CN101932961B - 耐弯曲多模光纤 - Google Patents

耐弯曲多模光纤 Download PDF

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CN101932961B
CN101932961B CN2008801242157A CN200880124215A CN101932961B CN 101932961 B CN101932961 B CN 101932961B CN 2008801242157 A CN2008801242157 A CN 2008801242157A CN 200880124215 A CN200880124215 A CN 200880124215A CN 101932961 B CN101932961 B CN 101932961B
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约翰·S·阿博特三世
斯科特·R·比卡姆
李明俊
查克沃梅卡·B·奥赫
金伯利·威尔伯特
达纳·克雷格·布克班德
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Corning Inc
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    • GPHYSICS
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    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G02B6/0288Multimode fibre, e.g. graded index core for compensating modal dispersion
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03638Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only
    • G02B6/0365Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only arranged - - +

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Abstract

在这里公开的是耐弯曲多模光纤。这里公开的多模光纤包括纤芯区以及围绕并直接毗邻该纤芯区的包层区,该包层区包括具有下陷的相对折射率的折射率下陷的环形部分,该环形部分与纤芯的间隔至少是0.5微米且小于4微米。

Description

耐弯曲多模光纤
发明背景
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请是2008年10月14日提交的美国申请12/250987的部分后续申请,要求享有2007年12月13日提交的美国临时专利申请61/007498、2008年1月2日提交的美国临时专利申请61/009803、2008年7月1日提交的美国临时专利申请61/133612以及2008年10月14日提交的名为“Bend ResistantMultimode Optical Fiber(耐弯曲多模光纤)”的美国申请12/250987的优先权,在这里引入其中每一份申请的所有内容以作为参考。
发明领域
本发明主要涉及光纤,尤其涉及多模光纤。
技术背景
康宁公司制造和销售
Figure GSB00000840774200011
62.5μm光纤,这种光纤是多模光纤,其纤芯具有大约2%的最大相对折射率差以及62.5μm的纤芯直径,此外,康宁公司还制造和销售
Figure GSB00000840774200012
50μm光纤,这种光纤是多模光纤,其纤芯具有大约1%的最大相对折射率差以及50μm的纤芯直径。
发明内容
在这里公开的是耐弯曲多模光纤。这里公开的多模光纤包括折射率渐变纤芯区以及围绕并直接毗邻纤芯区的包层区,该包层区包括一个折射率下陷环形部分,与包层其它部分相比,该环形部分具有低的相对折射率。包层的折射率下陷环形部分最好与纤芯隔开。优选地,纤芯的折射率分布具有抛物线或者基本上是抛物线的形状。举例来说,折射率下陷环形部分可以例如包括含有多个空隙的玻璃,或掺杂了例如氟、硼或其混合物的降低掺杂物(downdopant)的玻璃,或掺有一种或多种这类降低掺杂物的玻璃和含有多个空隙的玻璃。
在一些实施例中,多模光纤包括折射率渐变玻璃纤芯以及围绕并接触纤芯的包层,该包层具有围绕纤芯的折射率下陷环形部分,所述折射率下陷环形部分具有小于大约-0.2%的折射率差和至少1微米的宽度,所述折射率下陷环形部分与所述纤芯至少间隔0.5微米。
在一些包括含有空隙的包层的实施例中,这些空隙在一些优选实施例中非周期性地位于折射率下陷环形部分的内部。我们用“非周期性地位于”指的是在获取光纤的横截面(例如与纵轴垂直的横截面)时,非周期性布置的空隙是随机或非周期性地分布在一部分光纤上的(例如在折射率下陷环形区域内部)。沿着光纤长度的不同点获取的类似横截面将会显示不同的随机分布的横截面穿孔图案,也就是说,不同的横截面将会具有不同的穿孔图案,其中空隙的分布和空隙的大小并不是完全一致。换言之,这些空隙是非周期性的,也就是说,它们并不是周期性地布置在光纤结构内部的。这些空隙是沿着光纤长度(也就是与纵轴平行)展开(延伸)的,但是对于传输光纤的典型长度而言,这些空隙并未延伸到整个光纤的整个长度。我们相信,空隙沿着光纤长度延伸的距离小于20米,优选小于10米,更为优选的是小于5米,并且在一些实施例中小于1米。
