CN101626762A - 用于医药用途的溶剂化体系及密封剂 - Google Patents
用于医药用途的溶剂化体系及密封剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101626762A CN101626762A CN200780051051A CN200780051051A CN101626762A CN 101626762 A CN101626762 A CN 101626762A CN 200780051051 A CN200780051051 A CN 200780051051A CN 200780051051 A CN200780051051 A CN 200780051051A CN 101626762 A CN101626762 A CN 101626762A
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- biofilm
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Abstract
分泌性中耳炎(COME)、复发性急性中耳炎(RAOM)、胆脂瘤、慢性鼻及鼻窦炎以及其它细菌性耳、鼻或喉疾病可以通过将溶剂化体系施加于附着或粘附于治疗部位的细菌生物膜来治疗。该生物膜被破坏,且形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂的保护层被施加于该治疗部位。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及细菌性耳、鼻或喉疾病的治疗,所述疾病包括慢性分泌性中耳炎(COME)、复发性急性中耳炎(RAOM)、胆脂瘤、慢性鼻及鼻窦炎(CRS)、儿童慢性鼻窦炎、扁桃体炎、增殖腺炎、睡眠呼吸暂停和慢性脓毒性咽喉炎。
背景技术
COME和RAOM是中耳的炎症性疾病。生物膜形成可能是COME发病机理中的一个因素,参见Post,J.C.,“Direct evidence of bacterial biofilmsin otitis media(中耳炎中细菌生物膜的直接证据)“,Laryngoscope111(12):2083-94(2001),Ehrlich等人,“Mucosal Biofilm Formation onMiddle-Ear Mucosa in the Chinchilla Model of Otitis Media(中耳炎的南美栗鼠模型中中耳粘膜的粘膜性生物膜形成)”,JAMA 287(13):1710-15(2002)和Fergie,N等人,“Is otitis media with effusion abiofilm infection?(分泌性中耳炎是生物膜感染吗?)”,ClinOtolaryngol Allied Sci.29(1):38-46(2004)。生物膜在细菌与表面相互作用时形成,从而形成包覆该表面和提供用于进一步细菌增殖的活体菌落(living colony)的聚合物膜(有时称为胞外多糖或细胞外多糖聚合物)。寄宿在生物膜中的细菌比在浮游(plaktonic)(悬浮)状态下的细菌更加难以除去或杀死,因此极其耐受许多抗生素和生物杀伤剂。已表明由许多不同细菌所产生的细胞外多糖(EPS)基质和毒素均由宿主引起炎症。似乎与COME和RAOM相关的慢性炎症是对细菌生物膜的宿主应答。
COME和RAOM通常最初使用口服抗生素治疗,然后如果需要,更积极地通过放置鼓膜穿刺管(tympanostomy tube)来治疗。偶尔在中耳中牵涉严重感染或者高粘液含量的情况下,中耳可以进行冲洗(例如用盐水溶液)。虽然鼓膜穿刺管对大多数患者起作用,但大约20%的经过初次鼓膜穿刺管放置的患者需要另外手术(增殖腺切除术,第二套鼓膜穿刺管,通常均进行增殖腺切除术和鼓膜穿刺管放置)来治疗持久性COME或持久性RAOM。
