CN101939258B - 中孔材料的制造方法、这样生产的材料以及中孔材料的用途 - Google Patents
中孔材料的制造方法、这样生产的材料以及中孔材料的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- QLNOVKKVHFRGMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(propyl)silane Chemical group [CH2]CC[Si](OC)(OC)OC QLNOVKKVHFRGMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOCC1CO1 BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种新合成用于制备中孔结构,该中孔结构包括具有手性形貌的中孔材料和具有局部表面手性的中孔材料。该方法可用于制造例如用以递送叶酸和荧光颗粒的受控的药物递送器件。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及一种用于制备包括具有手性形貌的中孔材料和具有局部或表面手性的中孔材料的中孔结构的新合成布局。该方法可用于制造例如用以递送叶酸和荧光颗粒的受控的药物递送器件。
背景技术
具有纳米尺寸的高表面积材料在其中活性位点介导的化学反应中起重要作用的应用(例如反应物与催化剂间的高接触面积为以成本有效的方式实现高产量之必需的催化应用)中特别引人关注。因此,在制备在整个尺寸范围即微尺度(2nm以下)、中尺度(2-50纳米)及宏尺度(50纳米以上)中显示出具有增加的比表面积以及受控的结构(孔隙度和形态)性质的纳米尺度的多孔材料方面有大的兴趣。多孔材料的一个例子是例如结晶沸石的公知材料。
在多孔材料的领域内,表面积的提高能够加快在例如层析柱的蛋白质分离设备中的吸附速率。孔尺寸的控制能够提升对于催化反应中的特定产物的选择性。控制颗粒大小或形状也能够提高催化剂载体的机械稳定性。通过发现具有有序无定形二氧化硅结构的中孔材料的合成,使得制造具有这种的改进性质的结构变得成为可能。中孔材料一般是指具有在中尺度(1.5-50纳米)中显示尖的孔径分布的二氧化硅或其它金属氧化物组合物的材料。
该方法依赖于两亲(amphiphiles)表面活性剂分子的自组装行为,如在美国专利US 5,098,684中所述,所述两亲表面活性剂分子在受控状况下形成有序胶束(micellar)体系。在此将表面活性剂胶束称为孔模板或模板。表面活性剂是具有能形成胶束结构的极性和非极性基团 的分子。胶束物种周围的合适的二氧化硅前体的缩合导致通过电荷匹配相互作用而稳定的杂化有机物-二氧化硅复合物。虽然也已利用例如能够回收表面活性剂模板的溶剂提取等途径,但该材料通常仍是通过煅烧而产生中孔。在这些制备途径中,表面活性剂高于其临界胶束浓度(CMC)并不是先决条件。但是,为了具有有序结构,胶束必须在合成过程中的某个时刻、通常是在硅酸盐前体的水解和缩合期间形成。
胶束只有当表面活性剂浓度大于CMC且溶液的温度高于所谓的克拉夫温度时才可能形成。热力学上讲,胶束作为熵和焓之间的相互影响的结果而自发形成。在水中,由非极性基团所产生的疏水作用是胶束形成的驱动力。一般来说,大于CMC时,组装表面活性剂分子的熵损失(entropic penalty)少于“混合”表面活性剂单体与水分子的熵损失。另一个驱动力是焓,例如发生在表面活性剂的极性部分(通常称作头基(headgroup))之间的静电相互作用。
大量研究都集中在有序中孔材料的合成、结构、形态和组成控制方面。
在美国US 5 102 643中说明的无机中孔材料的制备包括使用自组装两亲性物表面活性剂作为模板的无机单体聚合。AU2006231725说明了一种中孔材料的备选合成方法,但是这类方法使用两亲性表面活性剂作为模板。Yu Min Sun等人及其引用文献描述了中孔二氧化硅的制备,但使用表面活性剂模板再一次成为形成有序孔的要求。KR20070024550说明了使用手性表面活性剂模板合成具有手性形貌的中孔二氧化硅。AU2006231725说明了中孔材料的替代合成方法;但这类方法利用两亲性表面活性剂作为模板。