在一些实施例中,光纤包括含氟的折射率下陷环形部分,并且纤芯优选具有介于23与26微米之间的外半径R1。光纤优选还包括宽度大于0.5微米和小于3微米的内环形包层区,并且该内包层优选还包括大于0.2wt%的峰值氟浓度以及大于0.2wt%的峰值锗浓度。折射率下陷包层区优选具有折射率差小于大约-0.2%的下陷折射率以及至少1微米的宽度。
这里公开的多模光纤呈现非常低的弯曲引入衰减,尤其是非常低的大弯曲引入衰减。在一些实施例中,高带宽是由纤芯中的低最大相对折射率提供的,并且还提供了低的弯曲损耗。因此,多模光纤可以包括折射率渐变玻璃纤芯、围绕并接触纤芯的内包层以及具有围绕内包层的折射率下陷环形部分的第二包层,所述折射率下陷环形部分具有小于大约-0.2%的折射率差和至少1微米的宽度,其中所述内包层的宽度是至少0.5微米,在850nm处,该光纤还呈现小于或等于0.4dB/匝的绕10mm直径芯棒缠绕1匝的衰减增加,大于0.14、优选大于0.17、更优选大于0.18以及最优选大于0.185的数值孔径,以及在850nm处大于1.5GHz-km的满注入(overfilled)带宽。
通过使用这里公开的设计,可以制造出50微米直径纤芯的多模光纤,这种多模光纤在850nm的波长处提供大于1.5GHz-km、优选大于2.0GHz-km、更优选大于3.0GHz-km、最优选大于4.0GHz-km的满注入(OFL)带宽。能够在实现这些高带宽的同时,在850nm波长处保持小于0.5dB、优选小于0.3dB、更优选小于0.2dB以及最优选小于0.15dB的绕10mm直径芯棒缠绕1匝的衰减增加。还能够实现这些高带宽的同时,在850nm波长处保持小于0.2dB、优选小于0.1dB以及最优选小于0.05dB的绕20mm直径芯棒缠绕1匝的衰减增加,以及在850nm波长处保持小于0.2dB、优选小于0.1dB以及更优选小于0.05dB的绕15mm直径芯棒缠绕1匝的衰减增加。这种光纤还能够提供大于0.17、优选大于0.18以及最优选大于0.185的数值孔径(NA)。这种光纤同时还能在1300nm处显现出大于500MHz-km、优选大于600MHz-km以及更优选大于700MHz-km的OFL带宽。这种光纤同时还能在850nm处显现出大于大约1.5MHz-km、优选大于大约1.8MHz-km以及最优选大于大约2.0MHz-km的最小计算有效模带宽(Min EMBc)。
优选地,这里公开的多模光纤显现出了在850nm处小于3dB/km、优选在850nm处小于2.5dB/km、更优选在850nm处小于2.4dB/km以及更优选在850nm处小于2.3dB/km的光谱衰减。优选地,这里公开的多模光纤显现出了在1300nm处小于1.0dB/km、优选在1300nm处小于0.8dB/km、更优选在1300nm处小于0.6dB/nm的光谱衰减。在一些实施例中,较为理想的是纺绕(spin)多模光纤,这是因为在某些情况下,执行这种处理可以进一步提高具有下陷包层区的光纤的带宽。光于纺绕,我们指的是为光纤施加或给予一种旋转,其中该旋转是在从光纤预成形处理中拉伸光纤、即在光纤仍处于至少某种程度的被加热、能够经受非弹性旋转位移并且能够在完全冷却之后基本保持旋转位移的时候进行的。
在一些实施例中,光纤的数值孔径(NA)优选小于0.23并大于0.17,更为优选的是大于0.18,而最为优选的则是小于0.215并大于0.185。
在一些实施例中,纤芯从中心线向外呈放射状延伸半径R1,其中10≤R1≤40微米,更为优选的是20≤R1≤40微米。在一些实施例中,22≤R1≤34微米。在一些优选实施例中,纤芯的外半径介于大约22到28微米之间。在一些其他的优选实施例中,纤芯的外半径介于大约28到34微米之间。
在一些实施例中,纤芯的最大相对折射率小于或等于1.2%并大于0.5%,更为优选的是大于0.8%。在其他实施例中,纤芯的最大相对折射率小于或等于1.1%,并且大于0.9%。
在一些实施例中,光纤在850与1400nm之间的所有波长上呈现不超过1.0dB、优选不超过0.6dB、更为优选的是不超过0.4dB、进一步优选的是不超过0.2dB、更进一步优选的是不超过0.1dB的绕10mm直径芯棒缠绕1匝的衰减增加。
在第一方面中,这里公开的多模光纤包括围绕纵向中心线布置的折射率渐变玻璃纤芯以及围绕该纤芯的玻璃包层。该包层包括内环部分、折射率下陷的环形部分,以及外环部分。内环部分直接毗邻纤芯,折射率下陷的环形部分直接毗邻内环部分,并且内环部分优选具有最大绝对幅度|Δ|小于0.05%的相对折射率分布。在一些实施例中,内环部分具有小于0.05%的最大相对折射率Δ2MAX。如下所述,所有折射率全都与外环部分有关。
在后续的详细描述中将会阐述本发明的附加特征和优点,并且对本领域技术人员来说,一部分附加特征和优点很容易从该描述中清楚了解,或是通过实施在这里公开并且包含了后续详细描述、权利要求以及附图的发明来加以认识。
应该理解的是,上文的一般描述和后续的详细描述全都给出了本发明的实施例,并且其旨在提供用于理解所要保护的本发明的本质和特性的概观或框架。所包括的附图旨在提供对于本发明的进一步理解,并且这些附图被结合到本说明书中并构成其一部分。所述附图示出了本发明的各个实施例,并与本描述一起用于说明本发明的原理和操作。
附图说明
图1显示的是这里公开的多模光纤的例示实施例中的玻璃部分的横截面的折射率分布的示意图(未按比例绘制),其中折射率下陷环形部分偏离纤芯,并且被外环部分围绕。
图2是图1中的光波导光纤的横截面视图的示意图(未按比例绘制)。
图3示出的是为依照本发明一些实施例制造的多种光纤模拟的850nm处的模拟OFL带宽。
图4示出的是为现有技术中的光纤以及依照本发明一些实施例制造的光纤的1300nm处的模拟OFL带宽。
图5示出的是现有技术中的光纤以及依照本发明一些实施例制造的光纤的作为波长函数的1×10mm弯曲损耗。
