CN101680239B - 制造车门外把手的方法 - Google Patents
制造车门外把手的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101680239B CN101680239B CN2008800151199A CN200880015119A CN101680239B CN 101680239 B CN101680239 B CN 101680239B CN 2008800151199 A CN2008800151199 A CN 2008800151199A CN 200880015119 A CN200880015119 A CN 200880015119A CN 101680239 B CN101680239 B CN 101680239B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于制造机动车的车门外把手(100)的方法,其中该方法具有以下工序:(a)借助于塑料材料注塑(10)至少一个第一成型件(150)和一个第二成型件(151);(b)由至少两个成型件(150,151)制成(20)车门外把手(100);(c)对车门外把手(100)的表面进行涂漆(30);(d)将车门外把手(100)拆卸(40)成至少两个成型件(150,151);(e)将电子单元装入(50)两个成型件(150,151)中的至少一个里;(f)将至少两个成型件(150,151)和电子单元组装(60)成车门外把手(100)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制造机动车的车门外把手的方法。
背景技术
已知的机动车车门外把手用于机械地调节闭锁装置的闭锁情况。这种型式的闭锁装置安装在机动车里并用于力配合和/或形状配合地使机动车外门闭锁。所述种类的车门外把手一般由许多成型件组成。在通常的生产方法的范畴中,在这些成型件里集成有电子单元,该电子单元是机动车闭锁装置的一部分。通过成型件以及电子单元的组装就形成了外表还未处理过的车门外把手。
为了改善外形而对车门外把手的表面涂漆。在此已经证实的缺陷为:油漆颗粒可能与已经安装的电子单元接触。这样所产生的短路或者其它形式的损伤可能导致电子单元的局部或完全的损坏。为了达到稳定的质量标准,车门外把手的制造厂家因此有责任对电子单元在装入状态下进行检验。可能的损坏不能再被进行修理,这是因为取出电子单元仅在成本过高的情况下才是可能的。
发明内容
本发明的目的是公开一种用于制造机动车的车门外把手的方法,在此方法中避免了所述的缺点,尤其是在涂漆时不出现电子单元的损坏。
为了实现该目的,提出了一种制造机动车的车门外把手的方法。
根据本发明,该目的通过一种用于制造机动车的车门外把手的方法来实现,其中该方法具有以下工序:
(a)借助于塑料材料注塑至少一个第一和一个第二成型件;
(b)由该至少两个成型件制成车门外把手;
(c)对车门外把手的表面进行涂漆;
(d)将车门外把手拆卸成至少两个成型件;
(e)将电子单元装入两个成型件中的至少一个里;
(f)把至少两个成型件和电子单元组装成车门外把手。
因此,在根据本发明的方法的范畴中设计为:首先由一种塑料材料制造成型件。由这样制成的成型件可以制成车门外把手,当然该车门外把手还不具有完美的表面。这在下一个工序中实现,在此工序中对车门外把手的表面进行涂漆。在此,表面这个概念优先是指车门外把手的那些部分,也就是说使用者看到的和/或有可能接触到的那些部分。因此根据本发明该表面并不一定包括车门外把手的全部外表面。在涂漆之后接着将车门外把手又拆卸成成型件。在此之后才将电子单元集成在一个或多个成型件里。在车门外把手涂漆之后装入电子单元,这就阻止了油漆颗粒与电子单元发生接触。而且在安装时确保了:在车门外把手的表面上的漆已经干燥和硬化了。在将电子单元集成在至少一个成型件里之后,接着进行车门外把手的组装。在根据本发明的方法的范畴中,可以在制造时检验电子单元可能有的误差。像目前为止必要的那样,在集成到车门外把手里之后再次的校验由于根据本发明的方法而变得多余了。除此之外通过根据本发明的方法使车门外把手的制造时间明显减少。对整个车门外把手的表面单独涂漆并接着装入电子单元使得在生产机动车用的车门外把手时生产周期大大缩短。
用于制造车门外把手的根据本发明的方法的一种有利的设计方案的特征在于,工序(a)具有至少以下步骤:
(i)将一定量熔化的塑料材料注入第一和第二模型空腔中,以便基本上装满第一和第二模型空腔;
(ii)将压力气体或压力液体注入第一和第二模型空腔中的塑料材料里;
(iii)允许塑料材料在第一和第二模型空腔里固化;
(iv)将气体或液体从模型空腔里排出;
(v)将第一和第二成型件从模型空腔里取出。
在步骤(i)中,将一种塑料材料,例如合成树脂材料,在熔化状态下借助于注塑机注入到模型空腔里。接着借助于注塑机在一个短的规定的持续时间,例如1至30秒内对模型空腔中的塑料加压。这有助于使这样生产的成型件的表面具有良好的可再现性。压入在模型空腔里的气体或压入的液体用于在熔化的塑料材料中形成空隙并将塑料材料压向模型空腔的内表面。通过保持住内压,塑料材料在外层上发生固化,而同时塑料材料的芯部仍保持熔化。这使得所生产的成型件具有良好的表面质量。接着通过注塑机的阀门使压力介质从模型空腔里部分地释放出来。在模型空腔里保留有气体/液体的残留的“保持-”或“密封压力”,而剩余的塑料材料则被冷却和固化。为此所花费的时间大约为10至50秒的数量级或者更长,这取决于所注塑的成型件的大小或者厚度。在通风或者在从模型空腔里排出气体之后将模型空腔打开并将制成的成型件喷出或取出。可能伸出的多余塑料可以被去除、破碎并重新应用。通过所述的根据本发明的方法的工序(a)的流程确保了在生产成型件时以及进而生产车门外把手时稳定的质量。
根据本发明的方法的另一个有利的设计方案的特征在于,工序(a)设计为将液态色元注入塑料材料中,其中塑料材料和液态色元被混合,从而形成均质的注塑材料,这种材料被注入第一和/或第二模型腔室里,由此制成均匀地染遍颜色的第一和/或第二成型件。
根据本发明,仅仅在注入模型空腔之前将液态色元输送给由大量塑料颗粒构成的塑料材料。使塑化加工的塑料材料和液态色元在注塑机之内混合,从而形成均质的注塑材料,这种材料被注入模型空腔里,因而制成均匀地染遍颜色的成型件。在注塑机之内使注塑材料混合,从而使在进入模型空腔里时注塑材料具有高度的均质性。所形成的成型件具有令人满意的外观,其中可能有的损坏,例如擦痕等等并不显眼,这是因为成型件在其横断面里都已染遍颜色。通过所述的根据本发明的工序(a)的有利的设计方案,还必须只在工序(c)里对车门外把手涂上清漆。通过在注入注塑材料到模型空腔里时注入液态色元就确保了:成型件具有所希望的外观色彩。因此只是还需要一层外面的,对车门外把手的色彩起保护作用的油漆,以完成车门外把手的制造。
在本发明的一种特别的实施方式中,模型空腔具有抛光的表面,由此可以通过根据本发明的注塑方法制成一种有色彩的、染遍颜色的成型件,该成型件的表面附带地是高亮度的。优选地对模型空腔的表面在多个工序里进行抛光,并在最终状态下使其具有几乎接近于零的表面粗糙度。
装入到注塑机里的塑料颗粒有利地是透明或半透明的,由此会令人惊异地与液态色元相组合使制成的成型件具有高的彩色光泽。例如液态色元可以与塑料颗粒预先进行混合,其中随后将它们一起通过进入区域装入在注塑机里。然后在注塑机之内进行最终的混合。同样也有利的是:液态色元直接被送入注塑机,在该注塑机里使塑料颗粒塑化。
所有可以注塑的塑料都可以应用作为用于成型件的塑料材料的原料。优选应用聚酰胺(PA),聚碳酸酯(PC),丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS),聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)或者丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丙烯酯共聚物(ASA)作为塑料颗粒。
在根据本发明的方法的一种优选实施方式中,将液态色元在模型空腔的进口区域处输送给塑料材料。由此在将均匀分布的注塑材料喷入注塑模具的模型空腔之前,确保了注塑材料令人满意的充分混合。有利地将注塑机加热,其中进口区域的温度在20℃和80℃之间,优选在30℃和70℃之间,特别优选在40℃和60℃之间。在进口区域处可以设有装料漏斗,借助于该漏斗将塑料颗粒输入注塑机里。通过进口区域相应的加热处理可以实现塑料颗粒的良好的松散性。同样也可以通过装料漏斗将液态色元加入注塑机里。这里可以考虑通过柔性软管将色元输送给处于注塑机内部的塑料材料。
