活性物质的量可以明显低于(如10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%或90%低于)临床批准的同期系统性给药的剂量,然而达到更好的局部浓度和更好的临床效果。例如,在两周的释放期间内以10mg/kg(按活性物质算)的剂量给药控释组合物可以取得37%的肿瘤抑制率,而在两周内以12mg/kg的剂量,以全身给药方式,分四次连续给药活性物质,获得的肿瘤抑制率为19%。
活性物质从控释组合物释放的释放率可能因为不同的材料性质而变化,例如材料的类型、材料的分子量、共聚物中各单体的摩尔比、组合物中特定材料的百分比等。在给药后,活性物质的释放可以持续等于或大于约1天至约10年的时间期间。例如,给药后约1天至约5年,给药后约1天至约2年,给药后约1天至约1年,给药后约1天至约6个月,给药后约1天至约3个月,给药后约1天至约1个月,给药后约1天至约2周,给药后约1天至约1周,给药后约1天至约5天,给药后约1个月至约2年,给药后约2个月至约2年,给药后约3个月至约2年,给药后约6个月至约2年,以及给药后约1年至约2年。
控释组合物的活性物质的释放可以是时间依赖的方式。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物在给药后的头3天内释放约小于总量85%的活性物质,约小于总量80%的活性物质,约小于总量70%的活性物质,约小于总量60%的活性物质,约小于总量50%的活性物质,约小于总量40%的活性物质,或约小于总量30%的活性物质。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物在给药后的头10天内释放约小于总量75%的活性物质,约小于总量70%的活性物质,约小于总量65%的活性物质,约小于总量60%的活性物质,约小于总量55%的活性物质,约小于总量50%的活性物质,约小于总量45%的活性物质,约小于总量40%的活性物质,约小于总量35%的活性物质,或约小于总量30%的活性物质。
不希望受理论限制,但相信活性物质的释放可以通过材料的腐蚀和/或溶胀,以及活性物质从微粒和/或基质扩散至目标位置而实现。活性物质的释放可能受以下因素的影响,如微粒的重量百分比、微粒的尺寸和形状、控释组合物的尺寸和形状、活性物质的物理化学特性以及材料的腐蚀和/或溶胀率。这些因素可被调整和/或选择使其适于治疗目的。
在一些实施方式中,可以根据治疗目的和/或生物系统的需求选择多个微粒在控释组合物中的重量百分比。例如,具有相对较高微粒百分比的控释组合物可用于治疗各种疾病。又例如,具有相对较低微粒百分比的控释组合物可用于手术过程中的抗粘连治疗,或可用于活性物质的持续的低剂量输送,如荷尔蒙。
在一些实施方式中,可以根据以下因素来选择微粒的尺寸,如欲获取的释放模式、第一活性物质的物理化学特性以及治疗的特定目的。例如,直径从约50μm至约150μm的微粒可用于释放期小于10天的控释组合物。又例如,直径从约120μm至约1000μm的微粒可用于释放期大于10天的控释组合物。又例如,直径从约50μm至约150μm的微粒可用于释放期大于10天的以疏水性药物为第一活性物质的控释组合物。又例如,直径从约50μm至约150μm的微粒可用于制备用于手术过程中抗粘连治疗的控释组合物。
可以根据以下因素选择控释组合物的合适形状,如希望的给药路径、治疗目的以及易于操作性。例如,柱状控释组合物可能适于通过经皮穿刺或内窥镜,或术中给药。又例如,膜片状控释组合物可能适于防止术后粘连。又例如,球状控释组合物可能适于引流。
在一些实施方式中,可以合适的频率给药控释组合物。例如,一周一次,三周两次,一个月一次,两个月一次,六个月一次,一年一次,以及两年一次。
优势
此处提供的控释组合物提供了多种希望的特性。作为控释剂,相较于传统的剂型,该组合物提供了临床和实用的优势。在一些实施方式中,可以明显较低的给药频率给药此处提供的控释组合物。控释组合物中活性物质的释放期达到数周、数月甚至数年,这样降低了频繁给药的必要性,从而提高病人的依从性。在一些实施方式中,控释组合物在很长的时间内保持稳定的活性物质浓度,从而获得更均匀的药理学反应。
在一些实施方式中,控释组合物可以局部给药于状态发生处,而无须全身给药。控释组合物的局部给药可以远低于全身给药的剂量而使得活性物质的局部浓度达到与全身给药相同的水平。另外,组合物的局部给药可以获得全身给药无法达到的较高的局部浓度水平,或者即使可能的话,也需要全身给药明显更高的活性物质剂量。与全身给药活性物质相比,较高的活性物质的局部浓度使得状态的治疗更加有效或更快,并使得可以治疗以前不可能或者没有治疗过的状态。同时,相比于全身给药,控释组合物的局部给药具有明显较低的活性物质的全身暴露,从而可以降低全身给药造成的潜在痛苦,例如,与全身暴露于活性物质和/或肠胃/肾脏反应相关的有害反应。
在一些实施方式中,控释组合物含有生物可降解的材料,其可在体内生物降解,从而在组合物中的活性物质耗尽后无需通过手术去除。生物可降解材料在体内分解或降解为无毒组分,对身体无害。
在一些实施方式中,当局部给药后,在一段时间后,控释组合物可被容易地从对象体内取出。这使得在治疗过程中可以调节剂量,从而更好地适应对象的身体状态。从对象体内取出的样本还使得可以测出释放曲线,研究控释组合物的药物动力学特性,以及产生控释组合物药物批准所需的数据。
另外,与传统的基于微粒的控释组合物相比,本披露的控释组合物具有很多改进的物理、化学和/或药物学特性,例如,不限于,更稳定,具有更长的储存期,无需溶剂重组,并且植入后不容易泄漏(例如,植入固体肿瘤)。
以下实施例将说明本披露,并旨在帮助理解本发明,而不应解释为以任何方式限制本发明在随后的权利要求书中所定义的范围。
实施例
实施例1
氟尿嘧啶微粒的制备:称取氟尿嘧啶6.0克,聚L-乳酸(分子量2.0万;熔距162~168℃)4.0克,混匀并于170℃熔融。熔融后的混合物经冷却、粉碎,制成氟尿嘧啶微粒(大小约180μm)。