图6示出的是现有技术中的光纤以及依照本发明一些实施例制造的光纤的每匝衰减损耗与弯曲直径的对比图。
图7显示的是这里公开的多模光纤例示实施例中的玻璃部分的横截面的折射率分布,该分布是使用折射近场测量测得的,其中折射率下陷环形部分偏离纤芯并被外环部分围绕。
图8示出的是图1中的光波导光纤的内包层区的被测微探针结果,显示了介于24与27μm之间的氟和锗浓度。
详细描述
在后续详细描述中将会阐述本发明的附加特征和优点,本领域技术人员可以从该描述中清楚了解这些特征和优点,并且这些特征和优点可以通过实施在后续描述以及权利要求和附图中描述的本发明而被加以认识。
“折射率分布”是折射率或相对折射率与波导光纤半径之间的关系。
“相对折射率百分比”被定义为Δ%=100x(ni 2-nREF 2)/2ni 2,其中除非另有说明,否则ni是区域i中的最大折射率。此外,除非另有说明,否则相对折射率百分比是在850nm下测得的。除非在这里另有说明,否则nREF是包层外环部分60的平均折射率,其中举例来说,该平均折射率可以通过在包层的外环部分获取“N”个折射率测量结果(nC1,nC2,...nCN)以及使用下式计算平均折射率来得到:
n C = ( 1 / N ) Σ n Ci · i = 1 i = N
除非另有说明,否则这里使用的相对折射率是用Δ表示的,并且它的值是以“%”为单位给出的。如果某个区域的折射率小于基准折射率nREF,那么相对折射率百分比为负,并且被称为具有下陷区域或是折射率下陷,此外,除非另有说明,否则最小相对折射率是在相对折射率负值最大的点计算的。如果某个区域的折射率大于基准折射率nREF,则相对折射率百分比为正,并且可以认为该区域是升高的或是具有正折射率。这里的“提高掺杂剂(updopant)”被认为是相对于纯的未掺杂SiO2而言具有提高折射率的倾向的掺杂剂。这里的“降低掺杂剂(downdopant)”被认为是相对于纯的未掺杂SiO2而言具有降低折射率的倾向的掺杂剂。在伴有非提高掺杂剂的一种或多种其它掺杂剂时,提高掺杂剂可存在于具有负相对折射率的光纤的区域中。同样,非提高掺杂剂的一种或多种其它掺杂剂可存在于具有正相对折射率的光纤的区域中。在伴有非降低掺杂剂的一种或多种其它掺杂剂时,降低掺杂剂可存在于具有正相对折射率的光纤的区域中。同样,非降低掺杂剂的一种或多种其它掺杂剂可存在于具有负相对折射率的光纤的区域中。
宏弯曲性能是根据FOTP-62(IEC-60793-1-47),通过围绕10mm、20mm或30mm直径的芯棒缠绕一匝(例如“1×10mm直径宏弯曲损耗”或“1×20mm直径宏弯曲损耗”),以及通过利用环形通量(EF)注入条件测量弯曲引起的衰减增加来确定的。该环形通量是通过将满注入脉冲(overfilled pulse)注入至长度为2米的50μm光纤的输入端来获取的,其中该光纤在中点附近布置了1×25mm直径心轴。
Figure GSB00000840774200062
50μm光纤的输出端被接合到被测光纤,并且被测弯曲损耗是在规定弯曲条件下的衰减与无弯曲情况下的衰减的比值。满注入带宽是根据FOTP-204并使用满注入法来测量的。最小计算有效模带宽(Min EMBc)的带宽是从被测差分模式延迟光谱中获得的,如由TIA/EIA-455-220所规定的。
这里使用的光纤数值孔径指的是使用在名为“Measurement Methods andTest Procedures-Numerical Aperture”的TIA SP3-2839-URV2 FOTP-177IEC-60793-1-43中阐述的方法测得的数值孔径。
术语“α分布”或“阿尔法分布”指的是用Δ(r)表述并以“%”为单位的相对折射率分布,其中r是半径,并且遵循以下等式:
Δ(r)=Δ(ro)(1-[|r-ro|/(rl-ro)]α)
其中ro是Δ(r)为最大值的点,r1是Δ(r)%为零的点,并且r处于范围ri≤r≤rf以内,其中Δ是如上定义的,ri是α分布的初始点,rf是α分布的终点,α是为实数的指数。
折射率下陷的环形部分具有分布量V3,其中该分布量在这里被定义成:
2 ∫ Δ 3 ( r ) rdr R INNER R OUTER
其中如下文中定义的那样,RINNER是折射率下陷的环形部分的内半径,ROUTER是折射率下陷的环形部分的外半径。对于这里公开的光纤来说,V3的绝对幅度优选大于60%-μm2,更为优选的是大于80%-μm2,进一步优选的是大于100%-μm2。此外,V3的绝对幅度优选小于400%-μm2,更为优选的是小于200%-μm2,进一步优选的则是小于150%-μm2。在一些优选实施例中,V3的绝对幅度大于60%-μm2并且小于200%-μm2。在其他的优选实施例中,V3的绝对幅度大于80%-μm2并且小于150%-μm2
这里公开的多模光纤包括纤芯以及围绕并直接毗邻纤芯的包层。在一些实施例中,该纤芯包括掺入了锗的二氧化硅,也就是掺锗二氧化硅。除了锗之外,在这里公开的光纤的纤芯内部、尤其是在中心线上或是中心线附近还可以单独或组合使用Al2O3或P2O5,以便获取预期的折射率和密度。在一些实施例中,这里公开的光纤的折射率分布从中心线到纤芯外半径是非负的。在一些实施例中,该光纤在纤芯中未包含增大折射率的掺杂物。
