CN101855771B - 含有用于改进高温特性的添加剂的锂二次电池 - Google Patents
含有用于改进高温特性的添加剂的锂二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101855771B CN101855771B CN2008801153416A CN200880115341A CN101855771B CN 101855771 B CN101855771 B CN 101855771B CN 2008801153416 A CN2008801153416 A CN 2008801153416A CN 200880115341 A CN200880115341 A CN 200880115341A CN 101855771 B CN101855771 B CN 101855771B
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- battery
- electrolyte
- lithium
- secondary battery
- anode
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种含有由式I表示的聚烷撑二醇二环氧甘油醚的二次电池,所述聚烷撑二醇二环氧甘油醚以预定量添加至所述电池的电解液中。含有上述添加剂的所述二次电池明显提高了高温特性,阻止了速率特性和循环特性的劣化,并显著降低了所述电池的厚度膨胀,从而阻止了泄漏,最终提高了所述电池的安全性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及含有用于改进高温特性的添加剂的二次电池,更具体地,涉及具有优异高温性能和寿命的锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包括基于离子盐的电解液(electrolyte)以及特殊添加剂。
背景技术
随着移动装置的技术开发和对移动装置需求的增加,对作为移动装置能源的电池的需求也快速增加。在这种情况下,已经对满足各种消费者需要的新型电池进行了大量研究和调查。特别是,具有优异的能量密度、放电电压、输出稳定性等的锂二次电池如锂离子电池、锂离子聚合物电池等,需求很大。
通常,锂二次电池包括基于金属氧化物如LiCoO2的阴极活性材料、基于碳材料的阳极活性材料、介于阴极和阳极之间的多孔聚合物膜、以及其中提供含锂盐如LiPF6的非水电解液。在充电期间,阴极活性材料中包含的锂离子释放出来并进入阳极的碳层中,而在放电期间锂离子从碳层中释放出来并进入阴极活性材料中。所述非水电解液是一种介质,锂离子通过该介质在阳极和阴极之间移动。这样的锂二次电池在电池工作电压范围内必须稳定且具有高的离子传递速率。
如果所述非水电解液仅包括具有足以解离锂离子的高极性的环状碳酸酯,则可能增加电解液的粘度,导致其离子传导率降低。
美国专利5,521,027和5,525,443描述了一种电解液混合物,为了降低电解液的粘度,所述电解液混合物包括具有降低的粘度和极性的线型碳酸酯、以及环状碳酸酯。这种线型碳酸酯的代表性实例包括碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)等,在这些化合物中,优选将具有最低凝固点-55℃的EMC用于展示优异的低温性能和寿命。所述环状碳酸酯的代表性实例包括碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、碳酸亚丁酯(BC)等。在这些化合物中,尽管优选将具有相对低凝固点-49℃的PC用于展示有利的低温性能,但这种化合物在将高容量的石墨化碳用作阳极时会与电池的阳极剧烈反应。因此,代替难以大量使用的PC,通常使用能够在阳极处形成稳定保护膜的EC。然而,由于EC对阴极并不是完全无活性的(或者也可能对阴极具有轻微活性),所以在电池充电/放电期间在阳极和阴极处发生的电解液分解可能是劣化电池寿命的原因,且EC在高温下的活性增加,因此是不理想的。
因此,为了解决上述问题并提高电池在室温和高温下的寿命,日本特开申请2000-123867公开了一种通过向电解液中添加酯化合物而制造的电池,所述酯化合物具有环状分子结构且在环中具有C=C不饱和键(例如碳酸亚乙烯酯)。据认为,作为添加剂的这类酯化合物在阳极或阴极处发生分解并在电极表面上形成膜,从而抑制电解液的分解。然而,上述添加剂不能完全阻止电解液的分解。
此外,日本特开申请2002-25611公开了一种通过向电解液中添加亚硫酸乙烯酯和碳酸亚乙烯酯而制造的电池,同时日本特开申请2002-270230提出了通过向电解液中添加多种亚硫酸乙烯酯化合物中的至少一种而制造的另一种电池。然而发现,这些现有技术中所述的添加剂都未能展示期望的效果。
