CN101897112A - 具有整流器的发电机 - Google Patents

具有整流器的发电机 Download PDF

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CN101897112A
CN101897112A CN2008801204174A CN200880120417A CN101897112A CN 101897112 A CN101897112 A CN 101897112A CN 2008801204174 A CN2008801204174 A CN 2008801204174A CN 200880120417 A CN200880120417 A CN 200880120417A CN 101897112 A CN101897112 A CN 101897112A
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rectifier
generator
effect transistor
field effect
jfet
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CN101897112B (zh
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A·戈尔拉克
M·鲍尔
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M7/219—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a bridge configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M7/219—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/2195—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a bridge configuration the switches being synchronously commutated at the same frequency of the AC input voltage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种具有配属的整流器的发电机，例如交流发电机，该发电机例如用于为汽车供电。由发电机产生的交流电压借助于具有多个整流元件2或7的整流器进行整流。在此提出，整流器的整流元件2具有自导通的n沟道JFET和自导通的p沟道JFET构成的多个串联电路，其中栅极接头与相应其它晶体管的外部的源极触头或漏极触头处于连接。可选择的是，通过自导通MOS场效应晶体管(耗尽型MOSFET)替换图1中的整流元件2的自导通JFET。在此通过自导通p沟道MOSFET替换按照图1实施例的p沟道JFET，通过自导通n沟道MOSFET替换n沟道JFET。也实现栅极接头到对置的外部接头的连接。

Description

具有整流器的发电机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有配属的整流器的发电机、尤其是用于汽车的交流发电机。
背景技术
为了对汽车耗电器供电压或电流通常使用交流发电机。这个交流发电机通过三相或多相构成。为了产生必需的直流电压或必需的直流电流，所使用的发电机或交流发电机包括整流器，具有整流元件，它们在三相发电机中通常由六个硅pn结二极管组成。这些二极管通常封装在压入式二极管壳体里，并压入到变压器的为其规定的开口里。例如由DE-19549202已知这种压入式二极管。
传统的具有如上所述构成的二极管的整流器具有开启损耗，其由pn结二极管的必然的正向电压(Flussspannung)引起。伴随而来的是发电机效率变差。因为在中心总是两个二极管串联，在100安培发电机中平均开启损耗约为200瓦。由于这种损耗引起的二极管或整流器的发热必需通过费事的冷却措施、如适合的冷却体以及配属的风扇降低。
代替二极管，通过使用功率场效应晶体管可以实现明显减少电压降并由此改善发电机的效率。这些功率场效应晶体管必需主动地激活，为了使它们作为整流器工作。这样主动的整流比常见的整流器中的简单的二极管整流器要复杂得多，因为在主动整流时需要附加的控制电子装置。在使用功率场效应晶体管时与常见的发电机相比也必需完全重新构成发电机的热机构造。
发明内容
与此相比，按照本发明的发电机(具有配属的整流器，它具有有利的整流元件)的优点是，与常见的具有pn结硅二极管的二极管整流器相比，在整流元件上的电压降明显更小。通过按照本发明的电路结构在原理上与只具有场效应晶体管相比可以达到任意更低的电压降。这一点是与二极管整流器相比的主要优点，在二极管整流器中由于原理上的原因必需施加至少约0.8伏的正向电压或扩散电压(Diffusions-spannung)。
由两个半导体芯片组成的整流器作为发电机组成部分的有利方式，可以以有利的方式封装在壳体里、优选封装在压入式二极管壳体里，由此可以省去发电机或配属的整流器的费事的改装结构或新结构，并且能够这样改进或改善常见的发电机，使它们以更少的损耗工作。通过按照本发明的发电机以及配属的整流器也以有利的方式提高发电机效率并由于更少的损耗降低最大产生的温度，无需与常见的发电机或整流器相比改变发电机或整流器的机械结构。
附图说明
在附图中示出本发明的实施例并且在下面的描述中详细解释。图1以电路图示出发电机的第一实施例，具有配属的整流器。图2示出整流元件的结构和布线。在图3中以任意单位示出按照图2的整流元件的电特征曲线，图4以电路图示出本发明的另一实施例。
具体实施方式
在图1中示出按照本发明的发电机包括配属的整流器的第一实施例，具有按照本发明的整流元件。在此1表示以星形电路运行的交流发电机，具有相或相绕组或绕组U、V和W和可旋转的激励绕组E。作为发电机或交流发电机1例如可以使用用于汽车发电机的常见的爪极发电机。但是也可以是其它发电机，也可以实现多于三相绕组的发电机。在发电机内部也可以实现其它电路，例如三角电路。
重要的是，对应于常见的发电机中的二极管的整流元件2具有特殊的结构。例如，所述整流元件2由自导通的n沟道结型场效应晶体管JFET(Junction Field-Effect Transistor)和自导通的p沟道结型场效应晶体管JFET构成的串联电路组成，其中栅极接头连接在其它结型场效应晶体管JFET的相应漏极接头或源极接头上，它们是对外的触头。所述对外的触头是阳极A或阴极K。在图1中可以看出六个整流元件2与交流发电机或其相或绕组U、V、W的连接。在输出端+与接地之间形成发电机的整流输出电压，它为车载耗电器供电并为电池充电(均未示出)充电。
整流器2的两个晶体管可以封装并接线在壳体里。特别有利地使晶体管封装在常见的压入式二极管壳体里。
在图2中简示出具有两个结型场效应晶体管(JFET)的整流元件2的结构和电路。该整流元件2的两个接头通过阳极A和阴极K表示。以3表示n沟道结型场效应晶体管JFET并且以4表示p沟道结型场效应晶体管JFET。5和6分别表示各栅极接头。漏极接头和源极接头在附图中没配备标记符号。
在图3中示出按照图2的阳极或整流元件的电特性。在整流元件2的接头或阳极A上施加正电压时，这个整流元件的特性如同非常低欧姆的电阻。电压降也微小。在电流非常大时，栅极pn结仅仅在开启状态中工作，并且得出二极管特征曲线。但是这个工作状态是不利的，因此这样设计该器件，使电压降明显比正向电压更小。
在整流元件2的接头或阳极A上施加负电压时，这个整流元件的特性首先同样如同非常低欧姆的电阻。但是随着电压增加，电流受到限制，并快速地下降到微小到可忽略的截止电流(反馈)，通过适合地设计结型场效应晶体管JFET，例如可以从1伏截止电压开始断开电流。继续提高电压不会导致电流增加。在电压等于结型场效应晶体管JFET的栅源击穿电压或栅漏击穿电压之和时产生在pn结中公知的雪崩击穿，它防止电压继续增加。这个工作模式如同齐纳二极管一样，以有利的方式可以在负载突降情况下用于限制发电机电压。
在图4中以电路图示出本发明的另一实施例。在此在图1中的整流元件2的自导通结型场效应晶体管JFET被自导通MOS场效应晶体管(耗尽型金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管MOSFET)替换。在图4中示出配属的整流器，具有整流元件7。由自导通p沟道金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管MOSFET替换按照图1实施例的p沟道结型场效应晶体管JFET，由自导通n沟道金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管MOSFET替换n沟道结型场效应晶体管JFET。与具有图1中的整流元件2或图4中的整流元件7的整流器接线类似地实现栅极接头到对置的外部接头的接线。这两个晶体管也可以共同装配在一个壳体里、例如压入式二极管壳体里。在与(常见)交流发电机组装时也无需重大的变化。

