CN101884295A - Prematurity and on-tree storage technology for apricot, peach and plum fruits - Google Patents

Abstract

A prematurity and on-tree storage technology for apricot, peach and plum fruits relates to an agricultural technology with simple, easy and efficient facilities. The prematured apricots and peaches and late-maturing peaches and plums are cultured in different sheds; in the daytime at the end of February, the prematured apricots and peaches are heated by sunshine through uncovering straw mats, and after sunset, the straw mats are covered and heating is performed to maintain the temperatures of the shreds; heat insulation facilities are removed in late spring when the air temperature is high and stable, and fruits can be matured and marketed 40-45 days in advance; and in spring, the late-maturing peaches and plums are exposed in sun by uncovering the straw mats 15 days later than the budding and germinating period in lands and are covered with sunshade screens between July and August, the fruits thereof are delayed to be matured in early October, the shreds are installed before frosting, heating is carried out in timely, the trees are alive and fruits are fresh in the shreds, the fresh fruits are picked and marketed between December and before the Spring Festival, the main base fertilizer is organic fertilizer, CO2 air fertilizer is fully supplied in a growth period, the humidity in the shreds are controlled by paving mulching films, warm-air heating and disinfection and sterilization are performed, no diseases exist in the shreds, the anti-aging technology is applied before shred installation, the yield per mu is stable as much as 3-4 tons, the fructification is prolonged, the flavor is better and the benefit per mu can reach **-**.

Description

The precocity of apricot, peach, plum fruits and fresh preservation with branches technology

Under technical field: what the present invention relates to a kind of fruit robs season, anti-season listing high efficiency technical, belongs to the industrialized agriculture technology.

Background technology: have apricot, nectarine to early go public in the market, basic way is traditional soil temperature canopy cultivation of three thick enclosure walls, realize precocious by shifting to an earlier date the furnace heating of lighting a fire in the canopy, consider the heating cost, be afraid of heating in " too early " (before the Waking of Insects (3rd solar term)) " hanging " (going up lives or not down) again, the 7-8 maturation is just robbed the listing in season, also can only shift to an earlier date listing in 30 days, because of the accumulation of nutrition not enough, the differing greatly of local flavor, quality and physical maturity.The land utilization rate of this temperature canopy has only 50%, and unsuitable large tracts of land is promoted; Still do not have late-maturing peach at present, Lee's fresh preservation with branches product sold in winter comes into the market, the potted apple of Song Huaxing of Hebei peasant household of 9:20CCTV7 platform report in evening on the 8th January in 2010 can be considered a kind of form of apple fresh preservation with branches, do not set foot in peach, plum fruits, be potted landscape, can not satisfy the supply requirement of big market in winter.