直到最近,具有手性形貌的中孔材料的形成才得以报告。Che等[Nature,2004]使用手性向列相N-月桂酰基-氨基酸表面活性剂和共结构导向剂(CSDA)来合成具有手性形貌的六方介晶相。CSDA的作用在于通过电荷匹配来促进有机胶束聚集体和无机二氧化硅前体之间的相互作用。该制备途径随后产生了近对映体纯(enantiopure)的形态,但手性分离和有关应用由于孔的几何形状和孔表面缺乏手性而未得以 有效实现。
强烈希望提供能够分离外消旋混合物即光学异构体混合物的多孔材料。例如,药物比卡鲁胺(bicalutamide)是一种治疗前列腺癌的口服非甾族抗雄激素,当该药物在其对映体纯形式(R-比卡鲁胺)管理时显示出对雄激素受体的加强的活性。有商业兴趣来开发分离这些手性分子或使用手性催化剂合成它们各自的对映体纯化合物的有效方法。
中孔材料在多种其它应用中得到大量研究和使用。在生物技术和医药部门,高的表面积和受控的孔的几何形状的组合可用于递送否则将需要复杂且往往不有效和昂贵的赋形剂的活性药物。从药物管理角度看,从多孔结构受控释放药物可以导致为达到治疗效果而所需的剂量次数和频率的减少,并可以解决处方药方的病人要遵守的药物/剂量问题。此外,中孔材料在这个行业中显示出提高难溶性药物的溶解度的潜在的应用。
脂溶性抗癌药物的溶解度无论从吸收还是从配制方面看都是一个重大问题。
在另一应用中,在中孔材料的孔中封装酶已经导致“非均相”酶催化剂的实现,其中催化剂回收与提纯因存在多孔基体而得到辅助。
在诊断中,中孔材料已经成功地用于免疫荧光和免疫组织化学的荧光团,藉此内部孔体积可以载有荧光分子例如卟啉家族分子、荧光素异硫氰酸酯及衍生物或阿列克萨(Alexa)型荧光分子。这可能会静电或共价附加到中孔材料的内壁以防止从多孔结构浸出。中孔材料的外部颗粒表面能够通过引入足够的官能团来支持生物结合物。
此外,可以通过使用具有不同的斯托克斯频移的荧光加载的颗粒来容易地检测多个信号/结合。作为中孔二氧化硅颗粒的高负载能力的结果,这些材料提供灵敏的多功能检测器件。
中孔材料也正在研究用于水淡化厂中的应用(虽然与聚合物膜结合)和作为气体分离器件,其中功能化表面和孔的几何形状的结合提供了对特定气体的选择性,例如净化来自催化反应的NOx及其它有害 废物的排放气体。
包含叶酸的中孔材料可被用来作为递送叶酸和其它维生素B衍生物的膳食补充。叶酸在如预防神经管缺陷(NTD)的药物中有多种用途。叶酸和其它B族维生素有助于分解体内的同型半胱氨酸。血液中的同型半胱氨酸的水平在很大程度上受到饮食与遗传因素的影响。膳食叶酸和维生素B-6和B-12有最大的影响。几项研究发现,血液中较高的维生素B水平至少部分地与较低的同型半胱氨酸的浓度相关。其它的证据表明,血液中叶酸水平低与致命的冠心病和中风的高风险相关联。
叶酸和衍生物已与例如大肠癌、胰脏癌和绝经后乳腺癌的某些癌症类型的减少相关联。
叶酸摄取机制在包括卵巢、脑、肾、乳腺和肺的恶性肿瘤的许多种人类癌症中得以上调。叶酸受体有对叶酸的高亲和力,这导致即使在向治疗剂上负载低量叶酸时通过上调的细胞也有高摄取。由于这些特点,叶酸结合已成为针对脂质体、质粒复合物、纳米颗粒、聚合物胶束及肿瘤细胞选择性吸收的其它聚合物结构的广泛使用的策略。叶酸必须通过受体介导的内吞作用或基于载体的吸收机制而进入到细胞中。
可包括各种纳米颗粒的、具有不同于二氧化硅的组成的金属氧化物中孔材料在例如染料敏化太阳能电池、分子光电器件或结合基因修复中的催化剂或催化剂载体、气体捕获、水净化、光电流转变、光电阴极的应用中有广泛的潜在用途。
本发明介绍
本发明的一个目的在于设计通过包括非两亲性和非表面活性剂模板的方法来制造有序中孔材料的方法。
本发明的另一个目的在于设计通过非两亲性和非表面活性剂模板的方法来制造有序中孔材料的方法,该有序中孔材料具有结合到所述孔的内表面上的官能团。
本发明的另一个目的在于设计一种用于制造有序中孔材料的方 法,该有序中孔材料具有包括手性形貌和手性多孔表面的多种形貌。
本发明的另一个目的在于设计一种用于制造能够分离光学异构体的有序中孔材料的方法。
另一个目的在于使用根据本发明制造的中孔材料来用于含有叶酸的荧光颗粒或叶酸所载的分子。
另一个目的在于使用根据本发明制造的中孔材料来用于药物的受控递送、特别是用于叶酸或叶酸所载分子的受控递送。
本发明的目的是通过在权利要求1和2中所述的方法来实现的。
本发明允许制造中孔材料,这可以在模板保持为所述材料的一部分以及在已去除模板的形式中都有应用。
