CN101978445B - 永久磁铁及永久磁铁的制造方法 - Google Patents

永久磁铁及永久磁铁的制造方法 Download PDF

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CN101978445B
CN101978445B CN200980109639.0A CN200980109639A CN101978445B CN 101978445 B CN101978445 B CN 101978445B CN 200980109639 A CN200980109639 A CN 200980109639A CN 101978445 B CN101978445 B CN 101978445B
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尾关出光
久米克也
中山纯一
福田佑纪
星野利信
堀尾友和
中村贤治
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Abstract

本发明涉及通过将磁铁原料与树脂粘合剂混合并成形而制作的生片烧结而得到的永久磁铁及其制造方法。本发明由于具有前述构成,因此由烧结引起的收缩变得均匀,由此在烧结后不产生翘曲或凹陷等变形。另外,模压时无压力不均匀,因此不需要以往进行的烧结后的修正加工,能够简化制造工序。由此,可以以高尺寸精度将永久磁铁成形。另外,即使将永久磁铁薄膜化的情形下,也不产生由表面的加工劣化层造成的磁特性下降。

Description

永久磁铁及永久磁铁的制造方法
技术领域
本发明涉及永久磁铁及永久磁铁的制造方法。 
背景技术
近年来,在混合动力车或硬盘驱动器等中使用的永磁电动机,要求小型轻量化、高输出化、高效率化。特别是在专利文献1(日本特开2006-286819号公报)中所示的硬盘驱动器的磁头驱动所使用的音圈电动机(以下简称VCM),伴随近年硬盘驱动器小型化的要求,要求更加小型化并且薄型化。 
而且,上述VCM中在实现小型化、薄型化时,对于埋设在VCM中的永久磁铁要求薄膜化以及进一步提高磁特性。另外,作为永久磁铁有铁氧体磁铁、Sm-Co基磁铁、Nd-Fe-B基磁铁、Sm2Fe17Nx基磁铁等,特别是矫顽力高的Nd-Fe-B基磁铁作为永磁电动机用的永久磁铁使用。 
在此,作为永磁电动机中使用的永久磁铁的制造方法,一般使用粉末烧结法。在此,粉末烧结法如图6所示首先将原料用喷射磨机(干式粉碎)粉碎来制造磁铁粉末。然后,将该磁铁粉末放入模具中,从外部施加磁场的同时模压成形为所需的形状。然后,将成形为所需形状的固形磁铁粉末在预定温度(例如,Nd-Fe-B基磁铁为1100℃)烧结来制造。 
专利文献1:日本特开2006-286819号公报(第2页、第3页、图4) 
发明内容
但是,通过上述的粉末烧结法制造永久磁铁时,存在以下问题。即,在粉末烧结法中为了进行磁场取向,需要在模压成形的磁铁粉末中确保一定的空隙率。而且,将具有一定空隙率的磁铁粉末进行烧结时,很难使烧结时产生的收缩均匀地进行,烧结后产生翘曲或凹陷等变形。另外,磁铁粉末的模压时产生压力不均匀,因此烧结后的磁铁产生疏密,在磁铁表面产生应变。因此,以往需要预先假定磁铁表面产生应变,并以比所需形状稍大的尺寸将磁铁粉末压缩成形。而且,烧结后进行金刚石切削研磨作业,进行修正为所需形状的加工。结果制造工序增加,并且有可能所制造的磁铁的品质下降。 