氟尿嘧啶植入剂的制备:称取聚(L-乳酸乙醇酸)共聚物(75/25;分子量1.6万;熔距68~76℃)20.0克,氟尿嘧啶12.0克,氟尿嘧啶微粒8.0克,混匀,于110℃挤出成型,制成约φ0.9mm×4mm大小的圆柱状颗粒(氟尿嘧啶含量:42.0%)。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只。每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒氟尿嘧啶植入剂,按表3规定的时间点取样,测定氟尿嘧啶植入剂在小鼠体内的累计释放度,结果如表3所示:
表3
实施例2
氟尿嘧啶微粒的制备:称取氟尿嘧啶6.0克,聚L-乳酸(MW2.0万;MP162~168℃)3.0克,右旋糖酐(40)1.0克,混匀,于170℃熔融。熔融后的混合物经冷却、粉碎,制成氟尿嘧啶微粒(大小:约180μm)。
氟尿嘧啶植入剂的制备:称取聚(L-乳酸乙醇酸)共聚物(75/25;分子量1.6万;熔距68~76℃)17.0克,聚乙二醇3.0克,氟尿嘧啶12.0克,氟尿嘧啶微粒8.0克,混匀,于110℃注塑成型,制备成约φ0.9mm×4mm的圆柱状颗粒。所制备的植入剂中氟尿嘧啶含量为42.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只。每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1~2粒氟尿嘧啶植入剂,按表4规定的时间点取样,测定氟尿嘧啶植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度,结果如表4所示:
表4
实施例3
依托泊苷微粒的制备:称取右旋糖酐(40)6.0克,用75%乙醇溶解完全,加入依托泊苷10.0克,搅拌并挥发除去乙醇,将得到的膏状物干燥(80℃,-100KPa,8小时)、粉碎,制成依托泊苷微粒(大小:约150μm)。
依托泊苷植入剂的制备:称取聚L-乳酸(分子量2.0万,熔距162~168℃)3.0克,聚乙二醇(4000)1.0克,用无水乙醇将二者分散均匀。混合物经干燥、粉碎,制成150μm的微粒。将微粒称重,与依托泊苷微粒以1∶4的比例(w/w)混合。混合物压制成约φ0.9mm×2mm的圆柱状颗粒。所制备的依托泊甘植入剂中依托泊苷含量为50.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只。每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒依托泊苷植入剂,按表5规定的时间点取样,测定依托泊苷植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度,结果如表5所示:
表5
实施例4
顺铂微粒的制备:称取聚L-乳酸(分子量2.0万,熔距162~168℃)5.0克,用氯仿溶解完全,加入顺铂5.0克。将混合物搅匀,挥发氯仿至干,粉碎并筛分,制成顺铂微粒(大小约250μm)。
顺铂植入剂的制备:称取聚(L-乳酸乙醇酸)共聚物(75/25;分子量1.6万;熔距68~76℃)21.0克,聚乙二醇(4000)6.0克,顺铂7.0克,顺铂微粒6.0克,混匀,于110℃挤出,制成φ0.9mm×2mm的圆柱状颗粒。所制备的顺铂植入剂中顺铂含量为25.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只。每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒顺铂植入剂,按表6规定的时间点取样,测定顺铂植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度,结果如表6所示:
表6
实施例5
顺铂微粒的制备:称取聚L-乳酸(分子量2.0万;熔距162~168℃)5.0克,用氯仿溶解完全,加入顺铂5.0克。将混合物搅匀,挥发氯仿至干,粉碎,制成顺铂微粒(大小约125μm)。
顺铂植入剂的制备:称取聚(L-乳酸乙醇酸)共聚物(75/25;分子量1.6万;熔距68~76℃)21.0克,聚乙二醇(4000)6.0克,顺铂7.0克,顺铂微粒6.0克,混匀,于110℃挤出,制成φ0.9mm×2mm的圆柱状颗粒。所制备的顺铂植入剂中顺铂含量为25.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只。每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒顺铂植入剂,按表7规定的时间点取样,测定顺铂植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度,结果如表7所示:
表7
实施例6
地塞米松微粒的制备:称取右旋糖酐(40)4.0克,用75%乙醇溶解完全,加入地塞米松10.0克,搅拌并挥发除去乙醇,将得到的膏状物干燥(80℃,100KPa,8小时)、粉碎,制成地塞米松微粒(大小:约150μm)。
地塞米松植入剂的制备:称取聚L-乳酸(分子量2.0万;熔距162~168℃)5.0克,聚乙二醇(4000)1.0克,用无水乙醇将二者分散均匀。混合物经干燥、粉碎并筛分,制成大小在150μm以下的微粒。将微粒称重,与地塞米松微粒以3∶7的比例(w/w)混合。混合物压制成约φ0.9mm×2mm的圆柱状颗粒。所制备的地塞米松植入剂中地塞米松含量为50.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只。每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒地塞米松植入剂,按表8规定的时间点取样,测定地塞米松植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度,结果如表8所示:
表8
实施例7
取实施例2的氟尿嘧啶植入剂,将其植入犬腹膜和腹主动脉,在实验中研究:(1)氟尿嘧啶植入剂植入后的局部及全身毒副反应;(2)植药点附近组织内药物浓度的经时变化。
健康成年杂种犬,术前分别进行编号、驱虫、检疫和称重。手术前禁食,但可自由饮水。以3%戊巴比妥钠(30mg/kg)对犬进行腹腔麻醉,取上腹正中切口进腹。于腹主动脉旁植入氟尿嘧啶植入剂100mg,并注入美兰染色标记。在距离切口约5cm处的左、右腹膜下再各植入氟尿嘧啶植入剂100mg,然后逐层关腹。
氟尿嘧啶植入剂植入后的第3天、第5天、第7天以及第10天各处死4只家犬,观察植药局部有无充血、粘连、感染以及坏死迹象。然后分别在以下部位取样:距腹主动脉旁植药点不同距离的淋巴组织、左锁骨上淋巴组织、腹膜植药点0~5cm范围内的腹膜组织,同时取外周血和门静脉血,用高效液相色谱法检测上述样品中的药物浓度。
在实验观察期内,未见动物有明显的全身毒性反应,动物活动正常,无明显厌食或拒食现象。
植药点损害:植药处组织肉眼观察无明显坏死现象,病理检查发现有少量炎症细胞浸润。
植药点附近组织内药物浓度的经时变化在表9-11中列出。
表9 在腹腔植药点附近的腹腔组织中的药物浓度(μg/g)
表10.在腹主动脉植药点附近的淋巴组织中的药物浓度(μg/g)
表11.在氟尿嘧啶植入剂植入后的药物浓度(μg/g)
实施例8
盐酸利多卡因微粒制备:称取乙基纤维素1.6克,用氯仿溶解完全,加入盐酸利多卡因2.4克,搅匀。挥发混合物至干,粉碎,制成125微米左右的微粒。
盐酸利多卡因植入剂制备:称取十八醇2.4克,盐酸利多卡因微粒3.0克,盐酸利多卡因0.6克,混匀,于65℃注模成型。制备成约φ0.9mm×2.0mm 圆柱状颗粒。所制备植入剂的盐酸利多卡因含量为40.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只,每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入2粒盐酸利多卡因植入剂。按如表12规定的时间点取样。测定盐酸利多卡因植入剤在小鼠体内累计释放度。结果如表12所示:
表12
实施例9
甲氨蝶呤微粒制备:称取巴西棕榈蜡2.0克(熔点81~88℃),甲氨蝶呤3.0克,混匀,于95℃熔融后,冷却,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒。
甲氨蝶呤植入剂制备:称取聚己内酯3.0克(熔点约62℃),甲氨蝶呤微粒3.0克,混匀,压制成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒。所制备甲氨蝶呤植入剂的甲氨蝶呤含量为30.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只,每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒甲氨蝶呤植入剂。按表13规定的时间点取样。测定甲氨蝶呤植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度。结果如表13所示:
表13
实施例10
盐酸阿霉素微粒制备:称取巴西棕榈蜡1.0克(熔点约81~88℃),盐酸阿霉素1.5克,混匀,于95℃熔融后,冷却,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒。
盐酸阿霉素植入剂制备:称取聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)2.0克(L-乳酸/乙醇酸=90/10,分子量2.0万,熔程70~79℃),盐酸阿霉素微粒2.0克,混匀,压制成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒。所制备盐酸阿霉素植入剂的盐酸阿霉素含量为30.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只,每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒盐酸阿霉素植入剂。按表14规定的时间点取样。测定盐酸阿霉素植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度。结果如表14所示:
表14
实施例11
硫酸庆大霉素微粒制备:称取巴西棕榈蜡1.5克(熔点81~88℃),硫酸庆大霉素3.5克,混匀,于95℃熔融后,冷却,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒。
硫酸庆大霉素植入剂制备:称取聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)2.0克(L-乳酸/乙醇酸=75/25,分子量2.0万,熔程68~76℃),硫酸庆大霉素微粒2.0克,混匀,压制成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒。所制备硫酸庆大霉素植入剂的硫酸庆大霉素含量为35.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只,每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒硫酸庆大霉素植入剂。按表15规定的时间点取样。测定硫酸庆大霉素植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度。结果如表15所示:
表15
实施例12
霉酚酸酯微粒制备:称取聚L-乳酸2.0克(分子量2.0万,熔程162~168℃),用氯仿溶解,加霉酚酸酯3.0克,混匀,挥干溶剂,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒。
