CN101928604A - 二氧化碳循环到气化系统的方法 - Google Patents

二氧化碳循环到气化系统的方法 Download PDF

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CN101928604A
CN101928604A CN2010102134500A CN201010213450A CN101928604A CN 101928604 A CN101928604 A CN 101928604A CN 2010102134500 A CN2010102134500 A CN 2010102134500A CN 201010213450 A CN201010213450 A CN 201010213450A CN 101928604 A CN101928604 A CN 101928604A
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carbon dioxide
gas
dioxide enriched
syngas mixture
enriched gas
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J·D·温特
P·S·华莱士
G·古尔科
P·S·萨克
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General Electric Co
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Abstract

一种在IGCC系统中制备合成气的方法,所述方法包括压缩和加热富二氧化碳气,以产生经加热压缩的富二氧化碳气,将加热压缩的富二氧化碳气与氧和原料混合,以形成原料混合物,使原料混合物经过气化,以产生合成气,使合成气在辐射合成气冷却器(144)中冷却,使在辐射合成气冷却器中冷却的合成气与压缩的富二氧化碳气接触,以进一步冷却合成气,从产物混合物去除一定量富二氧化碳气,并在与氧和原料混合前压缩去除的富二氧化碳气。

Description

二氧化碳循环到气化系统的方法
技术领域
总体而言,本发明涉及改进整体气化联合循环(IGCC)工厂的操作,更具体地讲,涉及使合成气提供的富二氧化碳气在加热后循环到气化器和/或辐射合成气冷却器入口的方法。
背景技术
在至少一些已知的整体气化联合循环(IGCC)系统中,从合成气去除的二氧化碳(更通常的情况是,富二氧化碳气)排出或者用于制备化学品,一般不循环到气化器(在本文也称为气化反应器)。在其中富二氧化碳气循环回到气化器的那些系统中(即,在一些气体原料工厂和有些液体原料工厂)已实行该循环,以提高合成气中一氧化碳与氢比率,用于加工羰基合成化学品(oxo-chemical)的过程。然而,在这些过程中,未得到用气体原料降低耗氧量或提高碳转化率相关的益处。
因此,就在IGCC工厂中富二氧化碳气的处理而论,需要提高IGCC效率。具体地讲,需要降低耗氧量和/或耗氢量和提高碳转化率的气化方法。另外,如果能够提供与常规方法相比需要较低热值的冷却方法从而提供更成本有效的经济替代方法将是有利的。
发明内容
现已意外地发现,通过在气化系统(如用于IGCC工厂的气化系统)中将富二氧化碳气循环到气化器,自富二氧化碳气的氧参与气化反应,并促进降低耗氧量和提高碳转化率。降低的耗氧量和较高的碳转化率两者均促进提高IGCC工厂效率。如本文所述,富二氧化碳气与热合成气在辐射合成气冷却器入口混合有利改变逆水煤气变换反应,使得二氧化碳与合成气中的氢进行吸热反应,从而促进产生更多一氧化碳。增加一氧化碳促进降低耗氢量和提高IGCC效率。
第一方面,本发明提供一种从气化系统的第一合成气混合物循环二氧化碳的方法。所述方法包括在分离装置中从第一合成气混合物去除富二氧化碳气;压缩富二氧化碳气;并将至少第一部分压缩的富二氧化碳气供到气化器。
另一方面,本发明提供一种从气化系统的第一合成气混合物循环二氧化碳的方法。所述方法包括在分离装置中从第一合成气混合物去除富二氧化碳气;压缩富二氧化碳气;在气化器中产生第二合成气混合物;将第二合成气混合物和至少第一部分压缩的富二氧化碳气混合,以形成组合合成气混合物;并将组合合成气混合物引入辐射合成气冷却器,以促进冷却第二合成气混合物。
另一方面,本发明提供一种从气化系统的第一合成气混合物循环二氧化碳的方法。所述方法包括在分离装置中从第一合成气混合物去除富二氧化碳气;压缩富二氧化碳气;在气化器中产生第二合成气混合物;将第二合成气混合物和至少第一部分压缩的富二氧化碳气混合,以形成组合合成气混合物;并将组合合成气混合物引入对流合成气冷却器,以促进冷却第二合成气混合物。
附图说明
图1为示例性整体气化联合循环(IGCC)发电工厂的示意图;并且
图2为显示本发明的示例性方法的示意图,其中来自分离装置中合成气的富二氧化碳气循环到气化器、辐射合成气冷却器和对流合成气冷却器之一。
具体实施方式
图1为示例性整体气化联合循环(IGCC)发电工厂100的示意图。图2为显示本发明的示例性方法的示意图。虽然图1只描绘IGCC工厂100的一部分,但本领域的技术人员应了解,本文所述方法可用于完全IGCC工厂(包括至少一个蒸汽涡轮机和发电机)和/或在本领域已知的结构类似IGCC工厂。
另外,本领域的技术人员应了解,虽然本文用IGCC发电工厂描述,但在不脱离本发明的范围下,任何已知的分离和/或气化系统均可利用本发明。更具体地讲,包括提供物理和/或化学分离、变压吸附、变温吸附、膜分离等及其组合的分离装置的系统均可适合地利用本发明的方法。