本发明是基于使用能够形成霍格斯坦(Hoogsteen)键合的四分体(tetrads)、五聚体和其它超分子结构的有机分子,所述超分子结构是由多种有机分子通过H供体和受体基团形成的。这些分子能够诱导自组织化以形成柱状和六角形介晶相,它们随后可以在有或没有共结构导向剂的辅助下,作为无机氧化物前体的水解和缩合的有机模板,所述共结构导向剂是能与有机模板和无机氧化物前体相互作用以实现电荷匹配的基团。
无机前体可以是一种或多种金属氧化物前体,例如硅、铝、钛、镍、铜、锆、钴、铁、铑或钌的氧化物前体。
用于本发明的目的的共结构导向剂通常由碱性基团例如胺结构部分组成,所述碱性基团与长度可变的烷基间隔基(丙基、丁基、戊基等)键合,该烷基间隔基进而键合到烷氧基硅烷(或钛酸酯、锆酸酯等)上。
CSDA可自己单独或作为不同CSDA的混合物来使用。CSDA也可以由成分的混合物组成,例如一种CSDA来自称作烷氧基硅烷类,一种来自称作烷氧基钛酸酯(alkoxytitanate)类。CSDA必须能够共价或静电地与成孔模板相互作用。CSDA必须能够与无机氧化物前体相互作用。
本发明设计了一种简单的方法来基于使用含有蝶呤或类似基团例如鸟苷及衍生物的非表面活性剂模板叶酸和/或衍生物制备具有尖的 孔径分布的、具有手性形貌和手性表面的有序中孔材料。
本发明允许准备具有叶酸和/或衍生物的中孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒,从而使大量的所述分子可以在一个直接的合成步骤中纳入到中孔材料的内部多孔表面中。此外,生产的形貌类型可以包括纤维或杆的形式的手性形貌和直径不同的球形颗粒。
反应混合物可被挤出、浸涂、旋涂或喷雾干燥。
发明详述
本发明体现了使用非表面活性剂非胶束模板的有序中孔材料的形成。
本发明包括一种简单的方法来生产有序中孔结构,该有序中孔结构具有有官能团附着在内表面上的高度有序的中孔和明确定义的形貌。
本发明包括一种简单的方法来在没有由阴离子表面活性剂、阳离子表面活性剂、两性离子表面活性剂或高分子表面活性剂或任何其它类型的表面活性剂分子构成的组中的两亲性分子的情况下生产有序中孔材料。
此外,设计了使中孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒负载有具有叶酸及衍生物质的方法,从而使最大量的所述分子可以在一个直接合成步骤中纳入所述中孔颗粒的内部多孔表面。此外,通过由合成组分之一的变化所导致的手性形貌的形成,可以控制所生产的形貌类型。
生产的新型材料显示出提高的叶酸递送性质、光学性质和手性分离性质。
通过这一发明,在一个合成步骤中生产了具有叶酸的最高可能负载量的递送工具,因此不需要首先生产中孔材料、煅烧或提取孔模板,然后再负载叶酸内容物。
此外,有可能在一个合成步骤中负载活性候选药物或其它功能分子例如与叶酸孔模板在一起的荧光团。由于叶酸通过π-π型堆叠相互作用与它自己和其它分子的相互作用能力,所以这是可能的。因此, 任何能够通过与叶酸(或衍生物)的π-π相互作用而相互作用的药物可能参加到该自组装中和其自身作为模板。在这里,所述π-π相互作用是指芳族分子的堆叠排列,它是通过与π共轭体系中的p-轨道的分子间重叠来相互作用的。
由于受无机多孔基体影响的扩散限制,叶酸及任一以下述方式纳入到合成中的药物的释放曲线明显下降。
本发明依赖于能够形成霍格斯坦键合的四分体、五聚体和其它超分子结构的有机分子的使用,该超分子结构由多种有机分子通过H供体和受体基团而形成。这样的分子能够诱导自组织化以形成柱状和六角形介晶相,它们随后可以在有或没有共结构导向剂的辅助下,作为无机氧化物前体的水解和缩合的有机模板,所述共结构导向剂是能与有机模板和无机氧化物前体相互作用以实现电荷匹配的基团。
叶酸是这样的有机模板分子的一个例子,但可以使用其它叶酸衍生物(folate derivatives)例如蝶呤、羧基蝶呤、2,4-二氨基-5-溴甲基嘧啶、N-[4-{[(2-甲基-4-氨基-5-嘧啶基)甲基]氨基-苯甲酰]-L-谷氨酸、一磷酸鸟苷、N-[4-{[(2,6-二氨基-4-羟基-5-嘧啶基)甲基]氨基-苯甲酰]-L-谷氨酸、5¢-叔丁基-二甲基甲硅烷基-2¢,3¢-二-O-异丙叉基、鸟苷衍生物和其它,只要它们含有能通过氢键和π-π堆叠作用形成四聚体或更大的超分子结构的基团即可。