因此,考虑到高温下的性能,仍迫切需要开发用于二次电池中的有效添加剂。
发明内容
因此,为了解决上述问题和尚未解决的其他技术问题而完成了本发明。
本发明人已经进行了广泛的探索和研究,并发现,通过向电池电解液中添加聚烷撑二醇二环氧甘油醚能够制造高温性能和寿命特性明显改进的新型锂二次电池。由此完成了本发明。
基于该发现,本发明的目的是提供一种包括基于离子盐的电解液的二次电池,其中添加占电解液总重量0.1~10重量%(“wt.%”)的由下式(I)所示的物质,从而提高电池的高温特性:
其中n为0~10的整数。
根据本发明,当在高温下储存或使用电池时,可以减小在电池的电极和电解液之间的分解反应,因此显著减少了由此所产生的气体,从而可明显降低电池在温度升高下的循环劣化和/或因高温储存而引起的容量下降,另外,可抑制电池的厚度膨胀。此外,含有按如上所述制备的电解液的电池不会遭受性能劣化,因此展现出安全性提高。
在电解液中含有本发明式I的物质作为添加剂,并且如上所述,所述物质的含量按电解液的总重量计可以为0.1~10wt%,优选1~7wt%。这种物质足以与作为交联剂而添加至凝胶聚合物电解液中的其他物质区别开。
如果添加剂的量太少,则添加剂的效率可能低下。相反,如果所述量太大,则电解液的粘度可能增加,且使用所述电解液制造的电池可能表现出高电阻,导致电池性能发生不期望的劣化。
在式I中,n可以为如上所述0~10、并优选1~6范围内的整数。
本发明式I的化合物可以由本领域技术人员根据其化学式而容易地制备,或者可商购获得,因此下文中为了简便并防止本发明不清楚而省略了其更详细的描述。
本文中所使用的离子盐可包括锂盐,所述锂盐为易溶于本发明电解液中的物质,所述锂盐可以包括例如LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、4-苯基硼酸锂、酰亚胺等。其中,尤其优选LiClO4、LiCF3SO3、LiC4F9SO3、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiN(C2F5SO2)2和LiN(CF3SO2)2。
所述电解液可包括非水电解液,这种非水电解液可包含对质子呈惰性的有机溶剂如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸亚丁酯(BC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲基亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯等。这些物质可以单独使用或以其两种或多种组合的形式使用。
在这些物质当中,更优选至少一种线型碳酸酯化合物和至少一种环状碳酸酯化合物的混合物。
有时,本发明的非水电解液可包含例如吡啶、三乙基亚磷酸盐、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、n-甘醇二甲醚、六磷酸三酰胺、硝基苯衍生物、硫磺、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的恶唑啉酮、N,N-取代的咪唑啉酮、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯合铝、碳酸亚乙烯酯、丙烯砜等,可将所述物质添加至电解液中来提高充电/放电特性和/或耐燃性。此外,为了使得电解液阻燃,还可向电解液中添加卤素基溶剂如四氯化碳、三氟乙烯等。
附图说明
根据下文详细说明并结合附图,将使得本发明的上述和其他目的、特征和其他优势变得更加清楚地被理解,其中:
图1显示了本发明的实验例1,其中对实施例1中制造的本发明电池单元的容量变化与比较例1中制造的常规电池单元进行了比较;
图2显示了本发明的实验例1,其中对实施例1中制造的本发明电池单元的厚度变化与比较例1中制造的常规电池单元进行了比较;以及
图3显示了本发明的实验例2,其中对实施例1中制造的本发明电池单元的厚度变化与比较例1中制造的常规电池单元进行了比较。
优选实施方案详述
本发明的二次电池可以是锂二次电池,下面将对构成所述锂二次电池的各种成分进行详细说明。
通常,锂二次电池包括电极组件,在所述电极组件中具有阴极、阳极、介于所述阴极和所述阳极之间的隔离膜、以及电解液。
通过向阴极(电流)集电极施加阴极活性材料、导电材料和粘合剂的混合物,将所述涂布过的集电极进行干燥并对所述处理过的集电极进行压制,从而可形成阴极,如果需要,所述混合物还可包括填料。