另外,如上所述,特别是VCM中使用的永久磁铁,要求薄膜化(例如,厚度1mm以下)。而且,薄膜化的磁铁与具有厚度的磁铁相比,表面加工时产生的表面加工劣化层的比率更大。因此,通过上述的粉末烧结法制造薄膜状的永久磁铁时,产生磁特性更加下降的问题。 
本发明为了解决前述现有问题而作出,目的在于提供由烧结引起的收缩变得均匀,因此烧结后不产生翘曲或凹陷等变形,另外模压时无压力不均匀,因此烧结后不需要进行修正加工,能够简化制造工序,并且即使薄膜化时磁特性也不降低的永久磁铁及永久磁铁的制造方法。 
即,本发明涉及以下(1)~(5)。 
(1)一种永久磁铁,通过将生片烧结而得到,所述生片通过将磁铁原料与树脂粘合剂混合并成形而制成,其中所述磁铁原料为Nd基磁铁,且构成所述磁铁原料的Nd磁铁粒子的表面形成有Dy化合物的层或Tb化合物的层。 
(2)一种永久磁铁的制造方法,包括如下步骤: 
将磁铁原料湿式粉碎的步骤, 
在所述磁铁原料中添加树脂粘合剂的步骤, 
通过将所述磁铁原料和所述树脂粘合剂混练而得到浆料的步骤, 
将所述浆料成形为片状而制作生片的步骤,和 
将所述生片烧结的步骤。 
(3)一种永久磁铁的制造方法,包括如下步骤: 
将磁铁原料干式粉碎的步骤, 
在所述磁铁原料中添加树脂粘合剂的步骤, 
通过将所述磁铁原料和所述树脂粘合剂混练而得到浆料的步骤, 
将所述浆料成形为片状而制作生片的步骤,和 
将所述生片烧结的步骤。 
(4)如(2)所述的永久磁铁的制造方法,其中,所述磁铁原料为Nd基磁铁。 
(5)如(3)所述的永久磁铁的制造方法,其中,所述磁铁原料为Nd基磁铁。 
根据具有前述(1)的构成的永久磁铁,由于通过将磁铁原料与树脂粘合剂混合、成形而得到生片,以将该生片烧结得到的磁铁构成永久磁铁,因此,由烧结引起的收缩变得均匀,由此烧结后不产生翘曲或凹陷等变形。另外,模压时无压力不均匀,因此不需要以往进行的烧结后的修正加工,能够简化制造工序。由此,可以以高尺寸精度将永久磁铁成形。另外,将永久磁铁薄膜化时,也不会产生由表面的加工劣化层而造成的磁特性下降。 
另外,根据前述(1)的永久磁铁,特别是对于能够确保高矫顽力的Nd基磁铁,能够简化制造工序,可以以高尺寸精度进行成形。 
另外,根据前述(2)的永久磁铁的制造方法,通过在湿式粉碎后的磁铁原料中添加树脂粘合剂,将所述磁铁原料和所述树脂粘合剂混练而得到浆料,将由所得浆料成形得到的生片烧结来制造永久磁铁,因此由烧结引起的收缩变得均匀,由此在烧结后不产生翘曲或凹陷等变形。另外,模压时无压力不均匀,因此不需要以往进行的烧结后的修正加工,能够简化制造工序。由此,可以以高尺寸精度成形永久磁铁。另外,制造薄膜化的永久磁铁的情形下,也不会产生由表面的加工劣化层而造成的磁特性下降。 
另外,根据前述(3)的永久磁铁的制造方法,通过在干式粉碎后的磁铁原料中添加树脂粘合剂,将所述磁铁原料和所述树脂粘合剂混练而得到浆料,将由所得浆料成形得到的生片烧结来制造永久磁铁,因此由烧结引起的收缩变得均匀,由此在烧结后不产生翘曲或凹陷等变形。另外,模压时无压力不均匀,因此不需要以往进行的烧结后的修正加工,能够简化制造工序。由此,可以以高尺寸精度成形永久磁铁。另外,制造薄膜化的永久磁铁的情形下,也不会产生由表面的加工劣化层而造成的磁特性下降。 
另外,根据前述(4)和(5)的永久磁铁的制造方法,特别是对于能够确保高矫顽力的Nd基磁铁,能够简化制造工序,可以以高尺寸精度进行成形。 
附图说明
图1是示出本发明实施方式的永久磁铁的整体图。 
图2是放大示出构成永久磁铁的Nd磁铁粒子的图。 
图3是示出铁磁体的磁滞曲线的图。 
图4是示出铁磁体的磁畴结构的示意图。 
