CN102075089A - 带有数字校正功能的功率变换器 - Google Patents

带有数字校正功能的功率变换器 Download PDF

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CN102075089A
CN102075089A CN2011100465166A CN201110046516A CN102075089A CN 102075089 A CN102075089 A CN 102075089A CN 2011100465166 A CN2011100465166 A CN 2011100465166A CN 201110046516 A CN201110046516 A CN 201110046516A CN 102075089 A CN102075089 A CN 102075089A
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CN102075089B (zh
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张波
甄少伟
罗萍
祝晓辉
李江昆
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/157—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators with digital control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0016—Control circuits providing compensation of output voltage deviations using feedforward of disturbance parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0025—Arrangements for modifying reference values, feedback values or error values in the control loop of a converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1588—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load comprising at least one synchronous rectifier element
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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Abstract

本发明涉及降压型开关功率变换器输出电压调节电路。本发明针对现有技术误差放大器增益降低，不能满足负载调整率要求的问题，提供一种采用数字技术调整输出电压的功率变换器。本发明的技术方案是，带有数字校正功能的功率变换器，包括控制逻辑单元、误差放大器、PWM比较器、驱动单元和输出单元，其特征在于，还包括数字控制单元，所述数字控制单元输入端连接输出电压，输出端连接误差电压；当所述输出电压超过设定范围时，所述数字控制单元以步进方式改变所述误差电压的大小，使所述输出电压保持在所述设定范围。本发明数字校正电路不仅可用到纳米级工艺中，对传统工艺下的功率变换器仍然具有广泛的使用前景。