图1显示的是多模光纤的实施例的玻璃部分的横截面的折射率分布的示意图,其中该多模光纤包括玻璃纤芯20和玻璃包层200,该包层包括内环部分30、折射率下陷的环形部分50,以及外环部分60。图2是图1中的光波导光纤的横截面的示意图(未按比例绘制)。纤芯20具有外半径R1和最大折射率差Δ1MAX。内环部分30具有宽度W2和外半径R2。折射率下陷的环形部分50具有最小折射率差百分比Δ3MIN、宽度W3以及外半径R3。该折射率下陷的环形部分50被显示成被内环部分30偏离开纤芯20,即与纤芯20间隔开。环形部分50围绕并且接触内环部分30。外环部分60则围绕并接触环形部分50。内环部分30具有最大相对折射率为Δ2MAX并且最小相对折射率为Δ2MIN的折射率分布Δ2(r),其中在一些实施例中,Δ2MAX=Δ2MIN。折射率下陷的环形部分50具有最小相对折射率为Δ3MIN的折射率分布Δ3(r)。外环部分60具有最大相对折射率为Δ4MAX且最小相对折射率为Δ4MIN的折射率分布Δ4(r),其中在一些实施例中,Δ4MAX=Δ4MIN。优选地,Δ1MAX>Δ2MAX>Δ3MIN。在一些实施例中,如图1中用常数Δ2(r)显示的那样,内环部分30具有基本恒定的折射率分布;在这其中的一些实施例中,Δ2(r)=0%。在某些实施例中,如图1中用常数Δ4(r)显示的那样,外环部分60具有基本恒定的折射率分布;在这其中的一些实施例中,Δ4(r)=0%。纤芯20具有全部为正的折射率分布,其中Δ1(r)>0%。R1被定义成从中心线开始向外径向延伸纤芯的折射率差首次达到数值0.05%时的半径。优选地,纤芯基本上不包含氟,并且该纤芯最好不包含氟。在一些实施例中,内环部分30优选具有最大绝对幅度小于0.05%的相对折射率分布Δ2(r),并且Δ2MAX<0.05%且Δ2MIN>-0.05%,折射率下陷的环形部分50是从中心线开始向外径向延伸包层的相对折射率首次达到小于-0.05%的数值的位置处开始的。在一些实施例中,外环部分60具有最大绝对幅度小于0.05%的相对折射率分布Δ4(r),并且Δ4MAX<0.05%且Δ4MIN>-0.05%,折射率下陷的环形部分50是从出现Δ3MIN的半径开始向外径向延伸包层的相对折射率首次到达大于-0.05%的值的位置处结束的。
在这里公开的多模光纤中,纤芯是折射率渐变纤芯,并且纤芯的折射率分布优选具有抛物线(或基本上是抛物线)的形状;例如在一些实施例中,纤芯的折射率分布具有α形状,其中在850nm处测得的α值优选介于1.9与2.3之间,更为优选的是大约2.1;在一些实施例中,纤芯的折射率可以具有中心线下落,其中纤芯的最大折射率以及整个光纤的最大折射率与中心线相距小的距离,但是在其他实施例中,纤芯的折射率没有中心线下落,纤芯的最大折射率和整个光纤的最大折射率位于该中心线。所述抛物线形状扩展到半径R1,并且优选是从光纤的中心线扩展到半径R1。由此,这里使用的“抛物线”包括基本上是抛物线形状的折射率分布,该折射率分布在纤芯中的一个或多个点处可以略微不同于大约为2.0的α值,例如1.9、2.1或2.3,优选介于2.0与2.2之间,还包括具有较小变化和/或中心线下落的分布。参考附图,纤芯20被定义成是在抛物线形状结束时所在的半径R1处结束的,与包层200的最内半径一致。
包层200中的一个或多个部分可以由包层材料组成,这种包层材料例如可以是在沉积处理期间沉积的,或者以采用套管型光学预成型装置中的管之类的封套(jacketing)的形式提供,或者可以是沉积材料与封套的组合。包层200被至少一个涂层210包围,在一些实施例中,该涂层210可包括低模量主涂层和高模量次涂层。
优选地,这里公开的光纤具有基于二氧化硅的纤芯和包层。在一些实施例中,包层具有为Rmax的2倍且大小约为125μm的外直径。优选地,包层的外直径在沿着光纤长度的方向上具有恒定直径,其中任何波动都具有不超过1.0μm的标准偏差。在一些实施例中,光纤的折射率具有径向对称性。优选地,纤芯的外直径在沿着光纤长度的方向上具有恒定的直径。在一些实施例中,一个或多个涂层围绕并接触包层。该涂层可以是丙烯酸酯基聚合物(acrylate-based polymer)之类的聚合物涂层。在一些实施例中,在径向和沿着光纤长度的方向上,该涂层具有恒定的直径。
在一些实施例中,折射率下陷的环形部分包括非周期性布置或周期性布置或两者兼而有之的空隙。对于“非周期性布置”或“非周期性分布”而言,我们指的是在获取该光纤的横截面(例如垂直于纵轴的横截面)时,非周期性布置的空隙在光纤的一部分上是随机或非周期性分布的。在沿着光纤长度的方向上的不同点获取的类似横截面将会呈现不同的横截面穿孔图案,也就是说,不同的横截面将会具有不同的穿孔图案,其中空隙的分布和空隙的大小是不一致的。换言之,一个或多个空隙是非周期性的,也就是说,它们并不是周期性地分布在光纤结构内部的。这些空隙沿着光纤长度(也就是平行于纵轴)展开(延伸),但对于光纤的典型长度来说,这些空隙并不会延伸至整个光纤的整个长度。虽然不希望受到理论的限制,但是我们相信,这些空隙延伸的距离小于数米,并且在很多情况下,这些空隙沿着光纤长度延伸的距离小于1米。这里公开的光纤可以借助使用了预成型固化条件的方法制造,这些方法能够有效地将大量气体捕获到固化的玻璃坯料中,从而在固化的玻璃光纤预成型件中形成空隙。与采取措施去除这些空隙不同,在这里使用了所得到的预成型件来形成内部具有空隙或多个空隙的光纤。如在这里所使用的,当从横向于光纤的纵轴的垂直截面观察光纤时,孔洞的直径是端点被布置在限定了该孔洞的二氧化硅内表面上的最长线段。