叶酸包括蝶呤基团,其化学和结构上与鸟嘌呤相似,通过p-氨基苯甲酸结合至L-谷氨酸结构部分(图1)。叶酸的L-谷氨酸基团有8.3的pKa值,因此将被去质子化和带负电到高于所述pH值。
可适用于当前的创新的共结构导向剂的例子包括称作烷氧基硅烷、烷氧基钛酸酯、烷氧基锆酸酯的组,例如:3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷、甲基丙烯酸3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)丙酯、(3-缩水甘油氧基丙基)三甲氧基硅烷、3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、[1-(2-氨乙基)-3-氨丙基]三甲氧基硅烷、1-[3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)丙基]二乙烯三胺、N-(2-氨乙基)-3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、N-三甲氧基硅烷丙基-N,N,N-三甲基铵氯化物、3-[2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙基氨基]丙基 三甲氧基硅烷、脲基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-异氰酸基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、3-氰基丙基三乙氧基硅烷和烯丙基三甲氧基硅烷。
CSDA可单独使用或作为不同CSDA的混合物使用。CSDA也可以由成分的混合物构成,例如一种CSDA来自称作烷氧基硅烷的组,一种来自烷氧基钛酸酯的组。CSDA必须能共价或静电地与成孔模板相互作用,并且CSDA必须能与无机氧化物前体相互作用。如果要形成有序中孔材料,这就是一个要求,并限制了CSDA的使用。原硅酸四乙酯和原硅酸四甲酯是适于形成有序中孔材料的无机氧化物前体的例子,但其它的可包括乙醇钛(IV)、丁醇钛(IV)、异丙醇钛(IV)、(三乙醇胺基)异丙醇钛(IV)溶液、异丙醇铝。非醇盐无机氧化物源例如金属盐也可另外使用,只要它们与共结构导向剂相互作用即可。
制造中孔材料的一个例子包括如下步骤:
(A)将模板与或不与其它成孔试剂溶解于介质中,该介质促进至少一种金属氧化物前体的水解(见步骤C)。
(B)包括将添加剂化学物质溶解的步骤,其中所述化学物质具有通过霍格斯坦型交互作用组装模板中的蝶呤基团的主要作用,次要作用是一方面与模板的酸结构部分交互作用且另一方面使金属氧化物前体缩合。
(C)将溶液与至少一种金属氧化物前体混合;
(D)通过例如溶胶-凝胶法在一定条件下固化该混合物,其中所述金属氧化物前体可以发生水解和缩合;
(E)一个可选步骤:通过溶剂提取和/或蒸发干燥和/或煅烧去除至少一部分溶液以形成多孔材料。
步骤A
模板分子的溶解可以在水性状况下进行,但不排除非水溶剂。模板分子与水的摩尔比通过使用叶酸来体现,(叶酸∶水)可以在从0.1∶1变化到0.001∶1,但在0.0015∶1和0.003∶1之间的范围实现了更好的结构有序性。混合物在4℃-100℃之间的温度下搅拌,该温度允许 成孔模板在适量的时间下均匀混合。
在这个阶段,可以加入其它共模板例如表面活性剂或形貌控制剂或孔扩展剂例如氨基酸或上面的混合物,但这些都不是实现有序多孔材料或控制形貌所必需的。
可以添加矿化剂例如碱性化合物(例如氢氧化钠)或能降低pH值的化合物,但这不是形成有序多孔材料所必需的。为形成有序中孔结构,最佳pH值是在6-13之间,优选是在8-10之间。pH值可根据模板、CSDA和无机氧化物前体的选择而改变。
也可使用模板的混合物,例如叶酸和脱氧鸟苷-5′-一磷酸,这两者都能形成相互作用以形成胆固醇晶态相和六角相。
在这个阶段,可以添加可与叶酸相互作用或可由模板载带的分子,例如活性药品或荧光团。
在这个阶段,也可以添加对由模板形成四聚体进行稳定化的无机盐(例如钾盐),但它们不是实现有序中孔材料所必需的。
步骤B
