CN102232197A - 用于对环境进行光学扫描和测量的设备 - Google Patents

用于对环境进行光学扫描和测量的设备 Download PDF

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CN102232197A
CN102232197A CN2010800034648A CN201080003464A CN102232197A CN 102232197 A CN102232197 A CN 102232197A CN 2010800034648 A CN2010800034648 A CN 2010800034648A CN 201080003464 A CN201080003464 A CN 201080003464A CN 102232197 A CN102232197 A CN 102232197A
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莱因哈德·贝克
马丁·奥西格
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/48Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
    • G01S7/481Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
    • G01S7/4811Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements common to transmitter and receiver
    • GPHYSICS
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    • G01CMEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
    • G01C15/00Surveying instruments or accessories not provided for in groups G01C1/00 - G01C13/00
    • G01C15/002Active optical surveying means
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S17/00Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
    • G01S17/02Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S17/06Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S17/42Simultaneous measurement of distance and other co-ordinates
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S17/00Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
    • G01S17/88Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S17/89Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/003Transmission of data between radar, sonar or lidar systems and remote stations
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S17/00Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
    • G01S17/02Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S17/50Systems of measurement based on relative movement of target

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Abstract

在一种用于对环境进行光学扫描和测量的设备中,该设备被设计作为激光扫描器(10),该激光扫描器(10)具有:中心(C10),该中心(C10)为扫描限定该激光扫描器(10)的静止参考系和该扫描的中心(Ci);光发射器(17),该光发射器(17)发射出发射光束(18);光接收器(21),该光接收器(21)接收被激光扫描器(10)的环境中的对象(O)反射或者在其他情况下被散射的接收光束(20);以及,控制和评估单元(22),该控制和评估单元(22)为扫描的多个测量点(X)至少确定中心(Ci)和对象(O)之间的距离(d),其中,用于用具有不同中心(C1、C2、…)的若干次扫描对场景进行记录的激光扫描器(10)作为整体在中心(C1、C2、…)之间是能够移动的,扫描器鼠标(30)被设置作为用于对激光扫描器作为整体在不同中心(C1、C2、…)之间所循的路径进行记录的光学设备,该扫描器鼠标(30)是被分配给激光扫描器(10)的,且该扫描器鼠标(30)光学地记录激光扫描器(10)作为整体相对于参考面(G)的运动。

Description

用于对环境进行光学扫描和测量的设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有权利要求1的通用术语的特征的设备。
背景技术
借助于诸如根据例如DE 20 2006 005 643 U1已知且被设计作为激光扫描器的设备,可以对该激光扫描器的环境进行光学扫描和测量。如果要通过借助不同目标结合(join)在一起的若干次扫描来采集场景,则可以借助于全球定位系统(GPS)近似地确定相应扫描的中心,以使得可以明确地定位和识别扫描中的目标。该方法在封闭的大厅中失效,这是个问题。
发明内容
本发明是基于对上述类型的设备进行改进的目的的。该目的是根据本发明、借助于包括权利要求1的特征的设备来实现的。从属权利要求涉及有利的配置。
激光扫描器的位置在多次扫描之间改变。代替激光扫描器从旧的中心到新的中心所循的路径,可以考虑激光扫描器(例如基座)的参考点的路径,该参考点相对于扫描过程是静止的。根据本发明的设备使得可以至少近似地跟踪该路径,即旧的中心和新的中心之间的差异向量。然后,为了该目的而进行的扫描可以更加容易地被结合在一起(被配准),这是因为可以更加容易地对扫描中所包含的、在已知所循的路径时可以很好地评估其位置的目标进行定位和识别。对近似位置的了解是足够的,这是因为借助于图像处理,可以对偏差进行校正——达到特定值。借助于光学测量设备来跟踪路径,其中,如根据导航所已知的,其他测量方法和设备(例如惯性传感器)可以与该光学设备组合。在下文中应该理解,概念“参考面”将不限于确定的三维对象的确切地限定的表面,还可以是具有例如达到地平线的区域的场景。扫描器鼠标可以与参考面相接触。
可以借助于托架容易地移动激光扫描器。还可以自由地移动激光扫描器,即手动地将激光扫描器从旧的中心转移到新的中心。激光扫描器和/或扫描器鼠标的移动可以相对于参考面在任何方向上发生,即呈现平行分量和垂直分量。扫描器鼠标优选地与激光扫描器固定连接,例如,扫描器鼠标可以安装在激光扫描器上、安装在托架上或者安装在支架上。
优选地,用光学计算机鼠标技术设计扫描器鼠标,即,用于记录激光扫描器作为整体的运动,扫描器鼠标确定光流。优选地,扫描器鼠标包括光源、传感器和计算单元,其中:例如发光二极管(LED)或激光器的光源将光发射到参考面上;传感器具有空间分辨率,特别地是以固定的间隔采集来自受辐照的参考面的数据——特别地是采集参考表面的图片——的相机;计算单元将采集到的图像相互比较并且借助于差异来计算扫描器鼠标相对于参考面的移动。为了该目的,优选地,计算单元确定光流,即像素的速度向量场。计算机鼠标技术提供了短距离聚焦。扫描器鼠标需要更长的焦距。因此,扫描器鼠标设置有优选地替换计算机鼠标透镜的至少一个(或若干个)(光学)元件。扫描器鼠标及其(光学)元件可以安装在激光扫描器上。在最简单的情况下,如果参考面被很好地照射,则扫描器鼠标可以包括传感器而无需光源。对扫描器鼠标的数据的评估也可以在现有的评估单元中进行。
必须将激光扫描器的数据和激光扫描器的扫描器鼠标的数据结合在一起用于评估、特别地用于链接(link)。为了该目的,在扫描期间——特别是连续地或者在每次扫描之后或者在所有扫描之后——扫描器鼠标可以例如借助于具有限定的接口的线缆或者借助于无线电连接到控制和评估单元。然而,也可以仅在记录全部场景之后——即进行所有扫描之后——例如在可以是分离的计算机的外部评估单元中,将数据结合在一起用于评估——特别地用于链接。初始同步利于链接。扫描器鼠标的数据还可以存贮在可以代替扫描器鼠标连接到评估单元的数据存储器中。
