CN102258157A - 添加发酵菜粕和发酵棉粕的斑点叉尾鮰鱼饲料及生产方法 - Google Patents
添加发酵菜粕和发酵棉粕的斑点叉尾鮰鱼饲料及生产方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102258157A CN102258157A CN2011102524332A CN201110252433A CN102258157A CN 102258157 A CN102258157 A CN 102258157A CN 2011102524332 A CN2011102524332 A CN 2011102524332A CN 201110252433 A CN201110252433 A CN 201110252433A CN 102258157 A CN102258157 A CN 102258157A
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Landscapes
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供了一种斑点叉尾鮰鱼饲料,该饲料主要使用发酵菜粕和发酵棉粕,同时减少豆粕和鱼粉用量,再添加米糠、小麦、磷酸二氢钙、以及多种维生素和微量元素制成,该饲料具有成本低,污染小,饵料系数低等优点。本发明还提供了该饲料的制备方法,包括物料的两次制粒过程,通过两次制粒,既能使原料中的营养成分不受破坏,同时与膨化生产工艺相比能够大大降低成本。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种斑点叉尾鮰鱼专用饲料及其生产方法,属于饲料工业领域。
背景技术
斑点叉尾鮰(Ietalurus Punetaus)又称沟鲶、钳鱼,属于鲶形目、鮰科鱼类。原产于北美洲,是一种大型淡水鱼类,具有食性杂、生长快、适应性广、抗病力强、肉质上乘等优点,是世界闻名的养殖品种和游钓对象。该鱼为大型温水性淡水鱼类,是以植物性饲料为主的杂食性鱼类,在天然水域中,主要摄食对象是底栖生物、水生昆虫、浮游动物、轮虫、有机碎屑和大型藻类。在人工养殖条件下对各种配合饲料都能摄取,尤其喜食鱼粉、豆饼、玉米、米糠、麦麸等原料配制而成的颗粒饲料。由于其生长速度极快,所以在不同养殖时期,饲养管理必须相应跟上,才能确保养殖效益的提高。
然而现有的斑点叉尾鮰鱼料配方中都直接使用少量的棉粕和菜粕和大量豆粕以及大量的鱼粉,因棉粕中游离棉酚含量较高,在斑点叉尾鮰鱼料中添加量不超过10%,菜粕中异硫氰酸酯和恶唑烷硫酮含量极高,菜粕在斑点叉尾鮰鱼料中添加量不超过25%,豆粕用量约30%,鱼粉添加约10%。所以斑点叉尾鮰鱼料中还是以豆粕和动物蛋白原料为主,导致成本高,消化率低、未消化的饲料对水体污染很大。
发明内容
针对上述不足,本发明提供了一种斑点叉尾鮰鱼饲料,该饲料的应用能够解决斑点叉尾鮰鱼饲养成本高的问题。此外,本发明还提供了所述饲料的生产方法。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明的技术方案是:使用发酵菜粕和发酵棉粕同时减少豆粕和鱼粉用量,再添加米糠、小麦、磷酸二氢钙、以及多种维生素和微量元素制成斑点叉尾鮰鱼饲料。本发明进一步优化了饲料配方,具体地,本发明饲料包括以下重量份的组分:
发酵菜粕 | 42.0~48.0 |
发酵棉粕 | 13.0~17.0 |
米糠 | 7.0~9.0 |
小麦 | 13.0~15.0 |
豆粕 | 7.0~9.0 |
鱼粉 | 4.5~5.5 |
磷酸二氢钙 | 1.0~2.0 |
磷脂油 | 1.5~2.5 |
食盐 | 0.2~0.4 |
氯化胆碱 | 0.1~0.3 |
甜菜碱 | 0.05~0.15 |
复合多维 | 0.3~0.7 |
复合微量元素 | 0.2~0.6 。 |
优选地,本发明饲料包括如下重量份的组分:
发酵菜粕 | 45.0 |
发酵棉粕 | 15.0 |
米糠 | 8.0 |
小麦 | 14.0 |
豆粕 | 8.0 |
鱼粉 | 5.0 |
磷酸二氢钙 | 1.5 |
磷脂油 | 2.0 |
食盐 | 0.3 |
氯化胆碱 | 0.2 |
甜菜碱 | 0.1 |
复合多维 | 0.5 |
复合微量元素 | 0.4 |
该饲料中游离棉酚含量仅38mg/kg,异硫氰酸酯含量为320mg/kg,恶唑烷硫酮含量为230mg/kg。该饲料饲喂42g的斑点叉尾鮰鱼到870g,饵料系数为1.61:1,斑点叉尾鮰鱼全期死亡率仅为6%。