另外,可能有利的是将液态色元成小滴状输送给塑料材料。色元在这里可以是一种浓缩物,其被添加给注塑机内的塑料材料。有利地使液态色元连续地加入塑料材料进行混合。在一种优选的可替换方案中,液态色元在塑化的塑料材料中的体积份额小于5%,优选小于2%,更加优选小于1%,以及特别优选地小于0.5%。所述的体积份额完全足以制成具有相应颜色的成型件。
根据目的,注塑材料,也就是具有液态色元的塑化的塑料材料在模型空腔内的压力为300巴至700巴。这里将注塑机里均匀分布的注塑材料以压力为大约400巴至2000巴注入模型室腔里。在高压下使色元实现非常均匀的交联,从而使制成的成型件的表面具有均匀的色彩分布。在成型件表面上可能有的刮痕或损伤基本不被观察者觉察到,这是因为成型件普遍沿着其断面都染遍颜色了。
根据本发明的方法的另一个有利的设计方案的特征在于,塑料材料具有玻璃纤维和/或碳纤维和/或芳香族聚酰胺纤维。通过应用所述的纤维生成一种具有高稳定性的成型件。因此就可以应用较少的塑料材料来生产车门外把手。这尤其对于减少机动车总质量来说是重要的,这也使燃料消耗减少。除此之外尤其是玻璃纤维加固的塑料在受力作用大时具有一种连续的碎裂性能。这种性能导致了最佳的能量降低并进而更好地保护了在出车祸时机动车里的乘客。
为了能够以成型件制成车门外把手,成型件在另外一种有利的设计方案中具有定位-和/或对置定位件。如果根据本发明的工序的成型件被组装起来,则定位-和/或对置定位件形状配合和/或力配合地连接起来。由此,各个单个的成型件形成了车门外把手的总体。
对应于这种有利的实施变体可以使定位件成型在其中一个成型件上并卡锁入共同起作用的成型件的对置定位件里。有利地,定位件是指夹卡连接装置,它们通过塑料的简单的柔性而形成形状配合和/或力配合的连接。
因为根据本发明,在此方法中必须将成型件组装起来,然后对如此形成的车门外把手涂漆并接着又拆卸开,因此根据本发明的方法的另一个有利的设计方案的特征在于,工序(b)至少具有以下步骤:
(i)将至少一个连接保险装置装入第一和/或第二成型件的定位-和/或对置定位件里;
(ii)将至少两个成型件轮廓配合地组装起来;
(iii)使成型件的定位-和对置定位件相互啮合;
(iv)通过连接保险装置阻止成型件的定位-和对置定位件形成力配合和/或形状配合的连接。
因此,根据本发明的连接保险装置阻止了定位-和对置定位件的相互啮合。因此在按工序(c)涂漆之后可以按照工序(d)将车门外把手简单地拆卸为其组成部件。连接保险装置例如可以是一种薄片状元件,它被插入在定位-或对置定位件里。有利地,连接保险装置具有小于成型件或定位-/对置定位件的硬度,以防止外表面受损。
根据本发明的方法的另一种有利的实施变体的特征在于,工序(c)至少具有以下步骤:
(i)给车门外把手涂覆粘合剂;
(ii)将车门外把手和漆膜装入过压成型模具里;
(iii)将漆膜加热到或超过漆膜的聚合物成份的气体温度;
(iv)将漆膜拉起置于车门外把手的表面上;
(v)通过过压成型模具里的气体压力压紧漆膜;
(vi)使粘合剂热硬化。
所述的根据本发明的方法可以实现在唯一的涂覆过程中涂覆覆盖车门外把手表面的覆面涂层。尤其是不需要对成型件的表面进行磨平预处理。另外,这样产生的表面或者漆层不必进行抛光。所谓“覆面涂层”的概念是指遮盖住成型件表面的整个漆层系统,尤其是可以指多个不同功能的漆层。根据本发明的方法设计用一种粘合剂来涂覆车门外把手的外表面。为此可以应用通常的胶黏剂,尤其是如基于聚氨酯的胶黏剂,它们优选地被热硬化。优选地,涂覆的粘合剂厚度小于或近似等于成型件表面的粗糙深度。因此阻止了胶黏剂完全充满粗糙表面的凹处。接着将漆膜放入在过压成型模具里并布置在车门外把手之上。接着加热漆膜,以达到有利的柔性和可成型性。然后将漆面拉起置于构件表面上。为达到漆膜的光滑的表面,漆膜应该用微小的张应力来固定。接着优选使粘合剂热硬化。在此,硬化温度应该调整到低于漆膜的聚合物组成成分的气体-或放出温度。
根据本发明的方法的另外一种有利的变体的特征在于:工序(c)至少具有以下步骤:
(i)在第一和第二成型件上涂覆填充物涂覆剂;
(ii)填充物涂覆剂含有接合剂;
(iii)接合剂通过富有能量的辐射,尤其是通过紫外线(UV)辐射而硬化;
(iv)接着涂上覆面涂层。