激光扫描器可以包括若干个扫描器鼠标,这些扫描器鼠标可以朝着不同的方向。然后,这些扫描器鼠标的数据——特别是光流——被结合在一起且被评估,如果需要则与另外的测量设备的数据结合在一起且被评估。可替换地,扫描器鼠标设置有全向相机(例如鱼眼)。
附图说明
下面,以在附图中示出的示例性实施例为基础,更详细地阐明本发明,在附图中:
图1示出了借助于不同地定位的激光扫描器、用若干次扫描对场景进行记录的示意图,
图2示出了安装在托架上的、具有扫描器鼠标的激光扫描器的示意图,
图3示出了扫描器鼠标的非常示意性的图示,
图4示出了激光扫描器的局部剖视图,以及
图5示出了托架的局部示意图。
具体实施方式
激光扫描器10被设置作为用于对激光扫描器10的环境进行光学扫描和测量的设备。激光扫描器10具有测量头12和基座14。测量头12安装在基座14上作为可以绕着垂直轴线旋转的单元。测量头12具有反射镜16,该反射镜16可以绕着水平轴线旋转。两个旋转轴线的交点称为激光扫描器10的中心C10
测量头12还设置有用于发射出发射光束18的光发射器17。优选地,发射光束18是波长大约为340nm至1600nm的可见范围内的(例如790nm的)激光束。然而,原则上还可以使用其他的、具有例如更长波长的电磁波。发射光束18是调幅的,该调幅例如采用正弦波形调制信号或者采用矩形波形调制信号。发射光束18由光发射器17发射到反射镜16上,该发射光束18在该反射镜16上被转向并被发射到环境中。在环境中被对象O反射或者在其他情况下被散射的接收光束20被反射镜16捕获、被偏转并被定向到光接收器21上。发射光束18的方向和接收光束20的方向是由反射镜16和测量头12的角位置产生的,反射镜16和测量头12的角位置取决于反射镜16和测量头12的相应的旋转驱动装置的位置,旋转驱动装置的位置又分别用一个编码器来记录。控制和评估单元22具有到测量头12中的光发射器17及到测量头12中的光接收器21的数据连接,由此,部分控制和评估单元22也可以布置在测量头12的外部,例如连接到基座14的计算机。控制和评估单元22根据发射光束18和接收光束20的传播时间为多个测量点X确定激光扫描器10和对象O(处的受照射点)之间的距离d。为了该目的,确定并评估两个光束18和20之间的相移。
借助于反射镜16的(快速)旋转沿着圆周进行扫描。由于测量头12相对于基座14的(缓慢)旋转,整个空间借助于这些圆周被逐步地扫描。这种测量的测量点X的整体被称为扫描。激光扫描器10的中心C10为这种扫描限定了激光扫描器10的静止参考系,在该静止参考系中基座14静止。例如在US 7,430,068 B2和DE 20 2006 005 643 U1中,对激光扫描器10的进一步的细节、以及特别地对测量头12的设计的进一步的细节进行了描述,各个公开通过引用被并入。
通过对激光扫描器10的环境进行光学扫描和测量来对特定的场景进行扫描。不能用单次扫描记录的场景(诸如具有许多底切(undercut)的对象O或者框架结构)是有可能的。为了该目的,在不同的位置处布置(set up)激光扫描器10(即,激光扫描器10的中心C10限定了不同的中心Ci(为每次扫描限定对应于激光扫描器10的中心C10的特定中心Ci)),并且重复进行扫描和测量过程(即,以限定的中心Ci进行一次扫描,该扫描总是对同一个场景进行记录,但从不同的视角进行)。必须在公用坐标系中对同一场景的不同扫描进行配准,这称为配准(视觉配准)。
在进行扫描之前,若干个目标T1,T2,…——即特定对象O——可以被悬置(suspend)在环境中。然后,若干次在新位置处布置激光扫描器10——即限定新的中心Ci,并且对每个位置进行扫描。然后通过具有不同中心C1、C2的若干次扫描对整个场景进行记录。相邻的扫描重叠,从而若干个(优选地至少三个)目标T1、T2…分别被两个相邻的扫描所记录。球形和棋盘形图案被证明是特别合适的(并且因此是优选的)目标。然后,可以在扫描中定位和识别目标T1、T2…。除了使用目标T1、T2…,还可以以另外的方式将扫描结合在一起。
根据本发明,提供一种光学测量设备,以下称为扫描器鼠标30。扫描器鼠标30记录激光扫描器10在不同中心C1、C2之间所循的路径(差异向量)。为了该目的,激光扫描器10例如通过其连接到托架的安装设备32a的基座14来被安装在托架32上。与激光扫描器10相关联的扫描器鼠标朝着参考面G——优选地朝着地面——定向,其中,扫描器鼠标也可以靠在参考面G上。扫描器鼠标30是由托架32带动的。扫描器鼠标30可以(不易松开地)安装在托架32上,在本实施例中,扫描器鼠标30安装在安装设备32a的鼠标载体32b上。扫描器30也可以是激光扫描器10的永久部件,例如安装在基座14上或者安装在测量头12上。