霉酚酸酯植入剂制备:称取聚(CPP-SA)2.0克(CPP/SA=22/78,熔点66℃),霉酚酸酯微粒1.5克,霉酚酸酯0.5克,混匀,于100℃挤出成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒。所制备霉酚酸酯植入剂的霉酚酸酯含量为35.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只,每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒霉酚酸酯植入剂。按表16规定的时间点取样。测定霉酚酸酯植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度。结果如表16所示:
表16
实施例13
氟尿嘧啶微粒制备:称取氟尿嘧啶80.0克,甲基丙烯酸甲酯20.0克,过氧化苯甲酸0.01克,混匀,于50~100℃常压反应后,冷却,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒。
氟尿嘧啶植入剂制备:称取聚L-乳酸10.0克,氟尿嘧啶微粒15.0克,混匀,165℃注塑成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒。测得氟尿嘧啶植入剂含量为47.8%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只,每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入一粒氟尿嘧啶植入剂。按表17规定的时间点取样。测定氟尿嘧啶植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度。结果如表17所示:
表17
实施例14
盐酸利多卡因微粒制备:称取聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)2.0克(左旋乳酸/乙醇酸=75/25,分子量2.0万,熔程68~76℃),盐酸利多卡因3.5克,混匀,于100℃熔融后,冷却,粉碎,制成约100微米的微粒。
盐酸利多卡因植入剂制备:称取盐酸利多卡因微粒2.0克,置于15ml的15%的明胶液中,混匀,注入模具,风干,置5%戊二醛溶液中浸泡1小时,取出,风干,制备成薄膜片。测得盐酸利多卡因含量为32.1%。
用PH=7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液作释放介质,采用静浸法测定体外释放度。按表18规定的时间点取样。测定盐酸利多卡因植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度。结果如表18所示:
表18
实施例15
根据实施例5制备获得的顺铂植入剂被用于该研究。无菌条件下,取d7 H22传代鼠的腹水,用生理盐水配制成细胞数为1.0×107个/ml的瘤细胞悬液。每鼠右腋皮下注射0.2ml(接种瘤细胞数为2×106个)。接种次日随机分成6组,给药方法是将实施例五顺铂植入剂或辅料对照组瘤旁于接种第7天植药。阳性对照组,接种后次日腹腔注射给药顺铂,每周两次,共四次。阴性对照组,接种后次日腹腔注射给药生理盐水,每周两次,共四次。接种15天后解剖,剥离瘤块称重,并按下列公式计算肿瘤生长抑制率:
表19
实施例16
取实施例5顺铂植入剂,在CT引导下经皮穿刺瘤体内植入顺铂植入剂治疗14例非小细胞肺癌患者。病灶明显缩小3例,稳定8例,进展3例。所有毒副反应包括:如恶心、呕吐、食欲下降、乏力、局部疼痛、少量咯血和低热,一般对症处理后即可消失。
实施例17
取实施例2氟尿嘧啶植入剂试验。取生长旺盛期的SGC-7901瘤组织剪切成1.5mm3左右。在无菌条件下,接种于裸小鼠右腋窝皮下,在接种后第6天随机分组给药。以不同剂量的根据实施例2制备的氟尿嘧啶植入剂治疗三组小鼠。在接种后第六天以辅料治疗另一组。氟尿嘧啶植入剂或辅料埋于裸小鼠皮下瘤结边缘。阳性对照组腹腔注射给药氟尿嘧啶,每周两次共给四次。阴性对照组腹腔注射给药普通生理盐水,每周两次共给四次。接种21天后解剖,剥离瘤块称重,并按下列公式计算肿瘤生长抑制率:
表20
实施例18
用按照实施例3制备的依托泊苷植入剂治疗直肠癌病人共24例,这24个病人年龄为约45~65岁,并计划实施手术。病人的病理诊断明确,属Dukes B-C期。能耐受手术及化疗。植入依托泊苷植入剂组,家属知情同意。
按性别、发病部位、病理分期及类型的原则进行配对,并分为两组。I组[n=14]以依托泊苷植入剂治疗。术前7天,I组的每个病人直肠粘膜下植入共200mg依托泊苷植入剂。给药方法为于直肠齿状线上1~3cm,分3个通道植入,每个通道植入60-70mg。II组[n=10]进行常规治疗。收集所有患者术前活检组织蜡块作为植药后组织样对照。植药168小时后手术。术后于肿瘤部位、植入部位分别切取1.0cm×1.0cm×0.5cm大小组织块(因肿瘤固定未能切除者手术完毕时经肛门取活检)。经10%福尔马林溶液固定后脱水、透明、浸蜡、包埋。常规HE染色,待进行病理分析。
结果显示植药组14例病人在植药部位粘膜无坏死、溃疡形成,粘膜下可见少量的淤血斑。直肠癌组织切片HE染色显示:植药前病理形态学为0级,14例病人化疗后病理形态学I~II级改变(0级:无变化;I级:癌细胞肿胀,空泡变性,部分癌细胞核浓缩或核溶解,腺管及癌巢结构基本无破坏;II级:大部分癌细胞呈高度变性,多数细胞出现核浓缩或核溶解,癌巢与腺管脱离;III级:大部分癌细胞坏死,溶解癌巢几乎全部崩解和消失)。癌细胞点片状变性,核溶解固缩,范围占切片的1/5以上。对照组10例病人手术前后两次病理无明显变化。