图5是示出本发明实施方式的永久磁铁制造工序的说明图。 
图6是示出现有永久磁铁的制造工序的说明图。 
标号说明 
1永久磁铁 
41浆料 
42生片 
具体实施方式
以下,对本发明的永久磁铁及永久磁铁的制造方法,参照附图对于具体的一个实施方式进行详细说明。 
[永久磁铁的构成] 
首先,使用图1~图4对永久磁铁1的构成进行说明。另外,本实施方式中特别以埋设于VCM中的永久磁铁1为例进行说明。 
本实施方式的永久磁铁1为Nd-Fe-B基磁铁。另外,添加了用于提高永久磁铁1矫顽力的Dy(镝)。另外,各成分的含量为Nd:27~30wt%,Dy(或Tb):0.01~8wt%,B:1~2wt%,Fe(电解铁):60~70wt%。另外,永久磁铁1如图1所示由扇形并且薄膜状的磁铁构成。图1是表示本实施方式的永久磁铁1的整体图。 
在此,永久磁铁1为具有0.1mm~2mm厚度(图1中为2mm)的薄膜状的永久磁铁。而且,如后所述,通过将由制成浆料状态的Nd磁铁粉末成形得到的生片进行烧结来制作。 
另外,如图2所示,本实施方式的永久磁铁1通过在构成永久磁铁1的Nd磁铁粒子35的表面涂布Dy层36,使得提高了永久磁铁1的矫顽力。图2是放大示出构成永久磁铁1的Nd磁铁粒子的图。 
以下,使用图3和图4对通过Dy层36提高永久磁铁1的矫顽力的机理进行说明。图3是示出铁磁体的磁滞曲线的图,图4是示出铁磁体的磁畴结构的示意图。 
如图3所示,永久磁铁的矫顽力,在从被磁化的状态向反方向施加磁场时,为磁极化为0(即,反磁化)所需要的磁场的强度。因此,如果能够抑制反磁化,则能够得到高矫顽力。另外,磁体的磁化过程中,基于磁矩的旋转而旋转磁化时,具有磁畴的边界即磁畴壁(包括90°磁畴壁和180°磁畴壁)发生移动的磁畴壁移动。 
在此,本实施方式中,如后所述在通过湿式粉碎将磁铁粉末细粉碎时,添加微量(例如,相对于磁铁粉末为0.01~8wt%(相对于Nd的Dy添加量,特别是添加Dy化合物时以Dy的分配重量进行换算))的Dy化合物和分散剂。由此,在此后将添加有Dy化合物的磁铁粉末烧结时,通过湿式分散使得Dy化合物均匀地附着至Nd磁铁粒子35的粒子表面,形成图2所示的Dy层36。结果,如图4所示,在磁铁粒子的界面处,Dy不均匀地存在,使得能够提高永久磁铁1的矫顽力。 
另外,本实施方式中,如果将Dy化合物与磁铁原料一起在溶剂中湿式混合得到的生片在适当的焙烧条件下进行焙烧,则能够防止Dy扩散渗透(固溶化)到磁铁粒子35内。在此已经知道,Dy扩散渗透到磁铁粒子35内时,该磁铁的剩余磁化(磁场的强度为0时的磁化)下降。因此,本实施方式中,能够防止永久磁铁1的剩余磁化下降。 
另外,Dy层36不必是仅由Dy化合物构成的层,也可以是包含Dy与Nd的混合物的层。另外,通过添加Tb(铽)化合物代替Dy化合物,也可以同样地提高永久磁铁1的矫顽力。在添加Tb的情形下,在Nd磁铁粒子35的表面同样地形成Tb化合物的层。而且,通过形成Tb层,能够使得进一步提高永久磁铁1的矫顽力。 
[永久磁铁的制造方法] 
以下,使用图5对本实施方式的永久磁铁1的制造方法进行说明。图5是示出本实施方式的永久磁铁1的制造工序的说明图。 
首先,制造以wt%计包含Nd 27~30%-Fe 60~70%-B 1~2%的锭。之后,用捣磨机或压碎机将锭粗粉碎为约200μm的大小。然后,利用珠磨机通过湿式法将粗粉碎后的磁铁粉末细粉碎至约0.3~约5μm的大小,并且使磁铁粉末分散至溶液中,制作粉浆(スリツプ)。另外,湿式粉碎中,相对于5kg磁铁粉末使用4kg甲苯作为溶剂,并且添加0.05kg磷酸酯类分散剂作为分散剂。另外,湿式粉碎中,相对于磁铁粉末添加0.01~8wt%的Dy化合物。由此,将Dy化合物与磁铁粉末一起分散至溶剂中。另外,详细的分散条件如下所述。 