在示例性实施方案中,IGCC工厂100包括气化系统200。另外,在所述示例性实施方案中,系统200包括通过空气导管204与空气源(未显示)流动连通的至少一个空气分离装置202。此空气源可包括但不限于专用空气压缩机和/或压缩空气存储装置(均未显示)。装置202将空气分离成氧气(O2)、氮气(N2),其他组分通过排气口(未显示)释放。
系统200包括气化器208,气化器208与装置202流动连通,并接收通过O2导管210从装置202引导的O2。系统200还包括煤研磨和制浆装置211。装置211分别通过供煤管212和供水管213与煤源和水源(均未显示)流动连通。装置211构造成混合煤和水,以形成煤浆反应物流,下文称为“原料”(未显示),煤浆反应物流通过煤浆导管214引导到反应器208。
气化器208分别通过导管214和210接收原料和O2。气化器208促进产生热的粗合成气体(合成气)流(未显示)。粗合成气包含一氧化碳(CO)、氢气(H2)、二氧化碳(CO2)、硫化羰(COS)和硫化氢(H2S)。虽然通常将CO2、COS和H2S统称为酸性气体或粗合成气的酸性气体组分,但从现在起将CO2与其余酸性气体组分分开讨论。另外,气化器208也产生作为合成气制备的副产物的热渣流(未显示)。将渣流通过热渣导管216引导到渣处理装置215。装置215使渣骤冷并破碎成小渣片,其中产生渣去除流并通过导管217引导。
参照图1,气化器208通过热合成气导管218与辐射合成气冷却器(RSC)144流动连通。RSC 144接收热粗合成气流,并通过导管146将至少一部分热转移到热回收蒸汽发生器(HRSG)142。随后,RSC 144产生经冷却的粗合成气流(未显示),经冷却的粗合成气流通过合成气导管219引导到对流合成气冷却器(CSC)260。CSC 260进一步使粗合成气流冷却。
再次参照图1和2,经冷却的粗合成气流然后通过合成气导管220引导到合成气洗涤器(在图2中概括地示于270)和低温气体冷却(LTGC)装置221。装置221去除粗合成气流内夹带的颗粒物质,并促进所除去的物质通过飞灰导管222去除。装置221也对粗合成气流提供另外的冷却。另外,装置221通过水解使粗合成气流中的至少一部分COS转化成H2S和CO2
系统200也包括分离装置250,分离装置250与装置221流动连通,并经由粗合成气导管225接收经冷却的粗合成气流。装置250促进从粗合成气流去除至少一部分酸组分(未显示),如以下更详细讨论。此类酸性气体组分包括但不限于CO2、COS和H2S。另外,在一个方面,装置250通过导管223与减硫子系统275流动连通。子系统275也接收并促进至少一些所述酸性气体组分分离成包括但不限于CO2、COS和H2S的各组分。通过装置250和子系统275分离和去除这些CO2、COS和H2S促进产生清洁合成气流(未显示),清洁合成气流通过清洁合成气导管228引导到燃气涡轮机114。
参照图1和2,装置250通过富CO2气流导管224将富CO2气流引导到气化器208。本文所用“富二氧化碳气”或“富CO2气”是指具有超过50%重量二氧化碳的气流。一方面,最终整合富酸气流(未显示)包含富CO2气流且也包含已通过上述减硫子系统275和任选的尾气处理装置(TGU)277进一步从粗合成气流分离的预定浓度的COS和H2S(未显示)。在一些实施方案中,如图2所示,在分离COS和H2S后,含COS和H2S的物流在与富CO2气流混合前通过压缩机300压缩,并通过富CO2气流导管224引导到气化器208。
分离装置250从合成气去除约15%至约50%的富二氧化碳气,基于合成气中存在的全部二氧化碳的摩尔数计算。如上提到,所述CO2作为富CO2气流(在本文中也称为“循环富CO2气流”)或者与COS和H2S作为最终整合富酸气流引导到气化器208。
分离装置250通过导管224与气化器208流动连通,其中循环富CO2气流分预定批次引导到气化器208。如图2进一步显示,自装置250的富CO2气通过CO2压缩机302压缩,并在由导管224引导时通过CO2加热器304加热。
在一个实施方案中,在操作中分别通过导管210和214的O2和原料可与通过导管224和402的已在压缩机302中压缩并且可已在或未在加热器304中加热的富CO2气混合。所得原料混合物供到气化器208的入口306a、306b和306c,其中根据常规方法进行气化,以产生合成气。
已发现,通过在一部分供入气化器之前压缩和/或加热富CO2气,可促进在气化系统200中气化期间和IGCC工厂100中随后过程中提高碳转化率。在一个实施方案中,本发明的方法与常规气化系统相比可提高碳转化率至多约3%。提高碳转化率促进提高IGCC工厂100的效率。更具体地讲,通过提高气化器208中的碳转化率,可由Boudouard反应:
CO2+C→2CO
和逆水煤气变换反应:
CO2+H2→CO+H2O
提高一氧化碳(CO)浓度。
通过提高一氧化碳产量,可促进在气化期间降低耗氧量,这进一步促进提高IGCC工厂100的效率。具体地讲,在压缩富CO2气时,在气化期间需要较少氧,因为在Boudouard反应和逆水煤气变换反应中产生的CO提供了氧源。在一个实施方案中,本发明的方法与常规气化系统相比可降低每单位合成气产量(即,氢和CO产量)耗氧量至多约2%。
在分离装置250中从合成气混合物分离的富CO2气通常压缩到高于常规IGCC工厂100的气化器208中的压力约50磅/平方英寸至约300磅/平方英寸的压力。气化器压力通常为约400磅/平方英寸至约900磅/平方英寸。
另一方面,如果加热富CO2气,则在气化期间需要较少O2加热合成气。具体地讲,加热的富CO2气已加到合成气,因此,不需要将温度提高到常规气化范围产生所需的热粗合成气。因此,促进更有效的IGCC气化过程。