Description

带有数字校正功能的功率变换器
技术领域
本发明涉及集成电路，特别涉及降压型开关功率变换器输出电压调节电路。
背景技术
集成功率变换器是功率集成电路的重要组成部分，在各种电子产品中得到了广泛应用。功率变换器中的降压型开关功率变换器可分为电压模式控制和电流模式控制。电压模式控制降压型开关功率变换器的控制环路简单，可较大程度上简化设计。现有技术的电压模式控制降压型开关功率变换器的典型结构如图1所示，包括控制逻辑单元、误差放大器(Error Amplifier简写为EA)、PWM(脉冲宽度调制波)比较器、驱动单元和输出单元。图1中，误差放大器EA连接输出电压Vout和参考电压Vref，根据输出电压Vout和参考电压Vref向PWM比较器comp给出误差电压V1和V2。PWM比较器comp的另一输入端连接锯齿波信号，PWM比较器comp根据误差电压V2调整输出脉冲的占空比。控制逻辑单元根据PWM比较器comp输出的脉冲，通过驱动单元驱动输出单元的一对晶体管(MP和MN)对输入电压Vin进行功率变换，产生输出电压Vout。这是一款典型的模拟控制功率变换器电路，晶体管MP和MN以及电感L、电容C和负载电阻R构成降压型开关功率变换器电路。随着集成电路工艺技术的进步，集成电路向纳米级工艺迈进。在摩尔定律的驱动下，在纳米级工艺下的SoC(系统级芯片)中集成开关功率变换器成为必然。但纳米级工艺下的模拟电路设计面临着本征增益降低、摆幅减小等诸多挑战。传统电压模式变换器中的误差放大器需要较高的增益以满足负载调整率的要求，但在纳米级工艺下满足较高增益要求，误差放大器的设计将会变得困难，而且在负载范围较宽时，很难保证负载调整率的指标。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题，就是针对现有技术误差放大器增益降低，不能满足负载调整率要求的问题，提供一种采用数字技术调整输出电压的功率变换器。
本发明解决所述技术问题，采用的技术方案是，带有数字校正功能的功率变换器，包括控制逻辑单元、误差放大器、PWM比较器、驱动单元和输出单元，所述误差放大器根据输出单元的输出电压和参考电压给出误差电压，所述PWM比较器根据所述误差电压调整输出脉冲的占空比，所述控制逻辑单元根据PWM比较器输出的脉冲，通过驱动单元驱动输出单元对输入电压进行功率变换，产生输出电压；其特征在于，还包括数字控制单元，所述数字控制单元输入端连接输出电压，输出端连接误差电压；当所述输出电压超过设定范围时，所述数字控制单元以步进方式改变所述误差电压的大小，使所述输出电压保持在所述设定范围。
具体的，所述输出单元由一只PMOS晶体管和一只NMOS晶体管构成，所述PMOS晶体管和NMOS晶体管的栅极与驱动单元连接，其漏极连接在一起作为输出端，所述PMOS晶体管源极接输入电压，所述NMOS晶体管源极接地。
具体的，所述误差放大器采用跨导放大器。
进一步的，所述数字控制单元包括第一比较器、第二比较器、校正模块和电流镜；所述第一比较器和第二比较器输入端连接输出电压，输出端连接校正模块，所述校正模块连接电流镜；所述校正模块根据所述第一比较器和第二比较器的输出信号控制电流镜开启的数量，使流过连接在误差电压上的上拉电阻的电流变化，从而以步进方式改变所述误差电压的大小。
具体的，所述第一比较器用于检测输出电压的正偏差，所述第二比较器用于检测输出电压的负偏差；如果在设定的时间内输出电压均为正偏差则减少电流镜开启的数量，如果在设定的时间内输出电压均为负偏差则增加电流镜开启的数量。
本发明的有益效果是，在原有模拟控制电路基础上，增加了数字控制电路，结合了简洁的模拟电路和复杂的数字校正电路，使功率变换器的性能在纳米级工艺下依然能够得到保证。数字电路的工艺鲁棒性强，保证了较高的成品率和稳定性。本发明数字校正电路不仅可用到纳米级工艺中，对传统工艺下的功率变换器仍然具有广泛的使用前景。
附图说明
图1是现有技术功率变换器结构示意图；
图2是实施例的功率变换器结构示意图；
图3是校正模块状态转换示意图；
图4是功率变换器输出电压校正效果示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图及实施例，详细描述本发明的技术方案。
本发明对传统模拟环路开关变换器进行了数字自调节，对工艺的依赖性减少，使该方法的可移植性强，并且自调节原理简单。很好结合了数字电路和模拟电路的优势，非常适用于难以得到高性能模拟电路的纳米级工艺，以及对传统开关变换器进行升级改造。
实施例
本例带有数字校正功能的功率变换器结构如图2所示。包括控制逻辑单元、误差放大器EA、PWM比较器Comp、驱动单元、输出单元和数字控制单元。本例输出单元由一只PMOS晶体管MP和一只NMOS晶体管MN构成，图2中PMOS晶体管MP和NMOS晶体管MN的栅极与驱动单元连接，他们的漏极连接在一起作为输出端，PMOS晶体管MP源极接输入电压Vin，NMOS晶体管MN源极接地。
由图1与图2比较可以看出，本例数字控制单元包括第一比较器Comp1、第二比较器Comp2、校正模块和3排电流镜。第一比较器Comp1和第二比较器Comp2输入端连接输出电压Vout，输出端连接校正模块。图中，校正模块输出端与3排电流镜连接，根据第一比较器Comp1和第二比较器Comp2输出的信号Comp_H和Comp_L控制电流镜开启的数量，使流过连接在误差电压V2上的上拉电阻R2的电流变化，从而以步进方式改变误差电压V2的大小。PWM比较器Comp根据误差电压V2调整输出脉冲的占空比，输出脉冲宽度调制波(PWM)，并将该PWM输入控制逻辑单元。控制逻辑单元根据PWM比较器Comp输出的脉冲，通过驱动单元驱动PMOS晶体管MP和NMOS晶体管MN，对输入电压Vin进行功率变换，产生输出电压Vout。
本例中，输出电压Vout与参考电压Vref为误差放大器EA的两个输入电压，误差放大器EA采用跨导放大器(OTA，Operational Transconductance Amplifier)。EA的输出与PWM比较器comp的输入相连。电阻R1、R2的一端接在EA的输出，一端接输入电压Vin。图2中振荡器产生的锯齿波电流SAW接在电阻R1一端，用于PWM比较器comp产生脉冲宽度调制波，振荡器产生的时钟信号Clk接控制逻辑单元和校正单元，作为功率变换器工作的基础时钟。控制逻辑单元的输入为Clk和PWM，其输出信号与驱动单元相连驱动PMOS晶体管MP和NMOS晶体管MN，完成功率变换。第一比较器comp1和第二比较器comp2分别用于检测输出电压的正偏差(Vref+e％)和负偏差(Vref-e％)，其输出信号分别表记为Comp_H和Comp_L，他们代表了输出电压Vout的相对位置。当输出电压Vout出现正偏差时，Comp_H和Comp_L均为低(＝0)；当输出电压Vout出现负偏差时Comp_H和Comp_L均为高(＝1)。图2中校准模块的输入为Comp_H、Comp_L和Clk，当检测到连续N个周期(本例中N＝8)Comp_H和Comp_L均为高，其输出信号Trim加1，增加电流镜开启的数量，使流过上拉电阻R2的电流增大，误差电压V2降低；当检测到连续N个周期Comp_H和Comp_L均为低，输出信号Trim减1，减少电流镜开启的数量，使流过上拉电阻R2的电流减小，误差电压V2升高。输出信号Trim通过控制开关S0、S1、S2控制量化的电流镜，从而以步进方式改变误差电压V2的大小，通过PWM比较器Comp对输出脉冲的占空比进行微调。图2中，3排电流镜连接在上拉电阻R2的下端，其开启(电流镜对应的开关S0、S1、S2闭合)数量直接控制流过电阻R2的电流，从而使误差电压V2以步进方式变化。
图3是校准模块的状态转换示意图，系统初始化后会保持输出信号Trim，当检测到连续N个周期Comp_H和Comp_L均为高，其输出信号Trim加1；当检测到连续N个周期Comp_H和Comp_L均为低，其输出信号Trim减1。
图4为本发明带有数字校正功能的功率变换器的输出电压调节结果，图中示出了变化范围为1％的情况(即e＝1)。在没有采用本发明的技术方案时，在宽负载范围内输出电压波动范围较大，而当采用本发明的数字校正技术后，输出电压波动被稳定在1％以内，且在不同的工艺条件和温度情况下均可以保持不变。