胆脂瘤是另一重要的耳部疾病。虽然通常认为它主要是由真皮细胞构成的囊肿,但在该疾病中也已经牵涉到细菌生物膜,参见Chole等人“Evidence for Biofilm Formation in Cholesteatomas(胆脂瘤中生物膜形成的证据)”,Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.128,第1129-33页(2002年10月)。在胆脂瘤中,细菌生物膜似乎形成,引起炎症,且导致主要由其芯部处的细菌和真皮细胞组成的良性肿瘤的产生。该肿瘤能够均侵蚀听骨链(听骨)和颞骨乳突部,不利地影响听力。手术暴露和切除是除去胆脂瘤的最常见的疗法。多达25%的这些手术由于胆脂瘤复发而失败,因此要求另外的手术或者其它治疗。
CRS是副鼻窦的炎症,且与持续至少大约12周的鼻前鼻涕或鼻后鼻涕、鼻阻塞或面部压力(facial pressure)、疼痛或发胀有关。CRS影响估计10%或更多的美国人口。患有CRS的大多数患者最初用药物疗法来治疗,但对于难医治的CRS,每年数十万人进行功能性鼻内镜鼻窦手术(FESS)。CRS患者常常具有降低的生活质量,并且可能在每年医疗保健中需要数十亿美元且失去工作时间费用。CRS是对许多机制的Th1和Th2炎症应答,所述机制包括但不限于细菌毒素、由细菌分泌且在细菌生物膜内含有的细胞外多糖基质、真菌、对细菌和真菌(IgE)二者发生过敏反应和自身免疫疾病。与CRS及其伴发炎症相关的细菌包括金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌。含有这些菌种的一种或多种且可能还含有真菌的生物膜可能是CRS发病机制的一个因素,参见例如Ramadan等人,“Chronic rhinosinusitis and biofilms(慢性鼻及鼻窦炎和生物膜)”,Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.132:414-417(2005)和Ferguson等人,“Demonstration of Biofilm in Human Bacterial Chronic Rhinosinusitis(人细菌性慢性鼻及鼻窦炎中的生物膜的证实)”,Am J Rhinol,5:19,第452-57页(2005)。细胞外多糖(EPS)基质,由细菌菌落所产生的毒素,以及细菌生物膜可能藏匿的真菌,各自可能能够引起来自宿主的炎症应答。
腺样增殖体(咽扁桃体)和扁桃体(腭扁桃体)涉及耳、鼻和喉的许多疾病,包括COME、RAOM、儿童慢性鼻窦炎、扁桃体炎、增殖腺炎、儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)、成人OSA和慢性脓毒性咽喉炎。舌扁桃体也可能被感染,且可引起各种问题。这些不同疾病的治疗最初通常使用口服药物进行,或者在OSA的情况下,使用持续气道正压(CPAP)。这些治疗的失败常常继之手术切除扁桃体、腺样增殖体或扁桃体和腺样增殖体二者,因为它们藏匿细菌或者阻塞解剖学结构。与外科切除手术有关的并发症包括术后出血、脱水、体重减轻、扁桃体周脓肿、斜颈(torticilis)(颈部僵硬)、组织再生长、由于组织不完全切除而导致反复手术、持续COME或RAOM、持续OSA和偶尔死亡。术后治疗传统上限于饮食限制、冲洗和使用口服抗生素来预防术后疼痛和感染。
至少COME、RAOM、胆脂瘤和CRS的病原学和慢性似乎与细菌生物膜的存在以及它们的术后顽抗有关。
发明概述