Summary of the invention: the objective of the invention is: base oneself upon national conditions and minimum facility characteristics of agriculture that China has a large population and a few land, 9-10 to apricot, peach fruit becomes precocity, late-maturing peach, Lee's fresh preservation with branches winter (after December) marketing technique to innovate and popularize, allow precocious apricot, peach shift to an earlier date ripe listing in 40-45 days, allow peach, Lee of maturation mid-September originally postpone till the ripe and Yu Shuanqian button canopy of the beginning of October ninety percent and enter the fresh preservation with branches state, go on the market after postponing till December, thereby improve market supply, obtain more high benefit.Technical scheme of the present invention is achieved in that apricot, peach, Li Guoshu enters advanced console mode steel bow member double film booth facility cultivation, precocious apricot, peach (nectarine, precocious peento, originally at the bottom of June such as honey peach to the beginning of July maturation), peach (custom title winter peach) with script maturation mid-September, Lee divides the canopy facility cultivation, apricot, peach, Lee fosters the phase at the frame of overlay film " in the open " grown in field not, except that many fertilisings, all manage with reference to field production, after reaching the production age, precocious apricot, peach goes into button canopy before the winter last year, heating (North China at the bottom of the Yu Eryue, mostly Central Plains is that the sun is shining after the last ten-days period in February, the northwest does not have the cloudy day substantially), 10-15 day in March buddings, germinate, base fertilizer uses sufficient August last year, vegetative period is for sufficient CO2 gas fertilizer, control temp. and humidity well, fruit reaches the 9-10 maturation in mid or late May, shift to an earlier date 40-45 days maturations than the land for growing field crops, local flavor, nutrition and land for growing field crops product are as good as, late-maturing peach, Li Shangnian detains canopy (canopy film before going into the winter, straw mat is fixed in frame), budding than the land for growing field crops spring, germinating time is postponed and was thrown off booth straw mat and canopy wall heat-insulation layer in 15 days, allow nature heat up, buddingged in 7-10 days, germinate, blooming control, temperature was not above 28 ℃, remove whole canopy films behind the setting, high sunshine, 7-8 month ceiling in district covered the sunshade net, reduce intensity of sunshine, reach ninety percent ripe at the beginning of fruit is just postponed till 10 months, August uses sufficient base fertilizer, general water 15-20 day in weather time in September one permeable, spray antidotal agent 2 times before being grasped in the button canopy, detain canopy before the frost after the spreading and enter the fresh preservation with branches state, cover straw mat and rain and snow adventitia with temperature decline booth, the outer nighttime temperature of canopy begins to heat in canopy when reducing to 5 ℃, allow tree fruit life renew, by renewing the vitality variation that conforms, it is really bright to keep tree to live, late-maturing peach, but the Li Jun fresh preservation with branches was sold to December, but the proper fresh preservation with branches of temperature control was sold during the price peak to the Spring Festival.

Current techique main points (following related patent is this case applicant's patent) precocious and fresh preservation with branches are: 1, the construction of console mode steel arch double film booth sees 201010184989.8 patent specifications and accompanying drawing for details, the thick crushing by snow of the anti-crushing by snow ability of this structure booth above 40 centimeters, the arch ceiling, average accumulated snow generally can not reach 30 centimeters, and the composite heat-conducting coefficient that air heat insulating layer adds the straw mat heat-insulation layer is not more than 0.35kcal/m ²H ℃, remove canopy film, straw mat spring, ventilation illumination is identical with the land for growing field crops, land utilization rate 100% can be covered the sunshade net midsummer again and reduce sunshine, in the north or Turfan Huo Zhou can both facility cultivation; 2, heating equipment adopts 200920150249.5 patented technologies, be circulation heating system in the outer heating, this equipment economizes on coal 50% than stove heating, and heating does not consume oxygen in the canopy, no CO pernicious gas and dust in the canopy, the heating process is again to air sterillization sterilization process in the canopy, no morbidity condition in the canopy, temperature of shed be control well evenly, and labour intensity is little, every hot-blast stove supplies one mu of canopy, can protect to keep tree fruit aquatic foods alive under-35 ℃ of conditions; 3, for sufficient CO2 gas fertilizer, CO2 is the basic material of photosynthesis of plant, photosynthetic effect is decided by the content of CO2, because of the content of CO2 in the atmosphere has only 3/10000ths, can not satisfy the needs of crop photosynthesis effect, facility cultivation particularly, because of having cut off inside and outside gas, the canopy film exchanges, can not get replenishing after the CO2 gas consumption in the canopy, photosynthesis is limited, thereby traditional soil temperature chamber product quality can not show a candle to the land for growing field crops product, and technical scheme of the present invention is: precocious discharging bottled CO2 gas or produce CO2 gas with 201020147670.3 patented products in canopy infeeds precocious booth, each one mu of canopy confession 2.2m3, (the fertile quantity of emerging vegetables planted in big canopy air feed of Shandong longevity), three times every month, late-maturing reality is that the land for growing field crops produces, and the 7-8 month is hung the weathering coal scuttle by the requirement of patent 201010184989.8 in the garden; 4, fertilising is to fill part fertilizer of fermentation, preferably execute biological chelating fertilizer, from the 3rd year, do not execute instant nitrogenousfertilizer, little fertile kind quantity was indispensable after fruit tree reached and produces the age, to spray, beginning with the tree bar from second and third time is the center, ditching circulating application from the near to the remote, and the 4th year rises with the tree bar is the center, groined type iron spade ditching fertilising, fertilizing amount is no less than 6m3 for every mu, and the phosphorus potassium fertilizer is admixed in the fertilizer, behind the consumption after measured annually, water short well developed root system since 2-3 fullly.5, shop film control is wet, flat ditch when watering the hydration moisture in the soil before the button canopy, and full shakedown film can effectively be controlled the interior relative moisture of canopy below 50%, the disinfection function that circulation heats in the outer in addition heating, no morbidity condition in the canopy; 6, mu field planting 100 strains do not require too and downgrade that canopy limit row is cut off mobile jib behind verticillate 6 side shoots more than 0.3 meter, and hat elm shape is pruned, and two row can stay branch by two floors in the canopy, 6 side shoots of lower floor, and three side shoots in upper strata are emphasized ventilation and penetrating light, bar is dredged in emphasis, fruit thinning carries surely; 7, other management or reference enforcement identical with field production.