步骤B涉及将一种或多种化学物质加入到溶液中。化学物质也可以通过pH值的变化来促使或影响在模板内的蝶呤或类似基团之间的霍格斯坦型相互作用的形成,参见图1。这样的分子的一个例子是氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷APES。APES∶叶酸的比率可以从0.02∶1变化到1∶1,而在比例在0.2∶1和0.8∶1之间改变时得到了最佳材料。该混合物在使这些物质在适当的时间量下均匀混合的4℃-100℃之间的温度下搅拌。在这一阶段加入的APES的量可能对最终产品的形貌和在步骤C和D中添加的无机氧化物前体的水解和缩合速率有直接影响。
步骤C
所述溶液与至少一种金属氧化物前体混合。合适的金属氧化物前体可以从二氧化硅、氧化铝、钛、镍、铜、钴、铁、镍、铑和钌的任何氧化物形成。在这种情况下特别优选的是烷氧基化硅(silicon alkoxide)原硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)。如果在这一步骤使用TEOS,那么,TEOS∶H2O的比例最好是在1∶100和1∶400之间。在可以在4℃-100℃之间改变的温度下在剧烈搅拌下将TE0S添加到溶液中并在这些条件下持续至少10分钟,以使其均化。
步骤D
可通过溶胶-凝胶转变来固化混合物。必须选择条件以便引发无机氧化物前体的溶胶-凝胶转变。这可以通过控制施加到反应性(水解和缩合步骤)无机氧化物前体的、在每克溶液且每单位时间内的热量来实现,直至溶胶-凝胶转变发生。在第一个3小时期间施加到溶液中的能量是每分钟每克溶液在0.1和10焦耳之间,优选是每分钟每克溶液在0.5和3焦耳之间。这可以通过在40和120℃之间优选在60和80℃之间的温度下将溶液保持在适当密封的容器中至少6小时但可长达10天来完成。温度必须要根据容器的热导率和反应溶液的量来选择。如果容器和溶液有比周围低的温度,那么来自周围的热就通过传导传递到容器和溶液。可能也需要水热处理以促进缩合。这是在60-100℃之间的温度下进行5小时和5天之间的时间。由于孔模板在较高温度下分解,在使用叶酸的情况下的优选温度是80℃。为形成有序中孔材料,不需要水热处理。如果使用较高的温度,水热步骤的时间长度就可能会缩短。在固化过程结束后,所产生的材料可能会通过简单的过滤来回收。
可替换地,步骤D可使用喷雾-干燥设备或浸涂设备或旋涂设备来进行。如果在步骤A中添加了有机溶剂例如乙醇,这就特别有用。
步骤E
这一步骤涉及一种从孔中去除溶剂和有机化合物而不损坏或不崩溃孔结构的方法。这一步骤允许通过溶剂提取(E1)来生产具有对应于在步骤B中说明的并另外称作CSDA的化学物质的功能化表面的多孔材料。因此,如果在B中使用APES,则在溶剂提取后,有序多孔材料的内表面将含有氨丙基。这些氨丙基的摩尔浓度将取决于模板-化学物质的比例(例如叶酸:APES)。
去除有机模板的一种可替换的方法是在空气或02/N2气体流中在550℃下煅烧该有序多孔颗粒(E2)。
由于蝶呤基团及其衍生物的固有的手性组织,通过本体系生产的手性中孔材料不但在颗粒形状和孔体系方面而且在内部孔表面方面显示了手性特征。
此外,由于氨丙基基团(如果在步骤B中使用APES)与模板中的谷氨酸基团进行静电相互作用和所述模板为手性的,那么在E1之后氨丙基基团将拥有与孔方向有关的手性排列。在这里称为局部手性。这样的手性官能团的对映体纯度将取决于在步骤A中所使用的模板的对映体纯度。在例如叶酸的模板或例如活性药品或荧光团的添加剂是该应用中的活性物质的应用中,在步骤D后生产的材料可以不经过步骤E而使用。如果不经步骤E1或E2,这样的物质就将留在最终产品中。
附图说明
图1
通过在这里说明的本发明的步骤B中添加化学物质而促进了叶酸中的蝶呤基团的自组装(a,b);图(c)示出了叶酸的谷氨酸基团如何通过霍格斯坦型相互作用和π-π型堆叠的组合而排列成为由步骤B中的化学物质复制的手性结构。
图2
将根据本发明的物质的一些典型新颖组成制成表。
图3
在权利要求1-10概括的条件下制备的材料的低角度XRD图。例子用可能基于六角形晶胞索引的典型XRD峰清楚地显示了中尺度级别。
图4
由于模板堆叠的有序排列而已经使用混合模板组合物的样品的高角度X射线衍射峰。观察到至少一个归于堆叠排列的峰,其不会与在2θ为20-25度之间观察到的对应于无机氧化物壁的宽峰相混淆。
图5