压缩的富CO2气通常具有约200°F(93.3℃)至约300°F(148.9℃)的温度。在加热时,通常将压缩的富CO2气加热到约550°F(278.8℃)至约700°F(371.1℃)的温度。例如,在一个方面,将压缩的富CO2气加热到约650°F(343.3℃)的温度。
除了降低耗氧量外,较高碳转化率(在压缩和/或加热富CO2气时产生)可导致通过上述逆水煤气变换反应降低耗氢量。具体地讲,CO具有与H2相比较低的热值。因此,通过在气化方法用CO代替H2,可提高效率。
在气化器208中产生的合成气在出口310离开气化器208。如上一般所述,热粗合成气引导到RSC 144和CSC 260,其中使合成气冷却,然后引导到合成气洗涤器270、LTGC装置221并最终引导到分离装置250。
在一个方面,通过在加入点312使热粗合成气混合物与通过分离装置250分离的经导管404的一部分压缩和/或加热富二氧化碳气混合,以形成组合合成气混合物,可在引入RSC 144前冷却热粗合成气。然后,可通过入口314将组合合成气混合物引入RSC 144,在此将其冷却。
已发现,通过使气化器208中产生的热粗合成气与一部分压缩和/或加热的富CO2气混合,可进一步使IGCC工厂100更有效地运行。具体地讲,如上所述,经压缩和/或加热的富CO2气通过逆水煤气变换反应提高碳转化率,从而降低耗氢量。由于CO具有与H2相比较低的热值,与H2相比CO还能够更有效地被冷却,因此得到较低成本和较高效率IGCC工厂100。
另外,在一些工厂中,分离系统进一步在辐射合成气冷却器144中包括烟灰吹除,以吹去冷却器144的管上的灰渣沉积物。通常用氮(N2)吹除烟灰。然而,利用本发明的方法,可用CO2代替N2吹除烟灰,这提供进一步的优点。具体地讲,由于CO2比N2密度大,因此吹除烟灰需要较少CO2。另外已发现,CO2比N2更容易从合成气分离。
经冷却的合成气在出口318离开RSC 144,并且可引导到CSC260进一步冷却。具体地讲,在一个实施方案中,使合成气进一步冷却到约900°F(482.2℃)至约1600°F(871.1℃)温度,更具体地讲,冷却到约1300°F(704.4℃)温度。一旦冷却,就可将合成气引入合成气洗涤器270和LTGC装置221,用于去除粗合成气流内夹带的颗粒物质,然后引入分离装置250,以促进至少一些酸性气体组分分离成包括但不限于CO2、COS和H2S的各组分。
在一个方面,经冷却的合成气离开RSC 144,并在加入点320与通过分离装置250分离的一部分压缩富二氧化碳气混合,以形成组合合成气混合物。通常如果在加入点320加入压缩的富CO2气,则不在CO2加热器304加热富CO2气。由于不加热压缩的富CO2气,可允许经冷却的合成气进一步冷却。
一旦混合,就将组合合成气混合物供到对流合成气冷却器(CSC)260的入口322,在此经过进一步冷却。在出口326离开CSC 260的经冷却合成气通常为约400°F(204.4℃)至约800°F(426.7℃)的温度。然后将经冷却的合成气供到合成气洗涤器270、LTGC装置221和分离装置250。
虽然本文描述为对经压缩和/或加热富CO2气进入气化系统200的合成气混合物的多个连续加入点进行操作,但应认识到,经压缩的富CO2气可只在一个或在两个上述加入点加入而不脱离本发明的范围。例如,在一个方面,首先在气化器208中只用O2和原料产生合成气(不加入经压缩和/或加热的富CO2气),然后可使合成气混合物在加入点312与第一部分经压缩和/或加热的富CO2气混合,并在RSC 144中冷却。在另一个方面,从O2和原料产生合成气,并在RSC 144中冷却。一旦经冷却的合成气在出口318离开RSC 144,经冷却的合成气就可在加入点320与第一部分经压缩和/或加热的富CO2气混合,并在CSC 260中进一步冷却。
使用本发明的方法的一个另外优点包括不需要在IGCC工厂100中包含除硫子系统275。具体地讲,由于经压缩和/或加热的富二氧化碳气从分离装置250去除并再次与合成气混合,富CO2气不必经过纯化除硫。因此,可优化分离装置250,以允许富CO2气含硫。
尽管结合与目前被认为是最实际的优选实施方案描述了本发明,但应了解,本发明不限于所公开的实施方案,相反,本发明旨在涵盖包含在随附权利要求的精神和范围内的不同修改和等价方案。
部件清单
  100   整体气化联合循环(IGCC)工厂
  114   燃气涡轮机
  142   热回收蒸汽发生器(HRSG)
  144   辐射合成气冷却器(RSC)
  146   导管
  200   气化系统
  202   空气分离装置
  204   空气导管
  208   气化器
  210   导管
  211   研磨和制浆装置
  212   供煤管
  213   供水管
  214   煤浆导管
  215   渣处理装置
  216   热渣导管
  217   导管
  218   热合成气导管
  219   合成气导管
  220   合成气导管
  221   低温气体冷却(LTGC)装置
  222  飞灰导管
  223  导管
  224  富气流导管
  225  粗合成气导管
  228  清洁合成气导管
  250  分离装置
  260  对流合成气冷却器(CSC)
  270  合成气洗涤器
  275  除硫子系统
  277  尾气处理装置(TGU)
  300  压缩机
  302  CO2压缩机
  304  CO2加热器
  310  出口
  312  加入点
  314  入口
  318  出口
  320  加入点
  322  入口
  326  出口
  402  导管
  404  导管