Different technologies main points of the present invention are: 1, precocious in rolling straw mat daytime by rising the canopy temperature sunshine by the end of February, sunset is put down straw mat and is started hot-blast stove heating maintenance nocturnal temperature, do not live down for preventing to live---hang, air heating should be near the ground 1 meter with the interior hot blast that send, the blowing hot-air mouth is downward, allow ground absorb heat earlier, the interior temperature of preceding canopy on 10-15 days daytimes keeps 20-25 ℃, be not less than 12 ℃ night, ground temperature rises to 10 ℃ after 7 days, root system has vigor, resin begins to rise, buddingged in about the 10th day, bloomed in the 15th day and come into leaves, fruit tree can not hung, mulch film is to soil moisture conservation, protect ground temperature, control is wet, weed eradication, precocity plays a significant role, the fruit tree well developed root system, need not water vegetative period in the canopy, generally in spring Mo temperature high and remove the canopy film and be incubated covering when stablize, keep mulch film, the Northern Slope of Tianshan Mountains planting fruit trees district in Xinjiang generally removes canopy film (reservation mulch film) in early May, straw mat, daytime temperature reach more than 20 ℃ and have stablized and rewater, and a water is little, early water, water big flood, because of the ground temperature bust, the devitalization of root system short-term causes the young sprout jaundice and hinders high yield; 2, late-maturing fresh preservation with branches, the time retardation that germinates because of buddingging than the land for growing field crops was opened straw mat in 15 days and is accepted sunshine, this moment, temperature was high, should be earlier every taking off straw mat together one, roll and get final product, canopy wall near-earth place ventilates moderate, take whole straw mats after 5-7 days off and remove canopy wall heat-insulation layer, the warm fallen flowers in case rise sharply, remove whole lagging facilities after 10 days, fruit tree promptly enters field growth period, generally be to use the gibberellin aqueous solution of 2ppm and the methyl aqueous solution of 50ppm the last ten-days period in September (before the button canopy), two liquid fill the leaf of part mixing back to fruit tree, fruit is the hydrojet secondary comprehensively, each every mu with liquid 30-40 kilogram, two minor tick 2-3 days, purpose is to drive the preceding drowsiness of physiological dormancy away, stop leaf handle base portion " absciss layer " to be grown, prevent to stay the bright phase of tree to fall leaves in advance, guarantee to detain canopy before the frost, the outer nighttime temperature of canopy begins heating when reducing to 5 ℃, and heating is intermitting heating, be regardless of day and night, heat during canopy temperature drop to 7 ℃, stop heating when rising to 25 ℃, 10-15 ℃ of canopy temperature maintenance, ground temperature is not less than 9 ℃, root system keeps low vitality, and resin is faint to flow, and the blade evaporation is also fainter, reach nutrition supply and expending equilibrium purpose, keep the bright ecological effect of tree fruit alive, can attract tourists, improve commodity price.Peach, be ninety percent ripe when lijin goes into fresh preservation with branches, because of late variety fruit meat harder, the earlier crisp back of mouthfeel is gentle, the dry matter content height, wherein calcium content is far above similar early-maturing variety, the existing prerequisite that is difficult for shedding, the fresh preservation with branches phase still keeps faint physiology circulation, moisture content nutrition is for the consumption balance or for being slightly larger than consumption, fruit is slowly physiology slaking in the tree, and 10-15 ℃ mean temperature does not generate the condition of ethene, unlikelyly urge its after-ripening to thoroughly cooked, so generally can both fresh preservation with branches to December, because of expiring the shakedown film already, the interior relative moisture of canopy is less than 50%, gas is not contaminated in the canopy, constantly by sterilization, do not fall ill again, decayed fruit condition, temperature are controlled well freshness-retained to January.