在本发明中,用已知的光学计算机鼠标技术设计扫描器鼠标30,即扫描器鼠标30包括光源30a、传感器30b和计算单元30c,其中:例如LED或激光器的光源30a将光发射到参考面G上;传感器30b被设计作为相机,该相机以固定的间隔采集受辐照的参考面G的数据(即图片);计算单元30c将采集到的图像相互比较,并且,借助于差异来计算扫描器鼠标30相对于参考面G的移动。为了该目的,计算单元30c根据采集到的图片确定光流。这些元件30a、30b、30c被优选地安装在公用印刷电路板上,或者被集成在公用的模块中。然后,借助于线缆33(或者借助于无线电),将算出的扫描器鼠标30的位置发送到在扫描期间或者在所有扫描完成之后与扫描器鼠标30连接的控制和评估单元22。为了该目的,激光扫描器10包括接口34(例如USB、PS/2或者由激光扫描器的生产商限定的接口)。接口34优选地设置在基座14上且可以物理集成到基座14中。除了到控制和评估单元22的连接之外或者可替换到控制和评估单元22的连接,扫描器鼠标30还包括例如作为计算单元30c的一部分的、对扫描器鼠标30的数据进行存储的数据存储器。扫描器鼠标30和/或其数据存贮器也可以(稍后)——特别在对全部场景记录之后——连接到外部评估设备。
光学计算机鼠标技术提供了计算机鼠标和参考面G之间的短距离。因为扫描器鼠标30安装在托架32上,所以通常扫描器鼠标30到地面的距离对于光学计算机鼠标的焦距来讲过于长。因此,代替计算机鼠标透镜(或者除了计算机鼠标透镜之外),扫描器鼠标30设置有至少一个光学元件36,优选地设置有若干个光学元件36,诸如透镜和/或光纤线缆,以限定扫描器鼠标30的焦距并提供对参考面G的特写(close-up)。优选地,这种光学元件36直接集成在扫描器鼠标30中、集成在基座14中、或者集成在托架32的鼠标载体32b中。在本实施例中,托架32包括具有三个滚轮32d和三个可调支柱32e的三臂下托架32c,以及安装在下托架32c上的三脚架32f。扫描器鼠标32和光学元件36安装在托架32的鼠标载体32b上且与基座14相邻,且光学元件36聚焦到下托架32c的两个臂之间的地面——即参考面G。在扫描期间,支柱32e接触地面。在托架32移动期间,支柱32e被收起。
为了在对不同的扫描进行图像处理期间明确地同步目标T1、T2…,即使扫描器鼠标30仅粗略地记录激光扫描器10所循的路径(例如路径的相对值而非路径的精确绝对的值)也是足够的。托架32的起动阶段和减速阶段仍然可以是可忽略的。为了该目的,例如借助于加速度的阈值来忽略分配给这些阶段的扫描器鼠标30的数据,或者对这些数据求平均。
除了安装在托架32上,基座14还可以安装在优选地被设计作为三脚架且然后被手动传送的支架上。除非扫描器鼠标30已经安装在基座14上,否则,扫描器鼠标30可以按照与带动如下支架相同的方式被带动,扫描器鼠标30例如与附加的光学元件36一起可以安装在该支架上。可选地,在底座14和支架(或者托架32)之间设置例如具有水平仪和定位螺钉的调平装置。
附图标记列表
10 激光扫描器
12 测量头
14 基座
16 反射镜
17 光发射器
18 发射光束
20 接收光束
21 光接收器
22 控制和评估单元
30 扫描器鼠标
30a 光源
30b 相机
30c 计算单元
32 托架
32a 安装设备
32b 鼠标载体
32c 下托架
32d 滚轮
32e 支柱
32f 三脚架
33 线缆
34 接口
36 光学元件
C10 激光扫描器的中心
Ci 扫描的中心
d 距离
G 参考面
O 对象
Ti 目标
X 测量点

Claims (15)

1.一种用于对环境进行光学扫描和测量的设备,所述设备被设计作为激光扫描器(10),所述激光扫描器(10)具有:中心C10,所述中心C10为扫描限定所述激光扫描器(10)的静止参考系和所述扫描的中心Ci;光发射器(17),所述光发射器(17)发射出发射光束(18);光接收器(21),所述光接收器(21)接收被所述激光扫描器(10)的所述环境中的对象(O)反射或者在其他情况下被散射的接收光束(20);以及,控制和评估单元(22),所述控制和评估单元(22)为所述扫描的多个测量点(X)至少确定所述中心Ci与所述对象(O)之间的距离(d),其中,用于用具有若干个不同中心C1、C2、...的扫描对场景进行记录的所述激光扫描器(10)作为整体在所述不同中心C1、C2、...