分散装置:珠磨机 
分散介质:二氧化锆珠 
在此,作为添加的Dy化合物,优选使用可溶于浆料的溶剂中的物质。例如,有含Dy有机物,更具体地有含有镝阳离子的有机酸盐(脂肪族羧酸盐、芳香族羧酸盐、脂环族羧酸盐、烷基芳香族羧酸盐)、含有镝阳离子的有机络合物(乙酰丙酮合物、酞菁络合物、部花青络合物等)、上述以外的有机金属化合物。 
另外,即使不溶于溶剂,通过在湿式分散时添加粉碎为细粒子的Dy或Dy化合物并且均匀地分散,也可以均匀附着至Nd磁铁粒子的表面。 
另外,作为粉碎使用的溶剂,没有特别限制,可以使用异丙醇、乙醇、甲醇等醇类,戊烷、己烷等低级烃类,苯、甲苯、二甲苯等芳香族类,酮类,以及它们的混合物等,特别优选异丙醇。 
磁铁粉末的分散后,将树脂粘合剂添加至该制作的粉浆中并混合。接着,将磁铁粉末与树脂粘合剂混练,得到浆料41。另外,作为树脂粘合剂使用的材料,没有特别限制,有各种热塑性树脂单独或混合物、 或者各种热固性树脂单独或混合物,其各自的物性、性状等只要在得到所需特性的范围内即可。例如有甲基丙烯酸酯类树脂。 
接着,由得到的浆料41形成生片42。作为生片42的形成方法,例如,可以通过以适当的方式根据需要将得到的浆料41涂布至隔膜等支撑基材上并使其干燥的方法等来进行。另外,涂布方式优选刮刀法等层厚控制性优良的方式。另外,优选与消泡剂组合使用等从而进行充分地脱泡处理以使得铺展层中不残留气泡。另外,详细的涂布条件如下所述。 
涂布方式:刮刀法 
间隙:1mm 
支撑基材:有机硅处理后的聚酯薄膜 
干燥条件:90℃×10分钟,然后130℃×30分钟 
另外,对涂布至支撑基材上的生片42沿与运送方向交叉的方向施加脉冲磁场。由此,使磁场以所需的方向取向。另外,使磁场取向的方向,需要考虑由生片42形成的永久磁铁1所要求的磁场方向后确定。 
然后,将由浆料41形成的生片42分割为所需的制品形状(例如,本实施方式中为如图1所示的扇形)。之后,在1100℃烧结约1小时。另外,烧结在Ar气氛或者真空气氛中进行。烧结的结果是,制造出由片状的磁铁构成的永久磁铁1。 
如上所述,本实施方式的永久磁铁1及永久磁铁的制造方法中,将以wt%计包含Nd 27~30%-Fe 60~70%-B 1~2%的磁铁原料进行湿式粉碎,由此在溶剂中分散,在粉碎后的磁铁粉末中添加树脂粘合剂,通过将磁铁粉末与树脂粘合剂混练而得到浆料41,将所得浆料成形为片状而得到的生片42进行烧结而制造永久磁铁1,因此,由烧结引起的收缩变得均匀,由此在烧结后不产生翘曲或凹陷等变形,另外模压 时无压力不均匀,因此不需要以往进行的烧结后的修正加工,能够简化制造工序。由此,可以以高尺寸精度将永久磁铁1成形。另外,即使制造薄膜化的永久磁铁1的情形下,也不会产生由表面的加工劣化层造成的永久磁铁1的磁特性下降。 
另外,对于稀土类磁铁内特别是能够确保高矫顽力的Nd基磁铁,能够简化制造工序,可以以高尺寸精度成形。 
另外,本发明不限于所述实施例,不用说在不脱离本发明的要旨的范围内可以进行各种改良、变形。 
例如,作为本实施方式中将磁铁粉末和Dy化合物分散至溶剂中的方法是如图5所示,将粗粉碎后的磁铁粉末与Dy化合物一起在溶剂中进行湿式粉碎、由此使其在溶剂中分散,但是也可以通过下述的方法进行。 
(1)首先,使用球磨机或喷射磨机等将粗粉碎后的磁铁粉末进行干式粉碎,从而细粉碎至约0.3~约5μm的大小。 