The present invention uses for reference existing successful way, coach with the modern science and technology theory, lifting fruit precocity, fresh preservation with branches is technical to be raised to new class, reaching individual month fresh preservation with branches of 3-4 in the phase, do not water, do not apply fertilizer, do not spray insecticide, without preservative, allow tree fruit life renew by above biotechnology, long-term maintenance tree lives really bright, is a kind of green environment protective biological preservation technique that seeing is believing, has fundamentally stopped the fresh-keeping drug contamination problem of storehouse short-term (being no more than 45 days), having stopped pulp forfeiture of fresh-keeping later stage of storehouse local flavor does not have the adverse consequences of commodity value yet, late-maturing peach, Lee is through fresh preservation with branches listing in winter, and benefit promotes more than 10 times, is the new measure that the orchard worker gets rich.

Embodiment: suburb, Urumchi, Xinjiang, petroleum industry district and base, accurate eastern colliery, be that apricot, peach, plum fruits shift to an earlier date the good market of robbing listing in season and fresh preservation with branches listing in winter in 40-45 days, nearly market all has the farmland can implement this invention, Xi Sanxian section, Changji with nearly market is an example, be located in north latitude 41-42 degree, spring and summer autumn gross precipitation is no more than 100-150mm, and enter the megathermal period mid-June, 41 ℃ of the 7-8 month maximum air temperatures, farmland temperature is reduced to-35 ℃ after Winter Solstice.Select the big Bai Xingwei early-maturing variety in Keshen; the large fruit winter peach (three heavy two kilograms) that selects Shandong to introduce is late variety; enter the cultivation of console mode steel arch double film booth respectively; mu field planting 100 strains; 12.6 meters of design frame clear spans; plant 4 row; line-spacing is 3.2 meters; 3 meters and 3.2 meters; the frame wall is to 1.6 meters of limit line-spacings; 2 meters of spacing in the rows; long 53 meters of canopy; every capable keep-alive 25 strains; canopy " gable " apart from the tree in 2.5 meters; winter, peach went into button canopy before the winter on the 3rd year; allow tree in canopy, survive the winter; prepare for postponing maturation; (budding before and after on May 6th, 4 than the locality; germinating time postponement about 15 days) opens ceiling straw mat and metope heat-insulation layer earlier; allow to heat up sunshine; bloom before and after May 15; germinate; the beginning of June removes whole lagging facilities; enter field management by aforementioned requirement; generally 15-20 day in weather time in September water permeable and spreading; do anti-ageing processing when robbing before the button canopy; button canopy before the frost, nine mellow fruits enter the fresh preservation with branches state, and fruit is in extremely unit's listing at the beginning of the month in December; temperature control is proper to be deferred to listing before the Spring Festival; apricot was watered by aforementioned requirement before going into the winter on the 4th year; canopy is detained behind the film in the shop, allows tree survive the winter in canopy, and roll straw mat daytime at the end of the 5th year two months; allow sunshine and rise the canopy temperature; sunset is put down straw mat blow-on heating and is kept nocturnal temperature to be not less than 12 ℃, allows ground temperature rise and starts the root system vigor, and 10-15 day in March blooms; germinate; enter breeding time in the canopy; use sufficient CO2 gas fertilizer, early May removes whole coverings, uses instead to hang weathering coal scuttle mode and continue for sufficient CO2 gas fertilizer; fruit is in ripe listing in the last ten-days period ninety percent in May, than ripe also 40-45 days in advance of going on the market of land for growing field crops 7-8.Apricot is not a shrub, excessive short flower can not be got bumper crops, frame abutment wall clear height is not less than 2 meters, peach frame abutment wall clear height gets final product for 1.8 meters, peach is afraid of to freeze, the first three years is tied up bundle before going into the winter slightly, go along with sb. to guard him with the stalk matting plant division and to wrap up in plastic tent cloth and can survive the winter outward behind the caping, remove before and after April 20 next year and go along with sb. to guard him parcel, recover tree-like, enter vegetative period, apricot is not afraid of to be frozen, but this place severe cold, non-property handed down from one's ancestors ground, tying up bundle slightly survives the winter with plastic tent cloth whole body parcel, next year, growing way was good, and preceding 3-4 is growth in the frame of land for growing field crops, with hanging weathering coal scuttle way for sufficient CO2 gas fertilizer, the sturdy joint of branch is short, more effective than beating mepiquat chloride, the 3rd year of peach must use sufficient the fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed of admixing rapid available phosphorus potash fertilizer in the 4th year of apricot, preferably biological chelating fertilizer, little fertilizer can not lack, and short flower bud differentiation is many and full, and the 4th, per mu yield in 5 years reaches 2.5t, the 5th, per mu yield is stabilized on the 3.5-4 ton level after 6 years, because of well developed root system, the hair root distribution area is big, and rich water is guaranteed, should there be biennial bearing, apricot, peach needn't be wrapped up winter protection after entering booth production again.