在上面说明的过程中在步骤D后所得的材料的TGA/DTG曲线。可以看到三个不同的分解重量损失区。区I(150-250℃)与由APES的 水解所得的自由接枝的或表面结合的有机烷氧基硅烷基团的分解有关。区II(250-450℃)能够与位于内表面内的有机烷氧基硅烷的重叠分解和叶酸的谷氨酸成分相关联。区III(450-800℃)标志着蝶呤和p-氨基苯甲酸的分解。通常,这些值发生在比以前报道的游离叶酸的分解温度更高的温度下。从提取的样本的TGA/DTG曲线计算的、参与叶酸的超分子组装的APES的量为10.40wt%,并可能根据合成条件而改变到高达30wt%。这样,计算出在合成后原样的中孔材料中的叶酸模板的总重量百分比为27.53wt%,并取决于合成条件和起始反应组合物而可能改变到高达60wt%。TGA/DTG数据是含蝶呤的基团的模板行为的证据。
图6
在ASAP2020微晶粒学设备上记录的氮吸附-脱附等温线。(a)对煅烧和溶剂提取过的样品记录的氮等温线显示了小中孔材料的典型轮廓,这对提取过的样品不存在。(b)显示尖的孔径分布的提取过的(圆圈)和煅烧过的(方块)新型中孔氧化物材料的孔径分布曲线。
图7
显示从图2中说明的合成组合物1-5所得的颗粒形貌的扫描电子显微镜图像。显示手性图案的杆形颗粒清晰可见。尽管在这些颗粒中手性螺旋的螺距不固定,但这个手性图案的方向被所使用的模板固定了。
其它形貌包括球、纤维和螺旋性(gyroid)颗粒。取决于合成条件,纤维和杆颗粒的长度从100nm变化到几个厘米。
图8
根据权利要求1制备的合成后原样的材料的透射电子显微图像,由此能够直接在图像中观察到中孔的六角顺序,但另外也从电子衍射推断(a),(b)中的图像显示了与电子束垂直的圆筒形孔的排列。
图9
在pH=8的水中的叶酸的圆二色光谱(CD)和吸收光谱(黑)和如以上方法所述制备的合成后原样的中孔组合物在室温和0.5wt%的 浓度下记录的固态光谱。固体样品的CD光谱的特征是在大约300nm处具有最大值的宽的正峰。这构成了从这些条件下的溶液中的叶酸的预期最大值的峰位移(280nm)。可能从峰形推断出,合成后原样的样品保留来自叶酸模板的手性特征。吸收光谱(曲线已在y轴上重置刻度以便于比较)显示出最大值的确从280nm移到290nm。峰最大值的位移进一步证明了叶酸与中孔组合物的内部孔空间结合和谷氨酸结构部分与该合成后原样的材料内的官能化的壁的相互作用。
图10
在60℃下制备(步骤C)1至3天的时间和进行100℃的水热处理(步骤D)1至3天的时间的图2所说明的合成后原样的中孔材料的荧光光谱。也示出了含有使用叶酸和5,10,15,20-四(4-羧基苯基)卟啉的组合的组合物的光谱,作为能通过π-π相互作用与步骤A中说明的有机模板相互作用的功能分子的一个例子。
图11
(a)中的图示出了比卡鲁胺的外消旋混合物和纯对映体R-比卡鲁胺在甲醇中的溶液的圆二色光谱(CD)谱图。
图(b)中的图示出了将一定数量的在权利要求2-7中说明的手性中孔材料(蓝线)与比卡鲁胺的外消旋混合物混合而得到的甲醇溶液的圆二色光谱(CD)谱图。观测到的正谱图属于单一的对映体R-比卡鲁胺。因此,有可能得出结论:只有一个对映体在本发明说明的手性材料的孔内被吸附。在这里展示的光学异构体的手性分离的CD谱图是局部手性的结果。
Claims (38)
1.一种制造有序中孔材料的方法,该有序中孔材料具有结合到所述孔的内表面上的官能团,其特征在于如下步骤:
(A)通过溶解模板形成溶液,所述模板包含有机分子,所述有机分子形成通过氢键和π-π相互作用而形成的霍格斯坦键合的超分子结构;
(B)溶解共结构导向剂,该共结构导向剂的主要作用是组装所述模板中的分子基团(molecular groups);
(C)将所得溶液与至少一种无机前体混合;
(D)通过在其中能够发生所述无机前体的水解和缩合的过程来固化所得溶液。
2.一种制造包含手性孔结构的有序中孔材料的方法,其特征在于如下步骤:
(A)通过溶解模板形成溶液,所述模板包含有机分子,所述有机分子形成通过氢键和π-π相互作用而形成的霍格斯坦键合的超分子结构;
(B)溶解共结构导向剂,该共结构导向剂的主要作用是组装所述模板中的分子基团;
(C)将所得溶液与至少一种无机前体混合;
(D)通过在其中能够发生所述无机前体的水解和缩合的过程来固化所得溶液;
(E)通过溶剂提取去除至少一部分所述模板以形成多孔材料。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,所述模板的有机分子包括叶酸。
4.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,所述模板的有机分子包括一种或多种叶酸衍生物或鸟苷衍生物。