在一些实施例中,内环部分30包括实际既没有掺杂氟也没有搀杂锗的二氧化硅。优选地,环形部分30包括约23微米到27微米的内半径以及小于28到31微米的外半径。优选地,该环形部分30包括大于约0.5并且小于约4微米的宽度,并且该宽度更为优选的是大于约1.0并且小于约3.0微米,而最为优选的则是大于约1.0并且小于约2.0微米。在一些实施例中,外环部分60包含基本上无掺杂的二氧化硅,但是该二氧化硅也可以包含一定量的氯、氟、锗,或其他掺杂物,这些搀杂物集中在一起不会显著改变折射率。在一些实施例中,折射率下陷的环形部分50包括掺入了氟的二氧化硅。在一些其他实施例中,折射率下陷的环形部分50包括含有多个非周期性布置的空隙的二氧化硅。这些空隙可包含一种或多种气体,例如氩气、氮气、氪气、CO2、SO2或氧气,或者这些空隙可包含实际没有气体的真空;无论是存在还是不存在任何气体,环形部分50中的折射率都会因为空隙的存在而减小。这些空隙可以随机或非周期性地布置在包层200的环形部分50内部,并且在其他实施例中,空隙是周期性地布置在环形部分50中的。作为替换或补充,通过对环形部分50进行降低掺杂(downdoping)(例如用氟)或是对包层和/或纤芯中的一个或多个部分进行提高掺杂(updoping),同样可以提供环形部分50中的下陷折射率,折射率下陷的环形部分50例如是不像内环部分30那样重搀杂的二氧化硅。例如在考虑了存在任何空隙的情况下,折射率下陷的环形部分50的最小相对折射率或平均有效相对折射率优选小于-0.1%,更为优选的是小于约-0.2%,进一步优选的是小于约-0.3%,并且最为优选的是小于约-0.4%。
在一组实施例中,如图1所述,多模光纤包括折射率渐变、优选是抛物线(基本上是抛物线)的玻璃纤芯20以及玻璃包层200,其中该纤芯结束于半径R1,该半径R1标记的是折射率渐变纤芯或抛物线形状的近似末端。纤芯20被内环部分30包围并与之直接接触,该内环部分30具有基本恒定的折射率分布Δ2(r)。内环部分30被折射率下陷的环形部分50包围并与之直接接触,而所述折射率下陷的环形部分50则被外环部分60包围并与之直接接触,该外环部分60具有基本恒定的折射率分布Δ4(r)。折射率下陷的环形部分50可包括多个空隙。在这组实施例的一些实施例中,纤芯20包括掺锗的二氧化硅,内环部分30包括纯二氧化硅,外环部分60则包括纯二氧化硅;在这其中的一些实施例中,折射率下陷的环形部分50包括无孔洞的掺氟二氧化硅;在这其中的其他实施例中,折射率下陷的环形部分50包括处于纯二氧化硅中的多个空隙;而在这其中的另外实施例中,折射率下陷的环形部分50包括处于掺氟二氧化硅中的多个空隙。在内环部分30包括纯二氧化硅并且折射率下陷的环形部分50包括具有多个空隙的纯二氧化硅的实施例中,折射率下陷的环形部分50开始于最内孔洞的最内半径。在外环部分60包括纯二氧化硅并且折射率下陷的环形部分50包括具有多个空隙的纯二氧化硅的实施例中,折射率下陷的环形部分50结束于最外孔洞的最外半径。
光纤的数值孔径(NA)优选大于将信号传入光纤的光源的NA;例如,光纤的NA优选大于VCSEL源的NA。
图2是这里公开的光波导光纤100的横截面视图的示意图(没有按比例绘制),其中该光纤具有纤芯20以及直接毗邻并围绕纤芯20的包层200,该包层200是由内环部分30、折射率下陷的环形部分50以及外环部分60组成的。
参考图1,作为这里公开的多模光纤的折射率分布的一个例示性描述,包层200包括:围绕纤芯20并与之直接接触的内环部分30,该内环部分30沿着径向向外延伸至内环部分的外半径R2,并且具有布置在中点R2MID的宽度W2,该部分30具有以%为单位的相对折射率分布Δ2(r),其中该分布具有以%为单位的最大相对折射率百分比Δ2MAX,以%为单位的最小相对折射率百分比Δ2MIN,以及最大绝对幅度相对折射率百分比|Δ2(r)|MAX;围绕部分30并且直接与之接触的折射率下陷的环形部分(或“环形”)50,该环形部分50从R2沿着径向向外延伸至折射率下陷的环形部分半径R3,该部分50具有布置在中点R3MID的宽度W3,并且具有以%为单位的相对折射率分布Δ3(r),其中该分部具有以%为单位的最小相对折射率百分比Δ3MIN,并且其中Δ1MAX>0>Δ3MIN;以及围绕部分50并且与之直接接触的外环部分60,该外环部分60具有以%为单位的相对折射率百分比Δ4(r)。R1被定义成从中心线开始沿径向向外延伸纤芯的折射率差首次达到数值0.05%时的半径。换言之,纤芯20在半径R1处结束,而内环部分30在半径R1处开始,并且部分30被确定为在半径R2处结束。折射率下陷的环形部分50始于R2并结束于R3。环形部分50的宽度W3是,并且其中点R3MID是(R2+R3)/2。在一些实施例中,对于内环部分30中大于50%的径向宽度来说,|Δ2(r)|<0.025%,并且在其他实施例中,对于内环部分30中大于50%的径向宽度来说,|Δ2(r)|<0.01%。包层200扩展到半径R4,该半径也是光纤的玻璃部分的最外围。在一些实施例中,R4>40μm;在其他实施例中,R4>50μm,在另外实施例中,R4>60μm,在一些实施例中,60μm<R4<70μm。
在一些实施例中,W3大于0.5并小于10μm,更为优选的是大于1.0μm并小于8μm,进一步优选的是大于2μm并小于6μm。
以下在表1中阐述的是依照本发明的多个模拟示例。
表1
Figure GSB00000840774200121
以下在表2中阐述的是依照本发明制造的多个例示光纤,以及为每一个光纤测得的属性。
表2
Figure GSB00000840774200122
Figure GSB00000840774200131
示例5-比较
康宁公司的具有50μm的纤芯直径以及125微米的玻璃纤维直径的
Figure GSB00000840774200132
光纤被制造为包括具有GeO2-SiO2渐变折射率的50微米直径的纤芯(相对于具有抛物线(α=2.1)形状的纯二氧化硅包层而言,最大Δ为1%)和固态二氧化硅包层(无下陷环形区)。
示例6-比较