The price that the Da Bai apricot is robbed the listing in season is not less than 50 yuan/kg, the mu benefit is more than 120,000 yuan, winter, peach anti-season listing beginning was to offer birthday congratulations and newly-married happy indication, with the peach the longest face of giving a present, be again that the honeymoon is U.S. real, price can reach 80 yuan/kg after December, can reach 100 yuan/kg before the Spring Festival, and the mu benefit can reach 200,000 yuan.

The present invention can be used for old orchard transformation: planting type, the qualified old orchard of per unit area yield (generally should in the full bearing period) also can divide early, late variety is drawn the packaged console mode steel shed frame of going up respectively, in time cover two films, lid straw mat and outer rain and snow film, enter precocious and fresh preservation with branches state in good time, strict with operational procedure management of the present invention, all can take effect then in old orchard, in fact, promote the initial stage of the present invention, how from old orchard transformation.

Prolong the technical measures of fruiting period: apricot, peach, Lee grow (peach 3-4 the phase of fostering, apricot, Japanese plum 5 years), enter the full bearing period by the first fruit phase and need 2-3 again, keeping the full bearing period behind the 3-5 generally all year by year, the result successively decreases, the fruit phase of conventional art cultivation (counting from the first fruit time) generally is: peach 8-10, and apricot 10-12, plum is because pure transgenosis fruit tree, fruit can reach more than 15 years the phase, in fact manyly cuts down in advance because of turn of the market.The present invention improves the fruit tree benefit more than 10 times to rob season, anti-season listing technology, can prolong the fruit phase again, especially prolongs the full bearing period and stable yields, and is significant to the total benefit that promotes the project phase.Peach fruit winter sale price lattice height, desire prolongs the fruit phase, will choose graft stock earlier, should be stock with local good quality and high output apricot, seedling grafting in a year, apricot is an arbor, well developed root system can be supplied with adequate moisture for the male parent tree crown, nutrition, cold-resistant, disease-resistant performance also can influence male parent, mountain peach (wild peach, wild peach) pre-seed seed is easy to get, grafted peach survival rate height, but be similar, the fruit tree after the grafting does not have the excellent genes advantage, flowering plum is a shrub, root system is not as the prosperity of arbor class, and maternal growth fraction male parent is slow, is the bound feet mobile jib, the filial generation advantage is few, and it is stock that plum also should select apricot.Well known, leg-aging before aging, tree is old, and old root is rarely known by the people earlier, allow apricot, peach, Lee's well developed root system also maintains vigour for a long time, tree crown can obtain adequate moisture for many years, nutrition, fruit will prolong and stable yields for many years the phase, aforementioned is the center with the tree bar, fertilising of ditching annular and groined type completely apply fertilizer, and completely water, and root system is flourishing naturally, have only long hair root endways could absorb moisture content, nutrition, with the prolongation of arteries and veins root, last year, hair root was just aging, next year hair root move after year by year, because of fertilising is completely cured, part moisture content, the smooth or interruption of nutrient delivery, the part hair root is also just withered, is completely cured for reducing fertilising, dig dressing furrow and use the iron spade, be to increase the hair root distribution area, enter 2 years full bearing periods after, should be the center with the mobile jib, the disconnected everywhere old root of annular next year, about 1 meter of annular radius, slowly excavate with the iron spade earlier, find offshoot furcation area place, cut off the master pulse root, the one tree symmetry is cut everywhere, and mend at once and executes the fertilizer of chelating at the place of being completely cured, and mixes thoroughly with soil, busy season carries out growing the 7-8 month, the very fast healing of no bleeding, otch promptly grows the offshoot root then and extension back end grows hair root, still arteries and veins root prolongation year by year later on, hair root retreats, and dislocation next year is completely cured, and does not hinder vigour, because of the hair root distribution area is growing on and on, full fruit period elongation is because of moisture content, nutrition supply does not successively decrease because of the age of tree, and the full fruit phase is also just long, development in science and technology is fast, turn of the market is many, and when old kind eliminates, and is determined by market.