患者以及在儿童情况下的患者父母不喜欢感染复发以及可能需要进行反复或另外的手术。虽然最初可以给予增高剂量的抗生素来解决这些问题,但已经表明抗生素对涉及细菌生物膜的慢性感染无效,给予抗生素还可促进目标细菌种类和其它细菌种类的耐药性。非常希望使用允许减少或消除所需抗生素的量但阻碍治疗的疾病的复发的替代治疗。当治疗的疾病涉及组织表面上的细菌生物膜时,希望比使用盐水冲洗的情况更有效地除去或破坏生物膜,使得剩余细菌可以更有效地被抗生素或人体自身的天然防御系统所攻击。还希望至少暂时密封或另外地保护这样治疗的表面,以便抗拒细菌粘附和生物膜再形成。还希望在这样做的同时满足与人体组织接触的生物相容性要求,以及同时使用小剂量的给药材料和短的应用时间。我们于2007年4月24日提交的待审查申请第11/739,508号的全部公开内容在此通过引用并入,其描述了包括金属离子螯合剂和表面活性剂的溶剂化体系及其用于破坏中耳或内耳内部的细菌生物膜的用途。
在一个方面,本发明提供了下述(a)和(b)在制备用于治疗细菌性耳、鼻或喉疾病的药物体系中的用途:
(a)表面活性剂,其能够分离、除去或者另外地破坏附着或粘附于中耳或内耳的至少一部分、鼻腔或鼻窦腔内的表面或者口腔组织或咽组织的至少一部分生物膜;和
(b)形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂,其能够在这种生物膜已被破坏的部位上提供保护层。
在另一个方面,本发明提供了治疗细菌性耳、鼻或喉疾病的方法,该方法包括:
a)将含有表面活性剂的溶剂化体系施加于治疗部位,所述治疗部位包括附着或粘附于中耳或内耳的至少一部分、鼻腔或鼻窦腔内的表面或者口腔组织或咽组织的细菌生物膜;
b)分离、除去或另外地破坏所述生物膜的至少一部分,以及
c)将形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂的保护层施加于所述治疗部位。
在又一个方面,本发明提供了一种用于阻碍在已经除去生物膜的组织上的细菌重新定殖(recolonization)和生物膜再形成的组合物,该组合物包括:形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂和包括含镓化合物的抗微生物剂。
所公开的用途、方法和组合物可以用于治疗或术后护理中耳或内耳,以及用于鼻科学的、口腔的或咽的治疗或术后护理。所公开的方法和组合物还可以用于治疗疾病或慢性疾病,包括分泌性慢性中耳炎、复发性急性中耳炎、胆脂瘤、慢性鼻及鼻窦炎、儿童慢性鼻窦炎、扁桃体炎、增殖腺炎、睡眠呼吸暂停和慢性脓毒性咽喉炎以及其它细菌性耳、鼻窦、口腔或咽喉疾病。
附图简述
图1是用所公开的方法进行治疗的中耳的示意性截面图;
图2是图1的一部分的放大视图;
图3是显示用所公开的方法进行治疗的鼻窦腔的示意图;
图4是可以用于所公开的方法中的手术生物膜去除器械的透视图。
在各附图中,同样的附图标记表示同样的元件。附图中的元件不按比例绘制。
优选实施方案详述
以下详细说明描述了一些实施方案,不应视为限制性的。本文的所有重量、量和比率均按重量计,除非另有特别注明。以下给出的术语具有以下含义:
术语“抗微生物剂”是指一种物质,使用以下在实施例中所述的细菌平板计数程序,该物质具有导致金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌或卡他莫拉菌或在COME、RAOM、胆脂瘤或慢性鼻及鼻窦炎的病因学中涉及的任何其它细菌的一个或多个的种群数目减少90%以上的能力。
在参考细菌生物膜和表面使用时的术语“附着”和“粘附”是指,在该表面上确立了生物膜且生物膜至少部分包覆或覆盖所述表面,且具有一定抵抗从表面去除的能力。因为此关系的性质是复杂的且未充分被理解,因此,没有特定的附着或粘附机制被这种用法所指定。
术语“粘合”是指材料与组织或者组织与同其紧密接触延长时间的组织或者穿过正常开放空间连接对面的组织或假体材料的组织粘着在一起。
术语“细菌生物膜”是指附着于表面的细菌的群落,其中在该群落中的生物体被包含在由细菌所产生的EPS基质内。
在参照一种物质使用时的术语“可生物相容的”是指对人体不产生显著的有害或不适当效应的物质。
在参照一种物质使用时的术语“可生物降解的”是指会在体内降解或侵蚀而形成更小的化学物质的物质。这种降解过程可以是酶的、化学的或物理的。