Claims (10)

1.一种从气化系统(200)的第一合成气混合物循环二氧化碳的方法,所述方法包括:
在分离装置(250)中从第一合成气混合物去除富二氧化碳气;
压缩富二氧化碳气;并且
将至少第一部分压缩的富二氧化碳气供到气化器。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中在气化时产生第二合成气混合物,所述方法进一步包括使第二合成气混合物在辐射合成气冷却器(144)中冷却。
3.权利要求2的方法,所述方法进一步包括将经冷却的第二合成气混合物供到合成气洗涤器(270)。
4.权利要求2的方法,所述方法进一步包括使第二合成气混合物与第二部分经压缩的富二氧化碳气在辐射合成气冷却器(144)中接触,以促进第二合成气混合物冷却。
5.权利要求4的方法,所述方法进一步包括:
使经冷却的第二合成气混合物与第三部分经压缩的富二氧化碳气接触,以形成混合物;并且
将混合物引导到对流合成气冷却器(260)。
6.权利要求1的方法,所述方法进一步包括在第一部分经压缩的富二氧化碳气供入气化器(208)之前加热经压缩的富二氧化碳气。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中所述在分离装置(250)中从第一合成气混合物去除富二氧化碳气包括去除约15%至约50%的富二氧化碳气,基于第一合成气混合物中存在的全部二氧化碳的摩尔数计算。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中所述供入第一部分经压缩的富二氧化碳气促进碳转化率提高至多约3%。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中所述供入第一部分经压缩的富二氧化碳气促进每单位合成气产量耗氧量降低至多约2%。
10.一种从气化系统(200)的第一合成气混合物循环二氧化碳的方法,所述方法包括:
在分离装置(250)中从第一合成气混合物去除富二氧化碳气;
压缩富二氧化碳气;
在气化器(208)中产生第二合成气混合物;
使第二合成气混合物和至少第一部分经压缩的富二氧化碳气混合,以形成组合合成气混合物;并且
将组合合成气混合物引导到对流合成气冷却器,以促进第二合成气混合物冷却。
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