将2200克的SiO2(密度为0.36g/cc)粉末火焰沉积在长1m且直径为25.8mm的固态玻璃棒上,该固体玻璃棒具有GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯(相对于抛物线(d=2)形状的纯二氧化硅而言具有1%的最大折射率)。然后,如下烧结该组件。首先,在由氦气和3%的氯气组成的气体中以1000℃干燥该组件2小时,接着在包含50%氮气和50%氦气的气体中以32mm/min的速度将其传动通过1500℃的热区,然后在相同的气体中以25mm/min的速度将其重新传动通过该热区,最终在包含50%氮气和50%氦气的气体中以6mm/min的速度将其烧结,以便将粉末烧结成“含氮籽(nitrogen-seeded)”的第一过包层预成型件,其中该预成型件包括被“含氮籽”的包层围绕且没有空隙的GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯。将该预成型件在1000℃的氩气净化保温炉中放置24小时。然后,将该预成型件放置在车床上,该车床处将5910克的SiO2粉末火焰沉积在1米长的棒上。然后,以如下方式烧结该组件。首先,在由氦气和3%的氯气组成的气体中以1000℃的温度干燥该组件2小时,接着在包含100%氦气的气体中以6mm/min的速度将其传动通过1500℃的热区,以便将粉末烧结成包含无空隙的GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯、“含氧籽”第一包层以及无空隙的二氧化硅外包层的光学预成型件。将该预成型件在1000℃的氩气净化保温炉中放置24小时。然后,使用具有长约8cm热区的约2000℃的回火炉以10m/s的速度将该预成型件拉成8.8km长的125微米直径的光纤。在850和1300nm处,测量得到的该光纤的OFL带宽分别是516和158MHz-km。带宽很低的原因在于在折射率渐变的纤芯与下陷的环形区域之间没有内环区域。
示例7
将320克的SiO2(密度为0.36g/cc)粉末火焰沉积在长1m且直径为28mm的固态玻璃棒上,该玻璃棒的纤芯/包层(包层=棒直径)比是0.93,并且包含了GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯(相对于抛物线(α=2.1)形状的纯二氧化硅而言具有1%的最大折射率)以及二氧化硅的第一包层。然后,如下烧结该组件。首先,在由氦气和3%的氯气组成的气体中以1000℃干燥该组件2小时,接着在包含50%氮气和50%氦气的气体中以32mm/min的速度将其传动通过1500℃的热区,然后在相同的气体中以25mm/min的速度将其重新传动通过该热区,最终在包含50%氮气和50%氦气的气体中以6mm/min的速度将其烧结,以便烧结粉末来形成包含了无空隙的GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯、二氧化硅的第一包层以及“含氮籽”第二包层的“含氮籽预成型件。将该预成型件在1000℃的氩气净化保温炉中放置24小时。将该预成型件拉成1米×24.9mm直径的棒状物,然后将该棒状物放置在车床上,在该车床处火焰沉积3525克的SiO2粉末。然后,以如下方式烧结该组件。首先,在由氦气和3%的氯气组成的气体中以1000℃的温度干燥该组件2小时,接着在包含100%氦气的气体中以6mm/min的速度将其传动通过1500℃的热区,以便将粉末烧结成包含无空隙的GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯、二氧化硅的第一包层、“含氮籽”第二包层以及无空隙的二氧化硅外包层的光学预成型件。将该预成型件在1000℃的氩气净化保温炉中放置24小时。然后,使用具有长约8cm热区的约2000℃的回火炉以10m/s的速度将该预成型件拉成8.8km长的125微米直径的光纤。以这些光纤端面的900和4000倍的放大方式进行的SEM图像分显示:约24.3微米半径的无空隙固态二氧化硅-锗纤芯20,包围该纤芯的约26.8微米外半径的含无空隙固态二氧化硅的内环部分30,包围该内环部分30的约29.8微米外半径的含空隙的折射率下陷环形部分50(沿着径向的的环形度W3约为3微米),其中该折射率下陷的环形部分50在区域50中包含了平均直径约为0.2微米的大约200个空隙,最大、最小及标准偏差分别约为0.4、0.03和0.07微米,包围折射率下陷的环形部分50的无空隙的二氧化硅外环部分60,该外环部分60具有约125微米的外直径(所有径向
都从光纤中心开始测量)。整个含空隙的环形区域包含了部区域百分比约为1%的孔洞(100%的N2除以体积),的光纤空隙面积百分比(孔洞的面积除以光纤横截面的面积×100)约为0.06%。
示例8
将427克SiO2(密度为0.36g/cc)粉末火焰沉积在长1m且直径为27.5mm的固态玻璃棒上,该玻璃棒包含了具有二氧化硅内包层并且纤芯/包层比为0.95的GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯(相对于抛物线(α=2.1)形状的纯二氧化硅具有1%的最大折射率)。然后,如下烧结该组件。首先,在由氦气和3%的氯气组成的气体中以1125□的温度干燥该组件2小时,接着在由氦气和20%SiF4组成的气体中以1125□的温度以及在4个小时的时间里将氟掺入粉末预成型件,然后在100%氦气的气体中以14mm/min的速度将其传动通过1480□的热区,以便将粉末烧结成包含锗-二氧化硅折射率渐变纤芯、二氧化硅内包层以及掺氟第二包层的过包层(overclad)预成型件。将该预成型件拉成1米×25.0米直径的棒,然后将所述棒放置在车床上,在车床处火焰沉积3538克的SiO2粉末。然后,如下烧结该组件。首先在由氦气和3%的氯气组成的气体中以1000□的温度将该组件干燥2小时,接着在100%氦气的气体中以6mm/min的速度将其传动通过1500□的热区,以便将粉末烧结成无空隙的光学预成型件,所述光学预成型件包含GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯、二氧化硅第一包层、掺氟的第二包层以及二氧化硅外包层。将该预成型件在1000□的氩气净化保温炉中放置24小时。然后,使用具有长约8cm的热区的约2000℃的回火炉以10m/s的速度将该预成型件拉成8.8km长的125微米直径的光纤。