Claims (5)

1.带有数字校正功能的功率变换器，包括控制逻辑单元、误差放大器、PWM比较器、驱动单元和输出单元，所述误差放大器根据输出单元的输出电压和参考电压给出误差电压，所述PWM比较器根据所述误差电压调整输出脉冲的占空比，所述控制逻辑单元根据PWM比较器输出的脉冲，通过驱动单元驱动输出单元对输入电压进行功率变换，产生输出电压；其特征在于，还包括数字控制单元，所述数字控制单元输入端连接输出电压，输出端连接误差电压；当所述输出电压超过设定范围时，所述数字控制单元以步进方式改变所述误差电压的大小，使所述输出电压保持在所述设定范围。
2.根据权利要求1所述的带有数字校正功能的功率变换器，其特征在于，所述输出单元由一只PMOS晶体管和一只NMOS晶体管构成，所述PMOS晶体管和NMOS晶体管的栅极与驱动单元连接，其漏极连接在一起作为输出端，所述PMOS晶体管源极接输入电压，所述NMOS晶体管源极接地。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的带有数字校正功能的功率变换器，其特征在于，所述误差放大器采用跨导放大器。
4.根据权利要求3所述的带有数字校正功能的功率变换器，其特征在于，所述数字控制单元包括第一比较器、第二比较器、校正模块和电流镜；所述第一比较器和第二比较器输入端连接输出电压，输出端连接校正模块，所述校正模块连接电流镜；所述校正模块根据所述第一比较器和第二比较器的输出信号控制电流镜开启的数量，使流过连接在误差电压上的上拉电阻的电流变化，从而以步进方式改变所述误差电压的大小。
5.根据权利要求4所述的带有数字校正功能的功率变换器，其特征在于，所述第一比较器用于检测输出电压的正偏差，所述第二比较器用于检测输出电压的负偏差；如果在设定的时间内输出电压均为正偏差则减少电流镜开启的数量，如果在设定的时间内输出电压均为负偏差则增加电流镜开启的数量。
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