本发明用的发酵棉粕和发酵菜粕是采用酵母菌、乳酸菌、芽胞杆菌等益生菌利用现代生物技术对菜粕和棉粕进行发酵、酶解而成。
具体可按照以下方法制备:棉粕/菜粕加红糖5%,加由热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、双歧乳杆菌(Bifidobacterium)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)制成的发酵种子液5%(其中含热带假丝酵母1×1010cfu/ml,嗜酸乳杆菌2×1010cfu/ml,双歧乳杆菌5×109cfu/ml,枯草芽孢杆菌1×1010cfu/ml),加净水50%混和均匀,严格密封控制温度28-45℃发酵48小时,然后均匀翻料,再发酵24小时,再次翻料,发酵24小时,结束发酵,低温(低于50℃)烘干之含水量小于10%,粉碎,包装而成。
所述发酵棉粕以及发酵菜粕也可以通过市购获得。
所述复合多维的配置为:维生素A:1000000IU/kg;维生素D3:300000IU/kg;维生素E:20000IU/kg;维生素K3:16000mg/kg;维生素B1:2000mg/kg;维生素B2:2400mg/kg;维生素B6:2000mg/kg;维生素B12:10mg/kg;生物素:40mg/kg;叶酸:600mg/kg;烟酰胺:10000mg/kg;D-泛酸:8000mg/kg;肌醇:24000mg/kg。
所述复合微量元素的配置为:硫酸亚铁200g/kg;硫酸铜4g/kg;硫酸锰25g/kg;硫酸锌85g/kg;硫酸钴(钴含量为1%)2.5g/kg;亚硒酸钠(硒含量为1%)7g/kg;硫酸镁250g/kg;碘化钾(碘含量为5%)4g/kg;沸石粉422.5g/kg。
本发明还提供该斑点叉尾鮰鱼饲料的生产方法,其具体步骤为:
(1)将发酵菜粕和发酵棉粕进行细粉碎,有利于均匀混合和高温调质,有利于消化吸收。(2)将小麦、豆粕粉碎与米糠、磷酸二氢钙、鱼粉混合均匀后进行第一次高温(95-100℃)调质制粒,使小麦中淀粉充分熟化,同时破坏米糠中的脂肪酶活性,有利于饲料的存放,延长保质期。(3)将第一次制粒的小麦、豆粕、米糠和磷酸二氢钙粉碎后与粉碎好的发酵棉粕、发酵菜粕,以及维生素、矿物质等原料混合后低温(45-50℃)制粒,在此温度条件下,发酵棉粕和发酵菜粕中残留的有益菌,维生素、酶制剂保留了很高的活性。此方法生产的斑点叉尾鮰鱼料耐水性好(为3分钟),消化率高(饵料系数为1.61:1)。
本发明的有益效果在于:
1. 因发酵棉粕和发酵菜粕中有毒有害物质明显减少,可以提高棉粕、菜粕原料在饲料中的添加量,可以减少对稀缺资源豆粕和鱼粉的使用,而且发酵棉粕和发酵菜粕的价格远低于豆粕、鱼粉的价格,所以能降低饲料成本,带来经济效益;
2. 发酵棉粕和发酵菜粕中富含小肽,富含乳酸、乙酸和谷氨酸,残留多种益生菌,维生素,酶制剂等有利于提高蛋白质消化吸收利用率,减少残饵对水体的污染,维持斑点叉尾鮰鱼正常的肠道微生态平衡,保证肠道健康,降低饵料系数。
3. 通过二次制粒既保证了饲料中酶制剂、维生素、益生菌等有益的成分,与膨化生产工艺相比,大大地降低了生产成本。
附图说明
图1是本配方采用的二次加工生产流程。
具体实施方式:
以下实施例用于进一步说明本发明,但不应理解为对本发明的限制。实施例中涉及到的百分比“%”,如无特别说明,是指重量百分比。
实施例1
1、配方的设计:采用高剂量发酵棉粕和发酵菜粕(购自武汉天帅生物工程有限公司)部分替代豆粕和鱼粉。以发酵菜粕45%和发酵棉粕15%为主要原料,再添加少量豆粕、鱼粉、米糠、小麦、磷酸二氢钙、以及多种维生素和微量元素。配方中不添加任何抗生素。具体配方如表1所示:
表1 斑点叉尾鮰鱼料的配方
编号 | 原料名称 | 添加比例(%) |
1 | 发酵菜粕 | 45.0 |
2 | 发酵棉粕 | 15.0 |
3 | 米糠 | 8.0 |
4 | 小麦 | 14.0 |
5 | 豆粕 | 8.0 |
6 | 鱼粉 | 5.0 |
7 | 磷酸二氢钙 | 1.5 |
8 | 磷脂油 | 2.0 |
9 | 食盐 | 0.3 |
10 | 氯化胆碱 | 0.2 |
11 | 甜菜碱 | 0.1 |
12 | 复合多维 | 0.5 |
13 | 复合微量元素 | 0.4 |
14 | 合计 | 100.0 |