根据本发明所使用的填充物涂覆剂可以借助于富有能量的辐射,通过原子团的和/或阳离子的聚合作用实现交联。尤其是可以通过原子团的或者通过阳离子的聚合作用而可以交联的接合剂可以应用为借助于富有能量的辐射而可以硬化的接合剂。这种接合剂通过富有能量的辐射作用于光电起始器上而产生原子团,然后该原子团触发交联反应。与之相反,在阳离子硬化的系统中通过来自起始器的照射而生成路易斯酸(Lewis酸),然后该酸引起了交联反应。原子团硬化的接合剂例如可以指预聚合物,如聚合物或者低聚合物,它们在分子里具有原子团的可聚合的烯烃双键。例如多功能的环氧低聚合物可以作为用于阳离子可聚合系统的接合剂应用,它们在分子里含有两个以上的环氧组。
为了进行照射优先采用了UV辐射源,其辐射波长范围从150至440nm,尤其是从200至400nm。在此,特别有利的是:添加的汞高压-、中压-和低压辐射器,气体放电管,例如氙低压灯,脉冲和无脉冲的UV-激光器、UV-点辐射器,例如发射UV的二极管和黑光管。为达到覆面涂层的均匀的硬化,应该在待硬化的涂层的表面上产生一种照射强度,其最少为15兆勒克斯,优选为20至80兆勒克斯。在填料层部分或完全硬化之后,在根据本发明的方法中可以在填料层上涂覆覆面涂层,该覆面涂层由显色和/或显效的底漆层和透明的清漆层构成,或者涂覆由着色的单层覆面漆构成的覆面涂层。
采用根据本发明的方法可以制成具有高硬度,高抗刮强度以及非常好的抗化学腐蚀性和抗水性的多层涂层。各个漆层相对于位于其下或者说位于其上的漆层来说显示出良好的中间层粘着性和防脱开性。
根据本发明的方法的另外一种有利的实施变体的特征在于,工序(e)包括至少以下步骤:
(i)将电子单元安装在载体元件上,并借助于载体元件布置在成型件上;
(ii)连接件将载体元件与成型件形状配合和/或力配合地连接起来。
载体元件例如可以是指一个印刷电路板(PCB,Printed CircuitBoard),在该印刷电路板上既布置有电子单元的电子部件,也布置有连接线路。根据使用目的不同,电路板的绝缘的基底材料可以设计成柔性的或者刚性的。为了将载体元件安装在一个或多个成型件上,连接件可以成型为夹卡元件,该夹卡元件与成型件里的对置元件力配合和/或形状配合地共同起作用。同样也可以考虑使载体元件具有孔,通过该孔可以装入螺钉,这些螺钉用于实现与成型件的连接。
在根据本发明的方法的另外一种有利的实施方式中,在按工序(e)装入之前,利用注塑材料介质密封地注塑电子单元。注塑材料尤其可以是合成树脂,这种合成树脂完全地包围住电子单元。合成树脂例如可以是聚酯树脂、聚氨酯树脂,环氧树脂、硅树脂和/或乙烯基酯树脂。所述树脂具有良好的介质密封性并因此阻止了外界环境影响、例如湿气会钻入电子单元里。根据本发明的方法只有在对车门外把手涂覆之后才集成装入电子单元。因此设计为:首先对电子单元进行功能校验,然后借助于注塑材料进行注塑并接着集成装入在车门外把手里。当然,如果将后者使用在机动车中,而该机动车受到特别强烈的外界环境的影响,那么可替换地也可以在根据工序(f)将至少两个成型件组装起来之后,用注塑材料浇注电子单元。在此,注塑材料就完全填满车门外把手的内部区域。
附图说明
本发明的其它优点、特征和细节从以下的说明中得出,在该说明中按照附图对本发明的多种可能的实施例进行了详细叙述。在权利要求中和在说明中所述的特征不管是单独自身来说或者以任意组合的形式对于本发明来说都是必不可少的。附图所示为:
图1是机动车的车门外把手的示意性图示;以及
图2是根据本发明的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1示出车门外把手系统110。该车门外把手系统110具有基本元件120和车门外把手100。基本元件120集成在机动车的未示出的车门里。一般借助于粘结-或螺钉连接将基本元件120固定在外门的内板上。在基本元件120的下端121处可旋转地支承有车门外把手100。因此对于使用者来说,可以将车门外把手100从绘图平面里拉出来,并进而使未示出的闭锁装置解锁。出于美观的原因,车门外把手100的前端101用遮盖套105封闭住。遮盖套105同样也与基本元件120连接。在车门外把手100之内设有电子单元,该单元可以通过开关元件106操纵。在所示的示例性的实施例中,开关元件106布置在车门外把手100的表面上。这种类型的开关元件106例如可以用于与未示出的电子钥匙进行无线的数据通信。通过交换编码,并接着通过电子单元进行积极的分析可以远程操纵以使机动车解锁和/或闭锁。