图3示出的是依照本发明一些实施例制造的多种光纤在850nm处的模拟OFL带宽,图3所示的每一个光纤都对应于上表1中阐述的光纤。在图3中可以到,通过使用这些光纤设计,可以在850nm处实现高于6000、更有选高于8000、至更优选高于8000、至高于18000MHz-km的峰值OFL带宽。此外,这些示例示出这些很高的带宽是在环形部分30包含大于约0.5并小于约4微米的宽度W2的时候实现的,其中所述宽度优选大于约.75并小于约3.0微米,更为优选的是大于约1.0并小于约3.0微米,而最为优选的则是大于约1.0并小于约2.0微米。
图4示出的是现有技术中的光纤以及依照本发明一些实施例制造的光纤在1300nm处的模拟OFL带宽与纤芯α的关系曲线。与没有折射率下陷区域的对比光纤相比,加下陷环形将会导致在1300nm处具有更高的OFL带宽。
图5示出的是现有技术中的光纤(示例5)以及表2所述的种光纤的作为波长函数的1×10mm弯曲损耗,其中表2所述的光纤是依照本发明不同实施例制造的。在图5中可以到,在从800到1400nm的整个带宽范围内都实现了1×10mm弯曲损耗小于0.6dB、优选小于0.4、更优选小于约0.3dB的光纤。在850nm处,绕10mm直径芯棒缠绕1匝的衰减增加小于0.5dB,更优选小于0.3dB,进一步优选的是小于0.2dB,并且最为优选的是小于0.15dB。
图6示出的是现有技术中的光纤(示例5)和表2所述的种光纤在850nm处的每匝衰减与弯曲直径的关系曲线,其中表2所示光纤是依照本发明的不同实施例制造的。在图6中可以到,所制造的光纤在10mm直径处显现出小于或等于约0.1dB/匝的弯曲损耗,在20mm直径处显现出小于0.05dB/匝的弯曲损耗,并且在30mm直径处显现出小于0.01dB/匝的弯曲损耗。
示例9和10
将71.3克的SiO2(密度为0.36g/cc)粉末火焰沉积在长1m且直径为26mm的固态玻璃棒上,该玻璃棒包含GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯(相对于抛物线(α=2.1)形状的纯二氧化硅而言具有0.95%的最大折射率)。然后,如下烧结该组件。首先,在由氦气和3%的氯气组成的气体中以1000□的温度干燥该组件2小时,接着在100%氦气的气体中以6mm/min的速度将其传动通过1500℃的热区,以便将粉末烧结成光学预成型件,该光学预成型件包含无空隙的GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯以及纤芯/包层比为0.96的二氧化硅第一包层(包层=在二氧化硅沉积和烧结之后棒的外直径)。将该光学预成型件拉成1米长且外直径为20.1米的棒。然后,将246克的SiO2(密度为0.36g/cc)粉末火焰沉积在长1m且直径为20.1mm的固态玻璃棒上,该玻璃棒包含具有纤芯/包层比为0.96的二氧化硅内包层的GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯(相对于抛物线(α=2.1)形状的纯二氧化硅而言具有0.95%的最大折射率)。然后,如下烧结该组件。首先,在由氦气和3%的氯气组成的气体中以1125□的温度干燥该组件2小时,接着在由氦气和20%SiF4组成的气体中以1125□的温度以及4小时的时间将氟掺入该粉末,然后在100%氦气的气体中以14mm/min的速度将其传动通过1480□的热区,以便将粉末烧结成包含锗-二氧化硅的折射率渐变纤芯、二氧化硅内包层以及掺氟第二包层的过包层(overclad)预成型件。然后,将该预成型件放置在车床上,在车床处火焰沉积2892克的SiO2粉末。然后,如下烧结该组件。首先在由氦气和3%的氯气组成的气体中以1000□的温度将该组件干燥2小时,接着在100%氦气的气体中以6mm/min的速度将其传动通过1500□的热区,以便将粉末烧结成无空隙的光学预成型件,所述光学预成型件包含GeO2-SiO2折射率渐变纤芯、二氧化硅第一包层、掺氟的二氧化硅第二包层以及无空隙的二氧化硅外包层。将该预成型件在1000□的氩气净化保温炉中放置24小时。然后,使用具有长约8cm的热区的约2000□的回火炉以10m/s的速度将该预成型件拉成8.8km长的125微米直径的光纤。光纤的近场测量实折射率分布是由下各组成的:半径R1=25.4μm以及最大折射率Δ1MAX=0.95%的折射率渐变纤芯,R2=26.4μm、Δ2MIN>-0.05%以及Δ2MAX<0.05%的内包层,R3=31.6μm、Δ3MIN=-0.4%以及体积V3=-121%-μm2的下陷环形部分,以及R4=62.5μm且平均折射率为0.0%的二氧化硅外包层。
表3示出的是示例9中描述的光纤以及依照本发明制造的附加光纤(示例10)实际测得的光学特性。除非特别申明,否则示例10是用与上文中为示例9公开的处理相类似的处理制造的。这些示例表明可以在环形部分30包含大于约0.5且小于约4微米、优选大于约1.0且小于约3.0微米以及最优选大于约1.0且小于约2.0微米的宽度W2的时候实现高的带宽以及低的弯曲损耗。
表3
下表4中阐述的是依照本发明的多个模制光纤。这些示例示出:在环形部分30包含大于约0.5且小于约4微米以及更优选大于约1.0且小于约3.0微米的W2的时候实现高的带宽和低的弯曲损耗。在从800到1400nm的整个带宽上,1×10mm宏弯曲损耗小于0.6dB、优选小于0.4,并且更优选的是小于约0.3dB。在850nm处,绕10mm直径芯棒缠绕1匝的衰减增加小于0.5dB,更优选小于0.3dB,进一步优选的是小于0.2dB,并且最为优选的是小于0.15dB。1×15mm宏弯曲损耗小于0.2dB、优选小于0.1dB,并且更优选的是小于约0.06dB。