Claims (6)

1. the invention discloses a kind of apricot, peach, the precocity of plum fruits and fresh preservation with branches marketing technique in winter, apricot to precocity, peach and late-maturing peach, Lee divides the canopy facility cultivation, it is characterized in that: after reaching the production age, roll on the canopy straw mat by rising the canopy temperature sunshine daytime at the end of precocious two months, sunset is put down the straw mat insulation and is heated in canopy, maintenance temperature of shed at night is not less than 12 ℃, vegetative period is for sufficient CO2 gas fertilizer in the canopy, by the spreading controlled humidity, spring Mo, temperature was high and remove the insulation covering when stablize, fruit tree enters field growth period, for sufficient CO2 gas fertilizer, fruit shifts to an earlier date ripe listing in 40-45 days than the land for growing field crops, detain canopy before going into the winter late-maturing last year, spring is than the existing seedling in land for growing field crops, germinating time is postponed and was rolled straw mat in 15 days, remove canopy wall heat-insulation layer, remove whole lagging facilities after 10 days, fruit tree enters field growth period, for sufficient CO2 gas fertilizer, early, late variety all uses sufficient base fertilizer in growth busy season August, the late-maturing 7-8 month is covered the sunshade net, generally 15-20 day in weather time in September water permeable, the level land, spreading, implement anti-ageing technology before the button canopy, it is ripe that fruit is postponed till the beginning of October ninety percent, guarantees to detain canopy before the frost, and the outer nighttime temperature of canopy heats in canopy when reducing to 5 ℃, the canopy temperature remains on 10-15 ℃ round the clock, and the fruit fresh preservation with branches goes on the market to 12-January.

2. facility cultivation according to claim 1 is characterized in that: facility adopts the two membrane structure booths of patent application 201010184989.8 console mode steel arches shown in the drawings.

3. the sufficient CO2 gas of confession according to claim 1 fertilizer is characterized in that: supply foot with the equipment of gas cylinder or patent application 201020147670.3 vegetative period in the canopy, and field growth period hangs the weathered coal method for foot with patent application 201010187989.8.

4. according to claim 1ly in canopy, heat, it is characterized in that: use the hot-blast stove of patent application 200920150249.5, adopt the heating of outer heating inner loop mode.

5. the growth busy season according to claim 1 uses sufficient base fertilizer, the fertilizer of base fertilizer fully to become thoroughly decomposed, and preferably biological chelating fertilizer is admixed phosphorus, potassium fertilizer in right amount, is the center with the tree bar, and annular or groined type ditching apply, and cooperate completely to apply fertilizer, and completely water.

6. the anti-ageing technology of enforcement according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: detain the last ten-days period in September before the canopy with the methyl aqueous solution liquid of the gibberellin of 2ppm and 50ppm the leaf of fruit tree, fruit hydrojet 2 times comprehensively, two minor tick 2-3 days, each every mu with liquid 30-40 kilogram.