在图2中示出了用来说明根据本发明的方法的流程图。在第一工序中,通过注塑10制造第一成型件150和第二成型件151。为此将一定量熔化的塑料材料注入多个模型空腔里,以基本上装满这些模型空腔。接着通过注入压力气体将塑料材料压紧在模型空腔的内侧面上。在固化和排出气体之后,可以将这样生成的第一150和第二成型件151从模型空腔里取出。
由于在根据本发明的方法的范畴中可以制成的成型件150,151的表面具有高的质量,一般不需要对外部区域或边缘区域精细加工。而是可以将成型件150,151组装20,以形成车门外把手100。根据本发明,在成型件150,151组装20之后,接着进行涂漆30。由于在此时电子单元还没有装入到成型件150,151里,因此该电子单元可以不因为涂漆30而损坏。在涂漆30时,为车门外把手100的表面涂漆,以便由此保护车门外把手100不受外界环境的影响,并同时满足对于机动车的美观方面的要求。
在车门外把手100的表面涂漆30之后,将车门外把手100拆卸40成该成型件150,151。为了使安装50更容易,电子单元布置在载体元件上,并且可以借助于连接件形状配合和/或力配合地与成型件连接。夹卡状成型的连接件证明是有利的。
在电子单元与成型件150,151连接之后,可以将两个成型件组装60。为了确保牢固的连接,两个成型件150,151具有定位-和/或对置定位件,它们产生力配合和/或形状配合的连接。由于对车门外把手100在根据本发明的方法的范畴中首先进行涂漆30,然后装配50上电子单元,因此确保了:不会由于剩余漆而出现电子单元的损坏,并因此明显降低了生产时的误差率。除此之外,通过根据本发明的方法,明显减少了车门外把手的制造时间。
参考标号表
10注塑 105遮盖套
20组装 106开关元件
30涂漆 110车门外把手系统
40拆卸 120基本元件
50装入电子单元 121基本元件的下端
60组装车门外把手100 150第一成型件
100车门外把手 151第二成型件
101车门外把手100的前端
Claims (18)
1.一种用于制造机动车的车门外把手(100)的方法,其中所述方法具有以下工序:
(a)借助于塑料材料注塑(10)至少一个第一成型件(150)和一个第二成型件(151);
(b)由所述至少两个成型件(150,151)制成(20)所述车门外把手(100);
(c)对所述车门外把手(100)的表面进行涂漆(30);
(d)将所述车门外把手(100)拆卸(40)成所述至少两个成型件(150,151);
(e)将电子单元装入(50)所述两个成型件(150,151)中的至少一个里;
(f)把所述至少两个成型件(150,151)和所述电子单元组装(60)成所述车门外把手(100)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于制造车门外把手(100)的方法,其特征在于,所述工序(a)至少具有以下步骤:
(i)将一定量的熔化的所述塑料材料注入第一和第二模型空腔中,以便基本上装满所述第一和第二模型空腔;
(ii)将压力气体或压力液体注入所述第一和第二模型空腔里的所述塑料材料中;
(iii)允许所述塑料材料在所述第一和第二模型空腔里固化;
(iv)从所述模型空腔里排出所述气体或所述液体;
(v)将所述第一成型件(150)和所述第二成型件(151)从所述模型空腔里取出。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述工序(a)设计为,将液态色元注入所述塑料材料中,其中所述塑料材料和所述液态色元被混合以形成均质的注塑材料,所述注塑材料被注入所述第一和/或所述第二模型空腔里,从而制成了均匀地染遍颜色的所述第一成型件(150)和/或第二成型件(151)。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述塑料材料由大量塑料颗粒构成。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述塑料颗粒为透明或半透明。
6.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,使用PC、PMMA、ABS或者PA作为用于所述塑料颗粒的材料。