所述阴极集电极的厚度为3~500μm。未对这种阴极集电极进行特殊限制,只要其不会诱发电池的化学变性且具有优异的导电性能即可。例如,所述阴极集电极可包括不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、焙烧过的碳、或者表面用碳、镍、钛、银等处理过的铝或不锈钢等。所述阴极集电极可在其表面上具有极细微的粗糙度,使得阴极活性材料的粘合加强,另外,可以将所述阴极集电极制成各种形式如膜、片、箔、网、多孔材料、泡沫材料、无纺织物材料等。
所述阴极活性材料可包括但不限于例如:薄片状化合物如锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)或锂镍氧化物(LiNiO2)、或者用一种或多种过渡金属元素取代的化合物;由Li1+xMn2-xO4表示的锂锰氧化物(其中x为0~0.33)、LiMnO3、LiMn2O3、LiMnO2等;锂铜氧化物如Li2CuO2;钒氧化物如LiV3O8、LiFe3O4、V2O5、Cu2V2O7等;由LiNi1-xMxO2(其中M为Co、Mn、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B或Ga且x为0.01~0.3)表示的Ni位点型锂镍氧化物;由LiMn2-xMxO2(其中M为Co、Ni、Fe、Cr、Zn或Ta且x为0.01~0.1)或Li2Mn3MO8(其中M为Fe、Co、Ni、Cu或Zn)表示的锂锰复合氧化物;含有部分被碱土金属离子取代的Li的LiMn2O4;二硫化物化合物;Fe2(MoO4)3等。
所述导电材料的添加量为含有所述阳极活性材料的混合物总重量的1~50wt%。未对这种导电材料进行特殊限制,只要其不会造成电池化学改性且具有期望的导电率即可。例如,所述导电材料可包括:石墨如天然石墨或人工石墨;碳黑如乙炔黑、科琴(ketjen)黑、槽法碳黑、炉黑、灯黑、夏黑等;导电纤维如碳纤维、金属纤维等;金属粉末如碳氟化物、铝、镍粉等;导电晶须如氧化锌、钛酸钾等;导电金属氧化物如氧化钛;聚亚苯基衍生物等。
用于本文中的粘合剂可包含支持活性材料与导电材料组合和/或结合到集电极上的成分,通常所述粘合剂的添加量为含阴极活性材料的混合物总重量的1~50wt%。这种粘合剂可包括例如聚偏氟乙烯、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生的纤维素、聚乙烯比咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-双烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶、氟橡胶、各种共聚物等。
任选地,可使用本文中所使用的填料来抑制阴极的膨胀,并未对所述填料进行特殊限制,只要其是不会造成电池化学改性的纤维材料即可。例如,所述填料可包括烯烃基聚合物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯等;或纤维材料如玻璃纤维、碳纤维等。
通过向阳极集电极施加阳极活性材料,并将涂布过的集电极进行干燥,可制造阳极,且所述阳极可任选包括上述的其他成分。
所述阳极集电极的厚度通常为3~500μm。未对这种阳极集电极进行特殊限制,只要其不会诱发电池化学变性且具有有利的导电性能即可。例如,所述阳极集电极可包括铜、不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、焙烧过的碳、或者表面用碳、镍、钛、银等处理过的铜或不锈钢、铝-镉合金等。类似于阴极集电极,所述阳极集电极可在其表面上具有极微细的粗糙度,使得阳极活性材料的粘合加强,且可以将所述阳极集电极制成各种形式如膜、片、箔、网、多孔材料、泡沫材料、无纺织物材料等。
所述阳极活性材料可包括例如:碳,例如石墨化延迟碳(graphitization retardant carbon)、石墨基碳等;金属复合氧化物如LixFe2O3(0≤x≤1)、LixWO2(0≤x≤1)、SnxMe1-xMe′yOz(Me:Mn、Fe、Pb、Ge;且Me′:Al、B、P、Si、1、2或3族元素;0<x<1、1≤y≤3、1≤z<8);锂金属;锂合金;硅合金;锡合金;金属氧化物如SnO、SnO2、PbO、PbO2、Pb2O3、Pb3O4、Sb2O3、Sb2O4、Sb2O5、GeO、GeO2、Bi2O3、Bi2O4、Bi2O5等;导电聚合物如聚乙炔;Li-Co-Ni基材料等。
本发明还提供用于锂二次电池的电解液,所述电解液包括基于碳酸酯的电解液、锂盐和由上式I表示的化合物。