在参照一种物质使用时的术语“可生物再吸收的”是指该物质能够被躯体吸收。
在参照附着或粘附于表面的细菌生物膜使用时的术语“分离”、“除去”和“破坏”是指,至少显著量的最初存在于表面上的生物膜不再附着或粘附于该表面。没有特定的分离、除去或破坏的机制被这种用法所指定。
术语“止血器”是指停止血流的设备或材料。
术语“鼻腔或鼻窦腔”是指在鼻和鼻窦内界定正常填充空气的通道和室的各种组织,包括但不限于鼻孔(nostrils)或鼻孔(nares)、鼻甲或鼻甲骨、额窦、筛窦、蝶窦、上颌窦、窦口(sinus ostia)和鼻咽(nasopharnyx)以及可以放置在鼻腔或鼻窦腔内的物体或制品(例如假体、填料或支架)。
术语“聚合物密封剂”是指该密封剂由合成的交联或未交联的聚合物形成,或者是天然材料如蛋白,其已经交联(例如合成交联)。
参照在治疗部位的聚合物密封剂所使用时的术语“停留时间”是指根据肉眼观察密封剂保留在体内的适当部位的时间。
术语“螯合剂”是指化合物,其会与另一材料,尤其金属离子结合,以阻碍或防止该材料从溶液中出来。术语“金属离子螯合剂”是指会与一种或多种金属离子如碱金属、碱土金属、铁及类似物结合,从而阻碍或防止该金属离子从溶液中出来的螯合剂。按增加原子序数的顺序,碱金属是锂、钠、钾、铷、铯和钫,碱土金属是铍、镁、钙、锶、钡和镭。
术语“溶剂化”是指形成含有溶质溶解或悬浮于其中的溶剂或其它载体的溶液或分散体。
参见图1,所公开的方法可以通过经由耳道(ear canal)14和耳管(eartube)16(例如可以已通过鼓膜切开术(myringotomy)安装)或鼓膜18中其它可利用的开口插入套管12并由此进入中耳20来在耳10内进行。套管12还可以不进行鼓膜切开术而用其它方式插入,例如通过直接穿过耳、咽鼓管、鼻或口的针或其它导引装置,并且盲法操作,或通过使用引导技术如显微内窥镜术(microendoscopy)、虚像导航内窥镜术、或者使用柔性尖端跟踪装置(tiptracked device)的影像导航手术。如图1所示,套管12的远端22位于咽鼓管26的峡部24以上。套管12可以被定位,且如果需要可以改变形状或尺寸,以便治疗中耳20的其它部分(对于本论述来说,其被认为包括至少鼓膜、中耳的衬层、内部结构例如听骨链和边缘结构例如乳突)或治疗内耳的部分(对于本论述来说,其被认为包括至少半规管28和耳蜗30)。例如,如果需要治疗内耳,则可以制作另一检查口(例如,在圆窗或卵圆窗附近的膜)。
图2显示了图1的一部分的放大图。已显示,通过经由位于侧壁36的孔口34将溶剂化体系分配到位于咽鼓管26的上部40的细菌生物膜如生物膜38上,该溶剂化体系被施加于靠近咽鼓管峡部的细菌生物膜。本领域技术人员将体会到,该溶剂化体系可以使用除了套管12以外的方法或装置施加于所需的治疗部位上。示例性的这种方法包括环钻术(trephination),示例性的这种装置包括注射器(例如,玻璃注射器和球形注射器(bulb syringes))和适合于经由鼓膜、咽鼓管或鼻提供至中耳或内耳的入口的其它装置。
参见图3,所公开的方法可以在患者的鼻腔或鼻窦腔100中进行,包括上颌窦110a、110b和额窦112a、112b,它们可通过鼻孔114a、114b进入。应该注意的是,患者的外部特征,包括鼻孔114a、114b,以虚线示出。当患者患有例如慢性鼻及鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis)时,与上颌窦110a的表面相关的一个或多个治疗部位如治疗部位116可以通过手术定址(addressed),以便充分去除治疗部位处的部分或全部的生物膜且防止或阻碍细菌重新定殖。治疗部位116包括上颌窦110a的纤毛上皮和定居于相关的生物膜的相关细菌层(在图3中未示出)。该治疗部位不必是天然组织,替代地可以是人工结构(artificial structure)(在图3中未示出),例如至少部分覆盖有细菌生物膜层的鼻窦填料或支架。