表4中的示例还示出:在保持数值孔径大于0.14、优选大于0.15、更优选大于0.16以及最优选大于0.185的同时,中心纤芯的最大折射率能在850和1300nm处实现很高的带宽。在一些优选实施例中,数值孔径大于0.185并小于0.215。850nm处的满注入带宽大于5000MHz-km、优选大于10000MHz-km、更优选的是大于20000MHz-km,并且进一步优选的是大于40000MHz-km。1300nm处的满注入带宽大于500MHz-km、优选大于700MHz-km、并且更优选的是大于1000MHz-km。
表4
Figure GSB00000840774200191
Figure GSB00000840774200201
图7示出的是为具有上文中参考图1描述的折射率分布的光纤的内环部分30测得的微探针结果。图7所示的示例是一个多模光纤,该光纤包含了折射率渐变的纤芯以及围绕所述纤芯的包层,其中该包层包括内环部分和围绕该内环部分的下陷的环形部分。纤芯具有介于23与26之间的外半径R1,并且内环部分包括大于0.5微米且小于3微米的宽度。内环部分包括大于0.2wt%的峰值氟浓度以及大于0.2wt%的峰值锗浓度。下陷的环形部分包括折射率差小于-0.2%的下陷折射率以及至少1微米的宽度。但是,本发明并不限于这种设计,并且应该理解的是,针对本实施例的改可以包括上文中公开的任何改。图7所示光纤的折射率下陷的环形包层区是掺入了氟的,并且在其内是不包含空隙的。在图7中可以到,在本实施例中,该特定光纤中的内环部分30在所述内环部分中包含大于0.3wt%的峰值氟浓度,并且在所述内环部分中包含大于0.3wt%的峰值锗浓度。该内环区域还显现出了这样一个氟浓度随着半径的增大而增大并且锗浓度随着半径的增大而减小的区域。在25微米的半径上,光纤中的锗浓度优选小于2wt.%,更优选的是小于1wt.%。在26微米的半径上,所述光纤中的锗浓度优选小于0.5wt.%,更优选的是小于0.3wt.%。在26.0微米的半径上,所述光纤中的氟浓度优选小于2.wt%,更优选的是小于1.5wt.%,进一步优选的是小于1wt.%。在26.0微米的半径处,氟浓度优选大于0.1wt.%,更优选的是大于0.2wt.%,并且进一步优选的是大于0.4%。此外,在所述内环部分的中点,该区域包括大于0.1wt.%的氟和大于0.1wt.%的锗。
应当理解的是,以上描述是本发明的示例,并且旨在提供用于理解附加权利要求限定的本发明的本质和特征的概述。所包括的附图旨在提供针对本发明的进一步理解,这些附图被结合到本说明书中并构成了说明书的一部分。所述附图示出的是本发明的多个特征和实施例,并且同其描述一起用于说明本发明的原理和操作。对本领域的技术人员来说,很明显,在不离附加权利要求定义的本发明的实质或范围的情况下,针对这里描述的本发明的优选实施例的不同改是可行的。

Claims (10)

1.一种多模光纤,包括:
玻璃纤芯,所述玻璃纤芯具有抛物线形状的渐变折射率;以及
围绕并接触所述纤芯的包层,其中所述包层包括内环部分、第二部分和外环部分;所述内环部分具有与所述纤芯的抛物线形状的折射率不同(departfrom)的折射率,所述纤芯具有介于20微米和40微米之间的外半径和在850nm的波长处测得介于1.9与2.3之间的α分布的α值;所述第二部分包含围绕所述内环部分的折射率下陷的环形部分,所述折射率下陷的环形部分相对于所述包层的所述外环部分具有小于约-0.2%的折射率差百分比且所述折射率下陷的环形部分具有至少1微米的宽度,其中所述内环部分的宽度至少是0.5微米,并且小于4微米;以及所述光纤在850nm的波长处呈现大于3.0GHz-km的OFL带宽。
2.权利要求1的光纤,其中所述内环部分相对于所述包层的所述外环部分具有大于-0.05%且小于0.05%的折射率差百分比,并且包括约25微米的内半径,所述内环部分的宽度至少是1微米。
3.权利要求1的光纤,其中所述内环部分的宽度小于3微米。
4.权利要求1的光纤,其中所述光纤在850nm处还呈现小于或等于0.1dB/匝的绕30mm直径芯棒缠绕1匝的衰减增加。
5.权利要求1的光纤,其中所述光纤在850nm处还呈现小于或等于0.5dB/匝的绕10mm直径芯棒缠绕1匝的衰减增加。
6.权利要求2的光纤,其中所述折射率下陷的环形部分具有大于2微米的宽度。
7.权利要求6的光纤,其中所述折射率下陷的环形部分具有小于10微米的宽度。
8.权利要求1的光纤,其中所述光纤在850nm处还呈现大于1.5GHz-km的满注入带宽。
9.权利要求1的光纤,其中所述光纤在1300nm处还呈现大于500MHz-km的满注入带宽。
10.权利要求1的光纤,其中所述折射率下陷的环形部分相对于所述包层的所述外环部分呈现小于-0.3%的折射率差百分比。
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US12/250,987 US20090169163A1 (en) 2007-12-13 2008-10-14 Bend Resistant Multimode Optical Fiber
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JP2011507028A (ja) 2011-03-03
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US8406592B2 (en) 2013-03-26
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