植药前两组病人癌细胞的凋亡指数(AI,(AI)=(凋亡细胞数/癌细胞总数)×100%)、增殖指数(PI,PI=(PCNA阳性细胞数/癌细胞总数)×100%)无显著差异,并且未植药组病人手术前后AI、PI无明显改变。植药组病人手术后AI增加,PI下降。比较了植药前后癌组织的AI、PI,结果显示两者有显著差异(P<0.01)。
表21 I组病人(n=14)植药前后肿瘤细胞的AI和PI(x±s)
直肠粘膜下植入依托泊苷植入剂后,植入部位无大出血,无明显感染。植药后168小时,植入部位病理学检查仅见少量炎性细胞浸润,粘膜下充血,肠粘膜及肌组织无明显坏死,未发现植药部位的溃疡、出血、坏死及感染。血常规、肝肾功能、心电图等检查显示无全身的毒副反应。
实施例19
测试了实施例2的氟尿嘧啶植入剂对胰腺癌的有效性。培养胰腺癌细胞株PC3,2×106个细胞分别接种于70只裸鼠右侧腋窝皮下。移植后4周肿瘤生长至约4mm×4mm×4mm。挑选肿瘤大小一致的裸鼠60只,随机分成5组,每组各12只。A组:经裸鼠内眦静脉注射生理盐水0.1ml/只。B组:10mg/kg氟尿嘧啶的生理盐水溶液,0.1ml/只,经裸鼠内眦静脉注射。C组植入空白基质。D组:以4mg/kg的剂量,将氟尿嘧啶植入剂植入胰腺肿瘤实体内。E组:以1mg/kg的剂量,将氟尿嘧啶植入剂植入胰腺肿瘤实体内。检测治疗前后肿瘤体积大小。结果如表22所示。
表22 用药前后肿瘤体积的变化(mm3)
实施例20
测试了实施例12的霉酚酸酯植入剂对肾炎的效果。
30只雌性SD大鼠,体重150~170g,随机分为三组,每组10只。对照组、肾病组以及治疗组分别10只。肾病组与治疗组大鼠尾静脉一次性注入阿霉素7.5mg/kg,对照组大鼠尾静脉一次性注入等量生理盐水。以标准饲料喂养,自由摄食、饮水。治疗组于注射阿霉素后第2天开始霉酚酸酯植入剂20mg/kg局部左右两侧肾囊内植入,肾病组、对照组大鼠等量蒸馏水灌胃。在注射霉酚酸酯/普通生理盐水前一天,以及注射后的第14天和第28天,24小时搜集鼠尿,并测量鼠尿样本中蛋白量。如果14天时尿蛋白定量大于150mg/24h,那么模型复制成功,计入实验。28天处死全部大鼠,检测血清总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(Chol)、尿素氮(BUN)以及肌酐(Cr)。
表23 三组大鼠尿蛋白比较(mg/24h,n=10)
对照组 | 肾病组 | 治疗组 | |
0天 | 9.98±1.95 | 9.98±1.67 | 10.59±2.11 |
14天 | 11.57±2.14 | 219.41±15.24* | 243.89±10.78 |
28天 | 12.87±2.86 | 304.27±21.04* | 168.02±12.85# |
*:与对照组比较P<0.01
#:与肾病组相比P<0.01
表24 三组大鼠血生化指标比较(n=10)
*:与对照组相比P<0.01;
#:与肾病组相比P<0.01
实施例21
针对实施例11硫酸庆大霉素植入剂做肌内植入局部分布及扩散试验。
杂种犬35只,包括雌犬14只、雄犬21只,分为7组,每组雌犬2只、雄犬3只。在每只犬右后腿外侧股二头肌内植药,剂量为10mg/kg。按规定时间点分别活杀一组,取植药处后腿,去皮冷冻,以植药点为原点,在X、Y二轴上以10mm的间隔,取肌肉组织样本。检测硫酸庆大霉素组织浓度,考察硫酸庆大霉素肌内植入分布及扩散情况。结果如表25所示。
表25
24h | 72h | 120h | 240h | 360h | 480h | |
X-3cm | 91.16±17.30 | 63.38±14.90 | 47.66±11.95 | 35.66±9.61 | 27.56±8.10 | 16.88±6.63 |
Y-3cm | 90.82±15.29 | 63.22±15.47 | 46.14±10.40 | 34.84±9.69 | 27.36±8.68 | 17.22±7.69 |
X-2cm | 169.10±54.87 | 109.72±22.62 | 74.42±14.52 | 42.40±15.28 | 31.26±11.55 | 26.12±9.69 |
Y-2cm | 167.82±59.04 | 106.18±22.53 | 74.88±13.22 | 41.30±14.43 | 30.58±10.81 | 25.90±8.42 |
X-1cm | 304.06±69.04 | 223.66±54.84 | 134.62±24.89 | 70.85±11.34 | 46.73±12.08 | 35.96±8.66 |
Y-1cm | 294.60±71.70 | 204.46±45.24 | 127.62±29.63 | 71.46±7.32 | 44.80±13.16 | 36.54±9.21 |
0 | 586.80±56.55 | 458.74±54.09 | 307.90±77.54 | 113.6±37.01 | 75.20±24.18 | 58.30±24.38 |
Y+1cm | 312.58±86.84 | 211.48±21.33 | 136.64±14.62 | 64.72±11.37 | 44.66±11.19 | 36.62±8.19 |
X+1cm | 305.12±86.91 | 217.56±52.20 | 135.12±25.73 | 69.30±8.21 | 44.48±13.02 | 34.48±8.51 |
Y+2cm | 170.22±51.72 | 111.34±50.74 | 74.02±14.27 | 42.84±13.14 | 29.62±11.14 | 24.98±8.64 |
X+2cm | 167.66±52.48 | 110.24±25.46 | 74.68±16.88 | 41.06±12.76 | 31.34±11.31 | 27.40±9.85 |