所公开的溶剂化体系可以使用带有含冲洗管道(隐藏于图3中)的可铰接的喷嘴(articulatable nozzle)122的导引器(introducer)120施加于治疗部位116,通过所述冲洗管道,该溶剂化体系可以流到导引器的远端,由此到达该治疗部位。该溶剂化体系和生物膜的残留物可以经由吸出管道(隐藏于图3中)从该治疗部位除去。所公开的形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂(medial sealant)同样可以使用导引器120中的相同或不同的冲洗管道施加于该治疗部位。本领域技术人员将体会到,该溶剂化体系、密封剂、或者该溶剂化体系和密封剂二者可以使用其它方法或装置施加于该治疗部位。示例性的其它方法包括环钻术,示例性的其它装置包括注射器(例如,玻璃注射器和球形注射器)。
图4显示了可用于所公开的方法的示例性生物膜去除手术器械200。器械200包括柄202、导引器222、喷嘴224(大体参照)以及冲洗和吸出管道(在图4中未示出)。器械200可以任选地进一步包括第一致动器组件226(大体参照)和第二致动器组件228(大体参照)。第一致动器组件226中的控制轮230可以是通过使用者可操作的,以实现导引器222的弯曲,且第二致动器组件228中的控制轮232可以是通过使用者可操作的,以实现喷嘴224相对于导引器222的移动或旋转。所述柄202通常用作器械200的各种其它组件的外壳并保持导引器222。柄202可以具有手枪握把样形状,界定握把部分234和鼻部236。握把部分234的大小与形状适于被使用者掌握,而鼻部236适于连接于导引器222。触发器238和相关的传感器和阀门(在图4中未示出)可以用来控制所公开的溶剂化体系通过冲洗管道240并由此通过喷嘴224到达导引器222的远端和到达所需治疗部位上的流动。触发器238可以设置有多方向活动范围,并与一个或多个附加传感器和阀门(图4未示出)相关联,以控制该溶剂化体系、生物膜残留物和其它碎屑通过喷嘴224从该治疗部位排出且由此到达吸出管道242。触发器238还可以用来控制所公开的密封剂通过冲洗管道240中的单独管腔并由此通过喷嘴224到达导引器222的远端和到达所需治疗部位上的流动。
所公开的方法还可以通过将该溶剂化体系和密封剂施加于扁桃体、腺样增殖体或相邻组织来进行。这可以在不损伤扁桃体和腺样增殖体时进行。所公开的方法还可以或者替代地在除去扁桃体、腺样增殖体或扁桃体和腺样增殖体二者之后术后进行,例如通过将该溶剂化体系和密封剂施加于咽喉,例如扁桃体窝。
该溶剂化体系可以直接通过导管、套管、注射器、导引器或其它适当的导管来导向并施加于所需治疗部位,以分离、除去或另外地破坏附着或粘附于该治疗部位的至少一部分细菌生物膜。该溶剂化体系期望地以至少足以覆盖所需生物膜部分的量和厚度施加。该治疗可以包括化学稀释或机械破坏。例如,该溶剂化体系可以在适当注意下作为加压喷雾来施加,以使在治疗部位处的细菌生物膜、细菌和其它异物累积物脱落(dislodege)。将溶剂化体系或其它液体(例如,盐水溶液)施加于适当的治疗部位可以使用更高的压力、喷雾模式、运动或其它技术进行,以实现在治疗部位处的水清创(hydrodebridement)。虽然不希望受理论制约,但该溶剂化体系可以溶解生物膜,并且将它带入到溶液或悬浮液中,使得这样破坏的生物膜可以容易地被冲洗掉或者另外地使用吸出、灌洗或其它去除技术来从治疗部位去除。例如,在中耳中进行的手术中,这可以经由鼓膜切开术或通过咽鼓管或鼻来实现。在该治疗部分的任何剩余细菌然后可以更容易地被抗微生物剂或被躯体的自然防御系统所攻击。细菌攻击例如可以通过在溶剂化体系或形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂中包括抗微生物剂,或者通过在手术中或手术后单独地应用抗微生物剂(例如,局部、口服或全身地)来得到援助。