2、生产方法:(1)将小麦、部分豆粕粉碎后与米糠、磷酸二氢钙、鱼粉混合均匀后进行第一次高温(95-100℃)调质制粒,使小麦中淀粉充分熟化,同时破坏米糠中的脂肪酶和氧化酶活性,有利于饲料的存放,延长保质期。(2)将发酵菜粕和发酵棉粕进行细粉碎,同时将第一次高温制粒后的小麦、米糠、磷酸二氢钙等颗粒粉碎。(3)将粉碎好的小麦、豆粕、米糠、磷酸二氢钙等复合物与粉碎好的发酵棉粕、发酵菜粕、以及维生素、矿物质等原料混合后低温(45-50℃)制粒,在此温度条件下,发酵棉粕和发酵菜粕中残留的有益菌,维生素、酶制剂保留了很高的活性。(4)制粒后冷却装包。相关加工指标如表2所示。
表2 加工指标
其中,发酵菜粕和发酵棉粕的制备方法如下:
具体方法为:棉粕/菜粕加红糖5%,加由热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、双歧乳杆菌(Bifidobacterium)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)制成的发酵种子液5%(其中含热带假丝酵母1×1010cfu/ml,嗜酸乳杆菌2×1010cfu/ml,双歧乳杆菌5×109cfu/ml,枯草芽孢杆菌1×1010cfu/ml),加净水50%混和均匀,严格密封控制温度35℃发酵48小时,然后均匀翻料,再发酵24小时,再次翻料,发酵24小时,结束发酵,低温(低于50℃)烘干之含水量小于10%,粉碎,包装而成。
所述发酵棉粕以及发酵菜粕也可以通过市购获得。
该饲料实测的成分分析值如表3所示,其中异硫氰酸酯为320mg/kg,恶唑烷硫酮为230mg/kg,游离棉酚为38mg/kg。
表3 实测成分
编号 | 指标名称 | 结果 | 检测方法 |
1 | 粗蛋白 | 32.1% | GB/T 6432-1994 |
2 | 粗脂肪 | 4.4% | GB/T 6433-2006 |
3 | 粗纤维 | 8.15% | GB/T 6434-2006 |
4 | 粗灰分 | 7.82% | GB/T 6438-2007 |
5 | 总磷 | 1.28% | GB/T 6437-2002 |
6 | 赖氨酸 | 1.81% | GB/T 18868-2002 |
7 | 异硫氰酸酯 | 320mg/kg | GB/T 13087-1991 |
8 | 恶唑烷硫酮 | 230mg/kg | GB/T 13087-1991 |
9 | 游离棉酚 | 38mg/kg | GB/T 13086-1991 |
3. 鱼塘饲喂实验
池塘占地25亩,平均水深1.6-1.8m;鱼种为斑点叉尾鮰鱼(Ietalurus Punetaus),平均42g/尾;饲料为本发明饲料;实验时间为2010-07-11至2010-09-20,共70天;分3各阶段投喂,第一阶段饲料粒径为2.0mm,投喂25天,平均每天投喂量为320kg;第二阶段饲料粒径为3.0mm,投喂25天,平均每天投喂量为800kg;第三阶段饲料粒径为4.0mm,投喂20天,平均每天投喂1100kg;饲喂方法为每天上午7点、中午12点和下午4点投料,总体情况及结果如表4所示。
表4
池塘面积 | 25亩 | 池塘水深 | 1.6-1.8m |
饲喂时间 | 70天 | ||
投放量 | 40000尾 | 死亡率 | 6% |
投放平均规格 | 42g/尾 | 收获鱼总重 | 32650kg |
总投重量 | 1680kg | 收获鱼均重 | 870g/尾 |
饲料用量 | 50000kg | 饵料系数 | 1.61:1 |
死亡 | 2411尾 |
结果表明,使用本发明饲料,斑点叉尾鮰鱼从42g饲喂70天体重达到0.87kg,饵料系数为1.61:1,斑点叉尾鮰鱼全期死亡率仅为6%。可见,本发明饲料具有良好的应用价值。
尽管本发明给出了优选的饲料配方,本领域技术人员可以根据本发明公开的内容,对饲料的配方做适当的修改,例如适当调整发酵菜粕及发酵棉粕的含量,改变一种或多种本发明饲料配方中的其他成分的含量,但总体思想上是通过发酵菜粕及发酵棉粕来替代或部分替代原来饲料配方中的主要原料的,均属于本发明保护的范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种斑点叉尾鮰鱼饲料,其包括以下重量份的组分:
2.根据权利要求1所述的饲料,其特征在于,包括以下重量份的组分:
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的饲料,其特征在于,所述复合多维为:维生素A:1000000IU/kg;维生素D3:300000IU/kg;维生素E:20000IU/kg;维生素K3:16000mg/kg;维生素B1:2000mg/kg;维生素B2:2400mg/kg;维生素B6:2000mg/kg;维生素B12:10mg/kg;生物素:40mg/kg;叶酸:600mg/kg;烟酰胺:10000mg/kg;D-泛酸:8000mg/kg;肌醇:24000mg/kg。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的饲料,其特征在于,所述复合微量元素为:硫酸亚铁200g/kg;硫酸铜4g/kg;硫酸锰25g/kg;硫酸锌85g/kg;钴含量为1%的硫酸钴2.5g/kg;硒含量为1%的亚硒酸钠7g/kg;硫酸镁250g/kg;碘含量为5%的碘化钾4g/kg;沸石粉422.5g/kg。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的饲料,其特征在于,该饲料游离棉酚含量不高于38mg/kg,异硫氰酸酯含量不高于320mg/kg,恶唑烷硫酮含量不高于230mg/kg。
6.一种制备权利要求1~5任一项所述饲料的方法,其包括如下步骤:(1)将发酵菜粕和发酵棉粕进行粉碎;(2)将小麦、豆粕粉碎,并与米糠、磷酸二氢钙、鱼粉混合均匀后在95-100℃下进行第一次调质制粒;(3)将第一次制粒的小麦、豆粕、米糠、磷酸二氢钙及鱼粉粉碎后与粉碎好的发酵棉粕、发酵菜粕,以及其他原料混合后于45-50℃制粒。
7.权利要求1~5任一项所述饲料在饲养斑点叉尾鮰鱼中的应用。
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CN101965923A (zh) * | 2010-09-28 | 2011-02-09 | 东北农业大学 | 重唇鱼幼鱼专用配合饲料及其制备方法 |
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CN101869218A (zh) * | 2010-06-08 | 2010-10-27 | 东北农业大学 | 一种绿色环保的无鱼粉斑点叉尾鮰配合饲料及其制备方法 |
CN101965923A (zh) * | 2010-09-28 | 2011-02-09 | 东北农业大学 | 重唇鱼幼鱼专用配合饲料及其制备方法 |
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CN103392644A (zh) * | 2013-07-23 | 2013-11-20 | 苏州市阳澄湖现代农业产业园特种水产养殖有限公司 | 一种斑点叉尾鮰成鱼网箱养殖的方法 |
CN103392644B (zh) * | 2013-07-23 | 2014-11-05 | 苏州市阳澄湖现代农业产业园特种水产养殖有限公司 | 一种斑点叉尾鮰成鱼网箱养殖的方法 |
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CN104187085A (zh) * | 2014-08-08 | 2014-12-10 | 湖南海大生物饲料有限公司 | 一种斑点叉尾鮰免疫增强型饲料 |
CN104187085B (zh) * | 2014-08-08 | 2016-08-24 | 广州市海维饲料有限公司 | 一种斑点叉尾鮰免疫增强型饲料 |
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CN107259230A (zh) * | 2017-08-09 | 2017-10-20 | 湖北邦业饲料有限公司 | 一种鱼饲料 |
CN109527201A (zh) * | 2018-12-30 | 2019-03-29 | 湖北希普生物科技有限公司 | 一种净化水质的斑点叉尾鮰鱼发酵膨化饲料及其制作方法 |
CN113331320A (zh) * | 2021-06-15 | 2021-09-03 | 贵州船牌饲料有限公司 | 一种斑点叉尾鮰养殖专用饲料的制备方法及生产设备 |
CN115736094A (zh) * | 2022-12-09 | 2023-03-07 | 中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所 | 一种采用发酵棉粕的卵形鲳鲹饲料及其制备方法和应用 |
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