Y+3cm | 89.68±15.16 | 61.56±15.08 | 47.80±11.59 | 36.22±9.73 | 27.58±8.15 | 17.14±6.94 |
X+3cm | 89.94±18.81 | 62.34±15.60 | 47.60±10.69 | 36.08±9.16 | 29.10±7.58 | 15.96±7.39 |
实施例22
取实施例8盐酸利多卡因植入剂,在手术过程中向10例乳腺癌患者给药,5例给予50mg/人,5例给予100mg/人。给药后,10例患者感觉手术区未见明显疼痛。
实施例23
硝苯地平微粒制备:称取乙基纤维素2克,硝苯地平3克,混匀,用氯仿溶解完全,挥发溶剂至干,粉碎,制成约90微米的微粒。
硝苯地平植入剂制备:称取聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)2克(左旋乳酸/乙醇酸=90/10,分子量1.6万,熔程68~76℃),聚乙二醇(4000)0.3克,硝苯地平微粒3.7克,混匀,压制成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒。所制备硝苯地平植入剂的硝苯地平含量为37.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只。每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒硝苯地平植入剂。按表26规定的时间点取样,测定硝苯地平植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度。结果如表26所示:
表26
实施例24
将PLGA(特性粘数为33.40)干粉直接压制成片状,植入大鼠背部皮下。其降解情况如表27所示:
表27
大鼠体内滞留时间 | 失重(%) | 特性粘数 |
0天 | 33.40 | |
1周 | 4.31 | 29.69 |
4周 | 10.17 | 23.18 |
6周 | 12.47 | 18.70 |
9周 | 25.64 | 19.26 |
12周 | 45.62 | 18.04 |
15周 | 56.51 | 17.14 |
实施例25
将PLLA(特性粘数为47.21)干粉直接压制成片状,植入大鼠背部皮下。其降解情况如表28所示:
表28
大鼠体内滞留时间 | 失重(%) | 特性粘数 |
0天 | 47.21 | |
1周 | 3.46 | 48.38 |
2周 | 3.13 | 47.03 |
4周 | 8.46 | 43.77 |
12周 | 19.33 | 42.83 |
26周 | 27.30 | 36.51 |
31周 | 29.26 | 27.73 |
41周 | 29.26 | 25.19 |
46周 | 29.64 | 22.80 |
52周 | 43.72 | 19.91 |
实施例26
氟尿嘧啶微粒制备:用环己烷配制5%的硅橡胶包衣液。用包衣液对氟尿嘧啶粉末包衣固化10次,测得微粒含氟尿嘧啶为94.8%。
氟尿嘧啶微植入剂制备:称取聚L-乳酸5.0克,氟尿嘧啶微粒9.0克,混匀,熔融注塑成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒。所制备氟尿嘧啶植入剂的氟尿嘧啶含量为60.9%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只。每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒氟尿嘧啶植入剂。按表29规定的时间点取样。测定氟尿嘧啶植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度。结果如表29所示:
表29
实施例27
比较了实施例26的微植入剂和无第二材料的氟尿嘧啶植入剂的释放度。
无第二材料的氟尿嘧啶微植入剂制备:称取聚L-乳酸5.0克,氟尿嘧啶7.8克,混匀,熔融注塑成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒。所制备氟尿嘧啶植入剂的氟尿嘧啶含量为60.9%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只。每只小鼠于后腿内侧肌内植入1粒氟尿嘧啶植入剂。按表30规定的时间点取样。测定氟尿嘧啶植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度。结果如表30所示:
表30
实施例26的氟尿嘧啶植入剂和实施例27的氟尿嘧啶植入剂中的氟尿嘧啶含量相同,都是植入剂重量的60.9%。进而对比了氟尿嘧啶的释放百分比。表29显示实施例26的植入剂在10天后释放了31%氟尿嘧啶,而表30显示实施例27的植入剂在10天后释放了87%氟尿嘧啶。实施例26的植入剂即使在植入70天后仍继续释放。结果显示相比于实施例27,实施例26的植入剂拥有显著的更长的释放期。
实施例28
硫酸庆大霉素微粒制备:称取巴西棕榈蜡3.0克(熔点81~88℃),硫酸庆大霉素7.0克,混匀,于95℃熔融后,冷却,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒。
硫酸庆大霉素植入片制备:称取(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)7.2克(左旋乳酸/乙醇酸=75/25,分子量2.0万,熔程68~76℃),硫酸庆大霉素微粒8.0克,硬脂醇0.8克,混匀,干粉直接压成小片。所制备硫酸庆大霉素植入剂的硫酸庆大霉素含量为35.0%。
取昆明种小鼠30只,随机分成5组,每组6只。每只小鼠于背部皮下植入1粒硫酸庆大霉素植入剂。按表31规定的时间点取样。测定硫酸庆大霉素植入剂在小鼠体内累计释放度。结果如表31所示:
表31
实施例29