可能是期望的是,将足够的溶剂化体系注入到该治疗区域中,以置换可能存在的任何脓或其它物质,允许过量物质从治疗区域溢流,直到该过量物质的颜色不再改变为止。该溶剂化体系可以留在原地直到它可渐渐枯竭或者另外地被消除或再吸收,或者该溶剂化体系可以允许停留适当时间(例如几分钟、几小时或更长)且然后可以使用盐水或其它适合的液体冲洗掉。该溶剂化体系优选直接施加于该治疗部位,因为这种直接施加可以促进生物膜分解更快。例如,对于在中耳或内耳中进行的手术,该溶剂化溶液优选直接施加于中耳或内耳区域中,而非仅仅施加于耳道并允许越过鼓膜传送。施加该溶剂化体系和除去脱落或破碎的生物膜和细菌还可以根据需要重复,以确保彻底除去侵犯的生物体。
为了阻碍细菌重新定殖和生物膜再形成,还将所公开的形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂施加于该治疗部位。这可以例如使用如图1和图2中所示的套管12、如图3和图4中所示的导引器120或222、或者导管、注射器或其它适当的管道将形成膜的医用密封剂分配到该治疗部位上来实现。所施加的密封剂在施加时可以填充该治疗部位,但期望地没有这样做,反而优选作为在该治疗部位处留下至少部分通风口的膜或其它保形涂层来施加。例如,通过施加仅仅涂层而不是填充中耳治疗部位,听骨链可以随着由于声压波导致的鼓膜运动而自由运动,该中耳和内耳的功能可以在治疗期间保持。如果需要,该密封剂可施加于一部分或全部的听骨链或施加到一部分或全部的鼓膜,以便在治疗期间提供稳定化度。作为另一个例子,通过施加仅仅涂层而不是填充鼻的治疗部位,呼吸功能可在治疗期间保持。该密封剂期望地粘附于该治疗部位处的自然组织并且抵抗分离或其它破环,直到发生密封剂的自然降解或再吸收(例如,在一天或多天、一周或多周或一月或多月的停留时间之后)。同时,可以显著地减少或防止重新定殖或再感染,并且可改善治疗和再纤毛化(reciliation)。该密封剂可以提供各种治疗优点,包括但不限于细菌粘附排斥性、抗感染性、局部免疫调节、组织保护、减轻或消除疼痛或出血、减轻炎症、优化纤毛再生长的环境、减弱对关键解剖体(critical anatomy)的粘附等等。这些优点可能由于包括以下在内的各种机制而产生:a)抑制细菌定殖,b)抑制细菌粘附于组织,c)减小组织患病率或脓肿形成,d)降低或防止疾病复发(例如,具体地降低与细菌毒素和EPS有关的慢性炎症),e)在治愈期间包覆和保护组织,例如通过维护促进血小板聚集的潮湿伤口,或者通过封闭干燥伤口而不过量形成痂,f)止血,g)优化粘膜再纤毛化的环境,h)加速纤毛的生长或再生长,i)防止假体或鼓室粘膜(tympanomucosal)移植物粘附于自然组织,和j)将治疗剂输送到治疗部位。期望地,密封剂会附着于一部分粘膜,覆盖粘膜的其它部分,同时使这种未连接部分中的纤毛自由进行自然有节律的纤毛运动(即纤毛摆动(cilia beating)),输送抗微生物剂或根据需要的其它治疗剂,以及防止细菌粘附于治疗部位。
在所公开的方法中可以使用各种溶剂化体系。如上所述,该溶剂化体系包括表面活性剂。该表面活性剂期望地是水溶性的和无毒的。示例性的表面活性剂包括阴离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂、阳离子表面活性剂和两性离子表面活性剂。示例性的阴离子表面活性剂包括但不限于C6-C24烷基苯磺酸盐;C6-C24烯烃磺酸盐;C6-C24链烷烃磺酸盐;枯烯磺酸盐;二甲苯磺酸盐;C6-C24烷基萘磺酸盐;C6-C24烷基或二烷基二苯醚磺酸盐或二磺酸盐、C4-C24单或二烷基磺基琥珀酸盐;磺化或硫酸化脂肪酸;C6-C24醇硫酸盐(例如C6-C12醇硫酸盐);具有1到大约20个氧化乙烯基团的C6-C24醇醚硫酸盐;C4-C24烷基、芳基、或烷芳基磷酸酯或其具有1到大约40个氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯或氧化丁烯单元的烷氧基化类似物;以及它们的混合物。例如,该阴离子表面活性剂可以是鹅去氧胆酸钠,N-月桂酰基肌氨酸钠盐,十二烷基硫酸锂,1-辛烷磺酸钠盐,胆酸钠水合物,脱氧胆酸钠,十二烷基硫酸钠(亦称月桂基硫酸钠)或脱氧甘氨胆酸(glycodeoxycholate)钠。