之间是能够移动的,其特征在于,扫描器鼠标(30)被设置作为用于对所述激光扫描器(10)作为整体在所述不同中心C1、C2之间所循的路径进行记录的光学设备,所述扫描器鼠标(30)是被分配给所述激光扫描器(10)的,且所述扫描器鼠标(30)光学地记录所述激光扫描器(10)作为整体相对于参考面(G)的运动。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其特征在于,所述激光扫描器(10)包括基座(14)和相对于所述基座(14)能够旋转的测量头(12),特别地,所述扫描器鼠标(30)安装在所述基座(14)上或者安装在所述测量头(12)上。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备,其特征在于,所述激光扫描器(10)安装在托架(32)上,借助于所述托架(32)所述激光扫描器(10)相对于所述参考面(G)在所述不同的中心C1、C2、...之间是能够移动的。
4.根据权利要求3所述的设备,其特征在于,所述扫描器鼠标(30)安装在所述托架(32)上或者安装在所述激光扫描器(10)上。
5.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述扫描器鼠标(30)设置有至少一个朝向所述参考面(G)的光学元件(36)。
6.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,设置有若干个具有不同朝向的扫描器鼠标(30),或者设置有全向扫描器鼠标(30)。
7.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述扫描器鼠标(30)记录所述激光扫描器(10)的所述相对路径而非绝对的值。
8.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,在所述扫描期间或者在所述扫描之后,所述扫描器鼠标(30)借助于线缆(33)和接口(34)或者经由无线电连接到所述控制和评估单元(22)或者连接到外部评估单元。
9.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,在记录整个所述场景之后,所述扫描器鼠标(30)或者所述扫描器鼠标(30)的数据存储器连接到所述控制和评估单元(22)或者连接到外部评估单元。
10.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述扫描器鼠标(30)确定光流用于记录所述激光扫描器(10)作为整体的运动。
11.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,所述扫描器鼠标(30)包括:传感器(30b),所述传感器(30b)以固定的间隔记录来自所述参考面(G)的数据;以及计算单元(30c),所述计算单元(30c)对所记录的数据进行相互比较并且根据差异、特别地通过确定所述光流来计算所述扫描器鼠标(30)相对于所述参考面(G)的运动。
12.根据权利要求11所述的设备,其特征在于,所述扫描器鼠标(30)包括光源(30a),例如发光二极管LED或激光器,所述光源(30a)将光发射到所述参考面(G)上,其中,所述传感器(30b)采集受辐照的参考面(G)的图像。
13.根据权利要求12所述的设备,其特征在于,所述光源(30a)、所述传感器(30b)和所述计算单元(30c)安装在公用的印制板上或者集成在公用的模块中。
14.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的设备,其特征在于,另外的测量设备被分配给所述激光扫描器(10),所述另外的测量设备的数据要与所述激光扫描器(10)的数据结合在一起,并且如果需要,则所述另外的测量设备的数据要预先与所述扫描器鼠标(30)的数据结合在一起,且所述另外的测量设备的数据要被评估。
15.一种用于使用根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的设备对场景进行光学扫描和测量的方法,其中,借助于在测量点(X)的范围内部分重叠的不同的扫描对所述场景进行记录,并且,其中,对于具有特定中心Ci的每次扫描,所述激光扫描器(10)移动到特定的位置,而所述扫描器鼠标(30)对所述激光扫描器(10)在不同中心C1、C2、...之间所循的路径进行记录。
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