杂种犬6只,雌、雄各3只,驱虫并禁食12小时。在其右后腿外侧股二头肌内植药硫酸庆大霉素植入剂,剂量为20mg/kg。在规定时间点抽取外周静脉血,置于洁净抗凝试管中。测定血液中硫酸庆大霉素的浓度,结果如表32所示:
表32
时间(小时) | 浓度(μg/ml) | RSD% |
2 | 2.80 | 1.96 |
4 | 1.96 | 2.94 |
6 | 1.18 | 4.91 |
8 | 1.07 | 5.19 |
12 | 0.86 | 6.24 |
24 | 0.72 | 7.66 |
48 | 0.60 | 8.63 |
72 | 0.48 | 10.87 |
96 | 0.42 | 11.95 |
120 | 0.33 | 17.35 |
168 | 0.26 | 19.46 |
216 | 0.17 | 35.68 |
240 | 0.13 | 38.00 |
312 | 0.07 | 71.47 |
杂种犬6只,雌、雄各3只,驱虫并禁食12小时。在其右后腿外侧股二头肌内注射硫酸庆大霉素,剂量为20mg/kg。在规定时间点抽取外周静脉血,并置于洁净抗凝试管中。测定血液中硫酸庆大霉素的浓度,结果如表33所示:
表33
时间 | 浓度(μg/ml) | RSD% |
5分钟 | 11.35 | 11.70 |
10分钟 | 15.61 | 8.62 |
15分钟 | 19.60 | 7.09 |
30分钟 | 25.17 | 4.95 |
45分钟 | 31.73 | 4.14 |
1小时 | 40.73 | 3.11 |
1.5小时 | 35.39 | 3.84 |
2小时 | 31.77 | 4.15 |
3小时 | 26.69 | 4.85 |
4小时 | 13.58 | 9.08 |
8小时 | 3.76 | 32.62 |
16小时 | 0.52 | 91.49 |
24小时 | <0.02 | N/A |
虽然本发明以优选的方式公开,但本领域技术熟练人员在不偏离本发明及以下权利要求相应部分的思想和范围下,可以很容易地得出多种改动和增减方式。
Claims (1)
1.一种可植入的控释组合物,含有操作性地连接于基质的多个微粒,所述的微粒占控释组合物的重量百分比为1%至95%,其中:
所述微粒含有重量百分比20%至70%的第一材料和30%至80%的第一活性物质;
所述基质含有重量百分比20%至80%的第二材料和占所述基质的重量百分比为0%至70%的第二活性物质;
所述第一材料具有初熔温度TH;
所述第二材料具有全熔温度TL;
ΔT=TH-TL;以及
ΔT>0,
所述第一材料或所述第二材料独立地选自下组:聚(L-乳酸)、右旋糖酐、聚(L-乳酸乙醇酸)共聚物、聚乙二醇、1,3-二羧基苯氧基丙烷-癸二酸共聚物、巴西棕榈蜡、乙基纤维素、十八醇、聚己内酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚明胶和硅橡胶;
所述控释组合物是通过包括如下步骤的方法制成:(1)制备包含第一材料和第一活性物质的多个微粒;(2)将多个微粒加入基质以形成控释组合物;其具体为:
(1)氟尿嘧啶微粒的制备:称取氟尿嘧啶6.0克,分子量2.0万、熔距162~168℃的聚L-乳酸4.0克,混匀并于170℃熔融,熔融后的混合物经冷却、粉碎,制成大小180μm的氟尿嘧啶微粒;(2)氟尿嘧啶植入剂的制备:称取L-乳酸/乙醇酸为75/25、分子量1.6万、熔距68~76℃的聚(L-乳酸乙醇酸)共聚物20.0克,氟尿嘧啶12.0克,氟尿嘧啶微粒8.0克,混匀,于110℃挤出成型,制成 大小的圆柱状颗粒,氟尿嘧啶含量42.0%;
或者
(1)氟尿嘧啶微粒的制备:称取氟尿嘧啶6.0克,MW2.0万、熔距162~168℃的聚L-乳酸3.0克,右旋糖酐40 1.0克,混匀,于170℃熔融,熔融后的混合物经冷却、粉碎,制成大小180μm的氟尿嘧啶微粒;(2)氟尿嘧啶植入剂 的制备:称取L-乳酸/乙醇酸为75/25、分子量1.6万、熔距68~76℃的聚(L-乳酸乙醇酸)共聚物17.0克,聚乙二醇3.0克,氟尿嘧啶12.0克,氟尿嘧啶微粒8.0克,混匀,于110℃注塑成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒,所制备的植入剂中氟尿嘧啶含量为42.0%;
或者
(1)依托泊苷微粒的制备:称取右旋糖酐40 6.0克,用75%乙醇溶解完全,加入依托泊苷10.0克,搅拌并挥发除去乙醇,将得到的膏状物于80℃、-100KPa干燥8小时,粉碎,制成大小150μm依托泊苷微粒;(2)依托泊苷植入剂的制备:称取分子量2.0万、熔距162~168℃的聚L-乳酸3.0克,聚乙二醇4000 1.0克,用无水乙醇将二者分散均匀,混合物经干燥、粉碎,制成150μm的微粒,将微粒称重,与依托泊苷微粒以w/w1∶4的比例混合,混合物压制成 的圆柱状颗粒,所制备的依托泊 苷植入剂中依托泊苷含量为50.0%;
或者
(1)顺铂微粒的制备:称取分子量2.0万、熔距162~168℃的聚L-乳酸5.0克,用氯仿溶解完全,加入顺铂5.0克,将混合物搅匀,挥发氯仿至干,粉碎并筛分,制成大小250μm顺铂微粒;(2)顺铂植入剂的制备:称取L-乳酸/乙醇酸为75/25、分子量1.6万、熔距68~76℃的聚(L-乳酸乙醇酸)共聚物21.0克,聚乙二醇4000 6.0克,顺铂7.0克,顺铂微粒6.0克,混匀,于110℃挤出,制成的圆柱状颗粒,所制备的顺铂植入剂中顺铂含量为25.0%;
或者
(1)顺铂微粒的制备:称取分子量2.0万、熔距162~168℃的聚L-乳酸5.0克,用氯仿溶解完全,加入顺铂5.0克,将混合物搅匀,挥发氯仿至干,粉碎,制成大小125μm顺铂微粒;(2)顺铂植入剂的制备:称取L-乳酸/乙醇酸为75/25、分子量1.6万、熔距68~76℃的聚(L-乳酸乙醇酸)共聚物21.0克,聚乙二醇4000 6.0克,顺铂7.0克,顺铂微粒6.0克,混匀,于110℃挤出,制成 的圆柱状颗粒,所制备的顺铂植入剂中顺铂含量为25.0%;
或者