示例性的阳离子表面活性剂包括但不限于具有下式的季铵化合物:
其中R、R’、R″和R’″各自是可任选地含有一个或多个P、O、S或N杂原子的C1-C24烷基、芳基或芳烷基基团,X是F、Cl、Br、I或烷基硫酸根。例如,该阳离子表面活性剂可以是氯化十六烷基吡啶盐一水合物或十六烷基三甲基溴化铵。
示例性的非离子表面活性剂包括但不限于具有1到约20个氧化乙烯基团(例如大约9到大约20个氧化乙烯基团)的C6-C24醇乙氧基化物(例如C6-C14醇乙氧基化物);具有1到大约100个氧化乙烯基团(例如大约12到大约20个氧化乙烯基团)的C6-C24烷基酚乙氧基化物(例如C8-C10烷基酚乙氧基化物);具有1到大约20个糖苷基团(例如大约9到大约20个糖苷基团)的C6-C24烷基聚糖苷(例如C6-C20烷基聚糖苷);C6-C24脂肪酸酯乙氧基化物、丙氧基化物或甘油酯;C4-C24单或二烷醇酰胺;以及它们的混合物。例如:该非离子表面活性剂可以是聚氧化亚乙基二醇十二烷基醚、N-癸酰基N-甲基葡糖胺、毛地黄皂苷、正十二烷基B-D-麦芽糖苷、辛基B-D-葡萄糖吡喃糖苷、辛基酚乙氧基化物、聚氧化乙烯(8)异辛基苯基醚、聚氧化乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯或聚氧化乙烯(20)脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯。
示例性的两性离子表面活性剂包括但不限于具有下式的氨基烷基磺酸盐化合物:
其中R、R’、R″和R’″各自是可任选地含有一个或多个P、O、S或N杂原子的C1-C24烷基、芳基或芳烷基基团;具有下式的胺氧化物化合物:
其中R、R’和R″各自是可任选地含有一个或多个P、O、S或N杂原子的C1-C24烷基、芳基或芳烷基基团;以及具有下式的甜菜碱化合物:
其中R、R’和R″各自是可任选地含有一个或多个P、O、S或N杂原子的C1-C24烷基、芳基或芳烷基基团,且n是大约1到大约10。例如,该两性离子表面活性剂可以是3-[(3-胆酰胺基丙基)二甲基铵基(dimethylammonio)]-2-羟基-1-丙烷磺酸盐,3-[(3-胆酰胺基丙基)二甲基铵基]-1-丙烷磺酸盐(有时称为CHAPS),3-(癸基二甲基铵基)丙烷磺酸盐内盐(有时称为辛酰基磺基甜菜碱),或N-十二烷基-N,N-二甲基-3-铵基-1-丙烷磺酸盐。
优选的表面活性剂包括烷基硫酸盐、烷基磺酸盐、芳基磺酸盐和两性离子表面活性剂。所需的表面活性剂可以作为纯化合物获得或在有些情况下可以通过使用产品比如液体橄榄油皂来获得。该表面活性剂可以例如以至少约0.002M,至少约0.005M或至少约0.01M的浓度存在,例如,约0.002到约1M,约0.005到约0.7M或约0.01到约0.5M。以重量基准计,该表面活性剂例如是高于该溶剂化体系的0.2wt%,例如是该溶剂化体系的大约0.3wt%到大约30wt%,大约0.5wt%到大约25wt%或者大约1wt%到大约20wt%。增加的表面活性剂量可以促进更快的生物膜解体。