7.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,具有所述液态色元的所述塑料材料在所述模型空腔内部的压力为300巴至700巴。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述塑料材料具有玻璃纤维和/或碳纤维和/或芳香族聚酰胺纤维。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第一成型件(150)和所述第二成型件(151)具有定位件,所述定位件在一个位置上力配合和/或形状配合地相互连接,以便形成所述车门外把手(100)。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述工序(b)至少具有以下步骤:
(i)将至少一个连接保险装置装入所述第一成型件(150)和/或第二成型件(151)的所述定位件里;
(ii)轮廓配合地组装所述至少两个成型件(150,151);
(iii)所述成型件(150,151)的所述定位件相互啮合;
(iv)通过所述连接保险装置阻止所述成型件(150,151)的所述定位件形成力配合和/或形状配合的连接。
11.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述工序(c)至少具有以下步骤:
(i)用粘合剂涂覆所述车门外把手(100);
(ii)将所述车门外把手(100)和漆膜装入过压成型模具里;
(iii)将所述漆膜加热到或超过所述漆膜的聚合物成分的气体温度;
(iv)将所述漆膜拉起置于所述车门外把手(100)的所述表面上;
(v)通过所述过压成型模具里的气体压力压紧所述漆膜;
(vi)使所述粘合剂热硬化。
12.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述工序(c)至少具有以下步骤:
(i)在所述第一成型件(150)和所述第二成型件(151)上涂覆填充物涂覆剂;
(ii)所述填充物涂覆剂含有接合剂;
(iii)所述接合剂通过富有能量的辐射硬化;
(iv)接着涂上覆面涂层。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,所述接合剂通过紫外线(UV)辐射而硬化。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,所述覆面涂层由显色和/或显效的底漆层和透明的清漆层构成或者由着色的单层覆面漆构成。
15.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述工序(e)至少具有以下步骤:
(i)将所述电子单元安装在载体元件上并借助于所述载体元件布置在成型件(150,151)上;
(ii)连接件将所述载体元件与所述成型件(150,151)形状配合和/或力配合地连接起来。
16.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,在根据所述工序(e)装入之前,利用注塑材料介质密封地对所述电子单元进行注塑。
17.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,在按照工序(f)将所述至少两个成型件(150,151)组装起来之后,用所述注塑材料浇注所述电子单元。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其特征在于,所述注塑材料完全填满所述车门外把手(100)的内部区域。
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PCT/EP2008/055330 WO2008135491A1 (de) | 2007-05-08 | 2008-04-30 | VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG EINES TÜRAUßENGRIFFES |
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US20100132162A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
DE502007001131D1 (de) | 2009-09-03 |
CN101680239A (zh) | 2010-03-24 |
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