(1)地塞米松微粒的制备:称取右旋糖酐40 4.0克,用75%乙醇溶解完全, 加入地塞米松10.0克,搅拌并挥发除去乙醇,将得到的膏状物80℃、100KPa干燥8小时,粉碎,制成大小150μm地塞米松微粒;(2)地塞米松植入剂的制备:称取分子量2.0万、熔距162~168℃的聚L-乳酸5.0克,聚乙二醇4000 1.0克,用无水乙醇将二者分散均匀,混合物经干燥、粉碎并筛分,制成大小在150μm以下的微粒,将微粒称重,与地塞米松微粒以w/w3∶7的比例混合,混合物压制成的圆柱状颗粒,所制备的地塞米松植入剂中地塞米松含量为50.0%;
或者
(1)盐酸利多卡因微粒制备:称取乙基纤维素1.6克,用氯仿溶解完全,加入盐酸利多卡因2.4克,搅匀,挥发混合物至干,粉碎,制成125微米左右的微粒;(2)盐酸利多卡因植入剂制备:称取十八醇2.4克,盐酸利多卡因微粒3.0克,盐酸利多卡因0.6克,混匀,于65℃注模成型,制备成圆柱状颗粒,所制备植入剂的盐酸利多卡因含量为40.0%;
或者
(1)甲氨蝶呤微粒制备:称取熔点81~88℃的巴西棕榈蜡2.0克,甲氨蝶呤3.0克,混匀,于95℃熔融后,冷却,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒;(2)甲氨蝶呤植入剂制备:称取熔点约62℃的聚己内酯3.0克,甲氨蝶呤微粒3.0克,混匀,压制成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒,所制备甲氨蝶呤植入剂的甲氨蝶呤含量为30.0%;
或者
(1)盐酸阿霉素微粒制备:称取熔点81~88℃的巴西棕榈蜡1.0克,盐酸阿霉素1.5克,混匀,于95℃熔融后,冷却,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒;(2)盐酸阿霉素植入剂制备:称取L-乳酸/乙醇酸为90/10、分子量2.0万、熔程70~79℃的聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)2.0克,盐酸阿霉素微粒2.0克,混匀,压制成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒,所制备盐酸阿霉素植入剂的盐酸阿霉素含量为30.0%;
或者
(1)硫酸庆大霉素微粒制备:称取熔点81~88℃的巴西棕榈蜡1.5克,硫酸庆大霉素3.5克,混匀,于95℃熔融后,冷却,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒; (2)硫酸庆大霉素植入剂制备:称取L-乳酸/乙醇酸为75/25,分子量2.0万,熔程68~76℃聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)2.0克,硫酸庆大霉素微粒2.0克,混匀,压制成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒,所制备硫酸庆大霉素植入剂的硫酸庆大霉素含量为35.0%;
或者
(1)氟尿嘧啶微粒制备:称取氟尿嘧啶80.0克,甲基丙烯酸甲酯20.0克,过氧化苯甲酸0.01克,混匀,于50~100℃常压反应后,冷却,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒;(2)氟尿嘧啶植入剂制备:称取聚L-乳酸10.0克,氟尿嘧啶微粒15.0克,混匀,165℃注塑成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒,测得氟尿嘧啶植入剂含量为47.8%;
或者
(1)盐酸利多卡因微粒制备:称取左旋乳酸/乙醇酸为75/25、分子量2.0万、熔程68~76℃的聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)2.0克,盐酸利多卡因3.5克,混匀,于100℃熔融后,冷却,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒;(2)盐酸利多卡因植入剂制备:称取盐酸利多卡因微粒2.0克,置于15ml的15%的明胶液中,混匀,注入模具,风干,置5%戊二醛溶液中浸泡1小时,取出,风干,制备成薄膜片,测得盐酸利多卡因含量为32.1%;
或者
(1)硝苯地平微粒制备:称取乙基纤维素2克,硝苯地平3克,混匀,用氯仿溶解完全,挥发溶剂至干,粉碎,制成90微米的微粒;(2)硝苯地平植入剂制备:称取左旋乳酸/乙醇酸为90/10、分子量1.6万、熔程68~76℃的聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)2克,聚乙二醇4000 0.3克,硝苯地平微粒3.7克,混匀,压制成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒,所制备硝苯地平植入剂的硝苯地平含量为37.0%;
或者
(1)氟尿嘧啶微粒制备:用环己烷配制5%的硅橡胶包衣液,用包衣液对氟尿嘧啶粉末包衣固化10次,测得微粒含氟尿嘧啶为94.8%;(2)氟尿嘧啶微植入剂制备:称取聚L-乳酸5.0克,氟尿嘧啶微粒9.0克,混匀,熔融注塑成型,制备成的圆柱状颗粒,所制备氟尿嘧啶植入剂的氟尿嘧啶含量为 60.9%;
或者
(1)硫酸庆大霉素微粒制备:称取熔点81~88℃的巴西棕榈蜡3.0克,硫酸庆大霉素7.0克,混匀,于95℃熔融后,冷却,粉碎,制成100微米的微粒;(2)硫酸庆大霉素植入片制备:称取左旋乳酸/乙醇酸为75/25、分子量2.0万、熔程68~76℃的聚(L-乳酸-乙醇酸)7.2克,硫酸庆大霉素微粒8.0克,硬脂醇0.8克,混匀,干粉直接压成小片,所制备硫酸庆大霉素植入剂的硫酸庆大霉素含量为35.0%。
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