(2)然后,将细粉碎后的磁铁粉末添加至溶剂中,使其在溶剂中均匀分散。此时,分散剂和Dy化合物也添加至溶剂中。 
(3)将在溶剂中分散的磁铁粉末与树脂粘合剂混练,得到浆料41。 
后面通过进行与本实施方式同样的处理,可以制造具有与本实施方式相同构成的永久磁铁。 
另外,本实施方式中,首先将包含Nd-Fe-B的锭粉碎,之后添加Dy化合物并分散至溶剂中,然后制作生片,但是,也可以将预先含有Dy的包含Nd-Fe-Dy-B的锭粉碎并分散至溶剂中,然后制作生片。但 是,在此情形下锭中所含的Dy量相对于Nd需要为20~30wt%。 
另外,本实施方式中以埋设在VCM中的永久磁铁为例进行了说明,但是,当然也可以应用于手机上安装的振动电动机、混合动力车上安装的驱动电动机、使硬盘驱动器的盘旋转的主轴电动机等永磁电动机中埋设的永久磁铁。 
另外,磁铁粉末的粉碎条件、混练条件、烧结条件等不限于上述实施例所记载的条件。 
另外,本实施方式中的构成,是通过在磁铁原料的湿式粉碎中对磁铁粉末添加Dy化合物和分散剂,将Dy化合物与磁铁原料一起在溶剂中分散,使Dy化合物不均匀地配置在磁铁粒子的晶粒间界中,从而提高矫顽力,但是,添加Dy化合物的构成即使为其它构成也可以实现同样的提高矫顽力的效果。 
例如,可以是在制作的生片42的表面均匀地涂布Dy化合物的构成。或者,也可以是在焙烧后的磁铁上均匀地涂布Dy化合物,之后进行热处理的构成。其结果,Dy覆盖、并且不均匀地存在于片状的磁铁表面上,由此可以提高磁铁的矫顽力,另外也可以减少Dy的总量。 
参考特定的方式对本发明进行了详细说明,但是,对于本领域技术人员显而易见的是,在不偏离本发明精神和范围的情形下可以进行各种变更或修正。 
本申请基于2008年3月18日提出的日本专利申请(日本特愿2008-069382),该申请的内容通过引用并入本说明书。 
另外,在此所引用的全部参考文献作为整体并入本说明书。 
产业实用性 
根据本发明,由于由将磁铁原料与树脂粘合剂混合、成形而得到的生片烧结得到的磁铁构成永久磁铁,因此由烧结引起的收缩变得均匀,因此在烧结后不产生翘曲或凹陷等变形。另外,模压时无压力不均匀,不需要以往进行的烧结后的修正加工,能够简化制造工序。由此,可以以高尺寸精度将永久磁铁成形。另外,即使将永久磁铁薄膜化的情形下,也不产生由表面的加工劣化层造成的磁特性下降。 

Claims (5)

1.一种永久磁铁,通过将生片烧结而得到,所述生片通过将磁铁原料与树脂粘合剂混合并成形而制成,
其中所述磁铁原料为Nd基磁铁,且
构成所述磁铁原料的Nd磁铁粒子的表面形成有Dy化合物的层或Tb化合物的层,
所述Dy化合物或Tb化合物为有机金属化合物。
2.一种权利要求1所述的永久磁铁的制造方法,包括如下步骤:
将磁铁原料湿式粉碎的步骤,
在所述磁铁原料中添加树脂粘合剂的步骤,
通过将所述磁铁原料和所述树脂粘合剂混练而得到浆料的步骤,
将所述浆料成形为片状而制作生片的步骤,和
将所述生片烧结的步骤。
3.一种权利要求1所述的永久磁铁的制造方法,包括如下步骤:
将磁铁原料干式粉碎的步骤,
在所述磁铁原料中添加树脂粘合剂的步骤,
通过将所述磁铁原料和所述树脂粘合剂混练而得到浆料的步骤,
将所述浆料成形为片状而制作生片的步骤,和
将所述生片烧结的步骤。
4.如权利要求2所述的永久磁铁的制造方法,其中,所述磁铁原料为Nd基磁铁。
5.如权利要求3所述的永久磁铁的制造方法,其中,所述磁铁原料为Nd基磁铁。
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