5.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,所述模板的有机分子包括蝶呤、羧基蝶呤、2,4-二氨基-5-溴甲基嘧啶、N-[4-{[(2-甲基-4-氨基-5-嘧啶基)甲基]氨基}-苯甲酰基]-L-谷氨酸、N-[4-{[(2,6-二氨基-4-羟基-5-嘧啶基)甲基]氨基}-苯甲酰基]-L-谷氨酸或5’-叔丁基-二甲基甲硅烷基-2’,3'-二-O-异丙叉基。
6.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,在步骤A中添加能与成孔模板共价或静电相互作用的共结构导向剂。
7.根据权利要求6的方法,其特征在于,所述共结构导向剂由碱性基团构成。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中所述碱性基团选自与长度可变且键合到所述无机前体的烷基间隔基键合的胺结构部分。
9.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,所述无机前体是一种或多种金属氧化物前体。
10.根据权利要求9的方法,其中所述金属氧化物前体选自硅、铝、钛、镍、铜、钴、铁、钌或铑的氧化物前体。
11.根据权利要求9的方法,其特征在于,所述金属氧化物前体是原硅酸四乙酯、异丙醇铝或丁醇钛中的一种或多种。
12.根据权利要求9的方法,其特征在于,所述金属氧化物前体包括二氧化硅前体,且二氧化硅前体与模板的比例在1:0.001和1:0.5之间。
13.根据权利要求12的方法,其中所述二氧化硅前体选自TEOS和TMOS。
14.根据权利要求1和权利要求7-8和11-12中任一项制造的中孔材料,其特征在于,所述模板包括能穿越细胞膜屏障的药物分子的药物递送剂。
15.根据权利要求1和权利要求7-8和11-12中任一项制造的中孔材料,其特征在于,所述模板包括能进行活性药品的细胞瞄准的药物递送剂。
16.根据权利要求1和权利要求7-8和11-12中任一项制造的中孔材料,其特征在于,所述模板包括荧光团。
17.根据权利要求16的中孔材料,其中所述荧光团是卟啉型分子,并具有峰最大值在450纳米处且斯托克斯频移大于200nm的荧光光谱。
18.根据权利要求1-2和权利要求7-8和11-12中任一项制造的中孔材料,其特征在于,所述材料的最终组成为在其孔内包含10-70重量%之间的叶酸。
19.根据权利要求1-2中任一项制造的中孔材料,其特征在于,所述材料的最终组成为在其内部孔表面内含有至少10重量%的氨丙基官能团。
20.根据权利要求2制造的中孔材料,其特征在于,所述材料具有孔在1-10nm之间的有序的孔结构,由氮吸附测量测定。
21.根据权利要求3-5中任一项制造的中孔材料,其中所述材料包括孔的六角形排列。
22.根据权利要求2制造的中孔材料,其特征在于,所述材料是金属氧化物和/或碳中孔材料,且所述模板已通过煅烧或通过溶剂提取去除。
23.根据权利要求3-8中任一项制造的中孔材料,其具有由氮吸附等温线测定的大于1000平方米/克的比表面积和介于1-4nm之间的孔的孔径分布。
24.根据权利要求2制造的中孔材料,当光学异构体在用权利要求2的方法得出的孔径大小的范围内时,所述中孔材料能分离所述光学异构体的外消旋混合物。
25.根据权利要求1制造的中孔材料,其包含无机氧化物,所述中孔材料具有这样的X-射线衍射图:该图具有2θ在1-6度之间的中尺度衍射峰和至少一个2θ角度高于15度且对应于所述模板在所述中孔材料的孔内的堆叠距离的衍射峰。
26.根据权利要求1制造的中孔材料,其包含无机氧化物,所述中孔材料具有权利要求25所述的X射线衍射图且含有至少1wt%有机物质,其中所述有机物质含有蝶呤。
27.根据权利要求1或2制造的中孔材料,其包含无机氧化物,所述中孔材料在显示局部手性的内部孔表面上具有1-30wt%之间的官能团,其特征在于,它的根据权利要求2的E的提取前的母体材料的圆二色光谱,该光谱具有从由模板内的四聚堆叠的手性排列所产生的在300nm处显示最大值的正峰。
28.根据权利要求1-2中任一项制造的材料的用途,其特征在于,所述材料被用作活性药品的受控的药物递送器件。
29.根据权利要求2制造的材料的用途,其特征在于,所述材料被用于光学异构体的手性分离。