Claims (7)

1.具有配属的整流器的发电机，该整流器用于将由发电机产生的交流电压整流，其中所述整流器包括整流元件构成的串联电路，其特征在于，所述整流元件(2)由自导通的n沟道结型场效应晶体管JFET和自导通的p沟道结型场效应晶体管JFET构成的串联电路组成，其中栅极接头与相应其它结型场效应晶体管的外部的源极触头或漏极触头处于连接。
2.具有配属的整流器的发电机，该整流器用于将由发电机产生的交流电压整流，其中所述整流器包括整流元件构成的串联电路，其特征在于，所述整流元件(7)由自导通(耗尽型)的n沟道金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管MOSFET和自导通的p沟道金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管MOSFET构成的串联电路组成，其中栅极接头分别与相应其它金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管MOSFET的外部的源极触头或漏极触头处于连接。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的发电机，其特征在于，设有集成的限压器作为负载突降保护。
4.如权利要求3所述的发电机，其特征在于，所述集成的限压器的限制电压等于两个结型场效应晶体管JFET或金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管MOSFET的截止电压之和。
5.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的发电机，其特征在于，所述整流元件(2)或(7)集成在双极压入式二极管壳体里。
6.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的发电机，其特征在于，所述发电机具有三个相绕组，并且相应地设有六个整流元件(2，7)。
7.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的发电机，其特征在于，所述发电机具有多于三个的相绕组，并且相应地设有多于六个整流元件(2，7)。
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DE102007060231.8 2007-12-14
DE102007060231A DE102007060231A1 (de) 2007-12-14 2007-12-14 Generator mit Gleichrichteranordnung
PCT/EP2008/067004 WO2009077369A1 (de) 2007-12-14 2008-12-08 Generator mit gleichrichteranordnung

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CN103262251A (zh) * 2010-12-09 2013-08-21 罗伯特·博世有限公司 用于机动车的供电的发电机装置
US9660550B2 (en) 2010-12-09 2017-05-23 Robert Bosch Gmbh Generator device for the voltage supply of a motor vehicle
CN103546049A (zh) * 2012-07-11 2014-01-29 英飞凌科技德累斯顿有限公司 具有整流电路的电路配置结构
CN103546049B (zh) * 2012-07-11 2016-08-10 英飞凌科技德累斯顿有限公司 具有整流电路的电路配置结构
US9484834B2 (en) 2012-07-11 2016-11-01 Infineon Technologies Dresden Gmbh Circuit arrangement with a rectifier circuit
US9859274B2 (en) 2012-07-11 2018-01-02 Infineon Technologies Dresden Gmbh Integrated circuit with at least two switches
US10224328B2 (en) 2012-07-11 2019-03-05 Infineon Technologies Dresden Gmbh Circuit arrangement having a first semiconductor switch and a second semiconductor switch
US10586796B2 (en) 2012-07-11 2020-03-10 Infineon Technologies Dresden GmbH & Co. KG Circuit arrangement having semiconductor switches
CN105960758A (zh) * 2014-02-05 2016-09-21 罗伯特·博世有限公司 具有自钳位晶体管的整流器电路

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DE102007060231A1 (de) 2009-06-18
WO2009077369A1 (de) 2009-06-25
US20100259137A1 (en) 2010-10-14
CN101897112B (zh) 2013-06-19
JP5049392B2 (ja) 2012-10-17
US9172310B2 (en) 2015-10-27

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