这种锂二次电池可抑制因电解液在电极组件上的不规则分布而在充电/放电期间由锂金属组分在阳极上沉积所造成的厚度膨胀,因此可防止电池泄漏,由此提高了电池的安全性。此外,由于存在羰基作为极性官能团,因此可防止常规凝胶聚合物电解液所经常发生的锂离子解离和/或传递的劣化,由此显著降低了电池性能的退化。
实施例
现在,在下列说明中,参考本发明的示例性实施方案和实施例对本发明进行更详细地说明,所述实施方案和实施例仅用于说明性目的且不能将其解释为限制为本发明的主旨和范围。
实施例1
1.1制备含锂盐的非水电解液
以4∶1∶5的相对重量比将EM、EMC和DEC混合在一起,制备用于非水电解液的溶剂,并向所述溶剂中添加1M的LiPF6。然后向上述混合物中添加1.5wt%的碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)、0.5wt%的丙烯砜(PS)和5wt%由式I表示的聚乙二醇二环氧甘油醚来制备所述非水电解液。
1.2制造阴极
将LiCoO2用作阴极活性材料。将阴极复合材料添加至作为溶剂的N-甲基2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)中来制备阴极浆料,所述阴极复合材料包括95.4wt%粒径为18μm的LiCoO2、1.6wt%作为导电材料的Super-P、3wt%作为粘合剂的PVdF。将所述阴极浆料涂布在铝集电极上,从而制造阴极。
1.3制造阳极
将石墨用作阳极活性材料。将石墨和3.5wt%的PVdF添加至NMP中以制备阳极浆料。将所述阳极浆料涂布至铜集电极上以制造阳极。
1.4制造电池
将多孔聚乙烯隔离膜CelgardTM放入在1.2中形成的阴极和在1.3中形成的阳极之间,然后向其中倒入1.1中制备的电解液中,从而制造锂二次电池。
比较例1
除了不向电解液中添加聚乙二醇二环氧甘油醚之外,以与实施例1中所述相同的程序来制造电池。
实验例1
在1C、50mA(截止点)下分别对实施例1和比较例1中制造的电池进行充电,直至电池电荷量达到4.2V,然后在1C下放电,直至电池电荷量达到3V(截止点)。在室温下将这种充电/放电循环重复500次。在制造所述电池之后,在室温下对所述电池老化5天,检查各个电池的容量。在测试检查之后,立即进行循环试验。
对200个循环期间电池的电荷容量变化和厚度变化进行测量,并将测量结果分别示于图1和2中。
如图1中所示,发现本发明的电池单元(实施例1)基本上具有与常规电池单元(比较例1)相同的容量。另一方面,如图2中所示,与常规锂离子二次电池(比较例1)相比,本发明的电池(实施例1)显著降低了厚度膨胀。更具体地,在172个循环之后,在实施例1中制造的本发明电池的厚度变化(Δt)为约0.34mm,而比较例1中制造的常规电池的Δt为约0.45mm。因此,本发明电池的厚度变化比常规电池的厚度变化小0.11mm,因此表明显著减小了厚度变化。
因此能够理解,本发明的电池可基本上具有与常规二次电池相同的性能,但是显著抑制了厚度膨胀,而厚度膨胀是常规电池的一个问题。
实验例2
分别将实施例1和比较例1中制造的电池在90℃下储存四(4)周之后,测量各个电池的厚度并将结果示于图3中。另外,将储存期间所产生的气体量列于下表1中。
表1
如图3中所示,实施例1的电池的厚度在2.5小时之后略变大,但最大厚度仅为0.6mm,这是指与电池充电/放电之前相比的厚度变化Δt。相反,比较例1的电池的厚度甚至在5小时之后仍持续增大,最大厚度即Δt为0.82mm。因此,实施例1和比较例1的电池之间的厚度变化之差接近0.22mm。因此能够看出,通过向电解液中添加聚乙二醇二环氧甘油醚制造的实施例1的电池,可显著抑制在高温下储存期间的厚度膨胀,由此表现出其性能提高。
如表1中所列出,在实施例1中本发明的电池与比较例1中的常规电池中,在还原期间所产生的并排放至外部的气体如H2、CH4、C2H6和C2H4等的量大致相同。因此认为,上述两种情况在阳极和电解液之间的反应的差别很小。同时,关于在氧化和/或还原期间所产生的CO和CO2气体的量,实施例1的电池显示出所产生的CO比比较例1的电池稍多,但CO2的量却比比较例1的电池显著减少。鉴于上述结果,认为本发明的二次电池表现出阴极和电解液之间的分解反应速率显著降低,由此实现在高温下性能的明显提高。
工业实用性
如上所述,本发明中含有聚烷撑二醇二环氧甘油醚作为添加剂的二次电池,可显著抑制厚度膨胀,从而在电池的寿命和安全性方面获得了巨大进步。
尽管出于示例性目的而公开了本发明的实施例和比较例,但是本领域技术人员应理解,可以有各种变化、添加和代替而不背离所附的权利要求书中所公开的本发明的范围和主旨。
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