30.根据权利要求2制造的材料的用途,其特征在于,在色谱应用中,所述材料能分离或封装或结合可能进入孔空间的蛋白质或其它分子。
31.根据权利要求2制造的材料的用途,其特征在于,所述材料被用作在其内部孔空间之内或之外添加或不添加活性催化物种的催化剂。
32.根据权利要求1制造的材料用于免疫化学标记应用中的用途,其特征在于,所述有序中孔材料中的所述模板能作为免疫化学标记应用中的荧光标记物或发色团。
33.根据权利要求2制造的材料的用途,其特征在于,所述材料被用作在其孔空间内捕获温室气体以封装或分离所述气体。
34.根据权利要求2制造的材料的用途,其特征在于,所述材料被用于通过过滤盐和污染物来净化水。
35.根据权利要求2制造的材料的用途,其特征在于,所述材料包含至少10%的钛氧化物并被用作活性光催化剂。
36.根据权利要求2制造的材料的用途,其特征在于,所述材料在包含至少10%的镍氧化物或钛氧化物或这些的混合物时被用作染料敏化的太阳能电池的光电阴极。
37.根据权利要求1和权利要求3-6任一项制造的材料的用途,其特征在于,所述材料与锌结合用于基因修复提取。
38.根据权利要求2制造的材料的用途,其特征在于,所述材料能进行光电流转变并用于分子光电器件中。
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AU2011303849A1 (en) * | 2010-09-14 | 2013-04-04 | Nanologica Ab | Super-saturating delivery vehicles for poorly water-soluble pharmaceutical and cosmetic active ingredients |
BRPI1102638B1 (pt) * | 2011-06-16 | 2020-10-20 | Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul | zeólita e materiais mesoporosos organizados como carga para a formulação de compostos de borracha, borracha termoplástica, plástico e fabricação de produtos |
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KR20100122480A (ko) | 2010-11-22 |
CA2711592A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
EP2254831A2 (en) | 2010-12-01 |
JP2011514302A (ja) | 2011-05-06 |
BRPI0905910A2 (pt) | 2015-06-23 |
JP5670749B2 (ja) | 2015-02-18 |
WO2009101110A8 (en) | 2011-07-28 |
WO2009101110A2 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
CN101939258A (zh) | 2011-01-05 |
US8597682B2 (en) | 2013-12-03 |
US9409783B2 (en) | 2016-08-09 |
WO2009101110A9 (en) | 2009-11-26 |
AU2009214118A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
AU2009214118B2 (en) | 2014-06-12 |
US20100310539A1 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
WO2009101110A3 (en) | 2010-07-22 |
KR101693227B1 (ko) | 2017-01-05 |
US20140120021A1 (en) | 2014-05-01 |
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