该溶剂化体系可以任选地含有金属离子螯合剂。该螯合剂期望地是弱酸,其酸性足够螯合胞外多糖或细胞外多糖基质中的一种或多种金属离子,但其酸性不足以损伤所治疗的组织。特别感兴趣的金属离子(由于它们有可能涉及靶细菌生物膜)包括钠、钙和铁。该金属离子螯合剂期望地是水溶性的、无毒的,且如果用于耳中,没有使长期听力损失恶化的倾向。代表性的酸包括但不限于羧酸、二元酸或三元酸,比如甲酸、乙酸、氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、草酸、草氨酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、天冬氨酸、富马酸、马来酸、琥珀酸、亚氨基二乙酸、戊二酸、2-酮戊二酸、谷氨酸、己二酸、柠檬酸、葡糖醛酸、粘酸、次氮基三乙酸、水杨酸、酮庚二酸、苯甲酸、扁桃酸、氯扁桃酸、苯乙酸、邻苯二甲酸和硼酸;无机酸,比如盐酸、正磷酸和膦酸;和它们的混合物。柠檬酸是优选的酸。该金属离子螯合剂可以例如以至少约0.01M,至少约0.05M或至少约0.1M的浓度存在,例如,约0.01到约0.5M,约0.05到约0.4M或约0.1到约0.3M。增加的金属离子螯合剂的量可以促进更快的生物膜解体。
该溶剂化体系可以任选地包括各种其它成分,包括水和其它溶剂(例如醇类)、缓冲剂、抗微生物剂和各种助剂。优选地,该溶剂化体系含有水和一种或多种缓冲剂。该缓冲剂优选维持该溶剂化体系在适于接触人体组织的pH,并且期望地在大于5的pH。例如,该溶剂化体系可被缓冲到具有接近中性的pH,例如,大于5且低于8.5的pH。缓冲剂可以例如高达该溶剂化体系的约25%。示例性的缓冲剂包括但不限于,氯化钾、甘氨酸、邻苯二甲酸氢钾、乙酸钠、邻苯二甲酸氢钾、巴比妥钠和柠檬酸钠。当该金属离子螯合剂是弱酸时,该缓冲剂期望地是该酸的盐。
含有一种或多种抗微生物剂的溶剂化体系也是优选的。EPS基质允许生物膜粘着于基底面且还保护所包埋的生物体;因此,生物膜中的细菌耐抗生素的效应的能力是浮游细菌的大约100到1000倍。在该生物膜已经被破环为未结合的聚合物或片段和通过该溶剂化体系被溶剂化或另外地碎裂之后,抗微生物剂可以更加有效地攻击剩余的细菌。示例性的抗微生物剂包括活性氧化合物,例如过氧化氢,分离或平衡衍生或平衡分离的过酸,例如氯过苯甲酸、过乙酸、过庚酸、过辛酸、过癸酸、过甲酸、过柠檬酸、过乙醇酸、过乳酸、过苯甲酸、以及由二酸或二酯如己二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸或丙二酸衍生的单酯过酸;氨基糖苷类;酰胺醇类(amphenicols);氨苄青霉素类;安莎霉素类(ansamycins);(-内酰胺类如碳头孢烯类(carbacephems)、碳青霉烯类、头孢菌素类、头霉素类、单酰胺菌胺环类(monobactams)、氧头孢烯类(oxacephems)、青霉素类和它们的任何衍生物;羧酸酯类,如对羟基烷基苯甲酸对羟基烷基酯和烷基肉桂酸烷基酯;脱乙酰壳多糖盐;立方体相类脂;含镓的抗微生物剂,如乙酰丙酮酸镓、溴化镓、氯化镓、氟化镓、碘化镓、麦芽糖镓(gallium maltolate)、硝酸镓、氮化镓、高氯酸镓(gallium percolate)、磷化镓和硫酸镓;碘化合物和其它活性卤化合物,如碘、卤间化合物(interhalides)、多卤化物、次氯酸金属盐、次氯酸、次溴酸金属盐、次溴酸、氯代乙内酰脲、溴代乙内酰脲、二氧化氯和亚氯酸钠;林可酰胺类(lincosamides);大环内酯类;硝基呋喃类;有机过氧化物,包括过氧化苯甲酰和烷基过氧化苯甲酰;臭氧;酚的衍生物,包括邻苯基苯酚、邻苄基-对-氯苯酚、叔戊基苯酚和C1-C6烷基羟基苯甲酸酯;季铵化合物,比如烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵和二烷基二甲基氯化铵;喹啉类;单线态氧产生剂;磺酰胺类;砜类;磺酸类,比如十二烷基苯磺酸;四环素抗生素类,比如四环素、金霉素、土霉素、地美环素(demecocycline)、多西环素、赖甲环素、甲氯环素(mecloclycline)、甲烯土霉素、美他环素(methocycline),米诺环素及类似物;万古霉素;它们的衍生物和它们的混合物。这些所陈述的药剂中的许多代表了含有有用的特定物质的类别,其单个功用会被本领域普通技术人员所认识到。例如,示例性的青霉素类包括但不限于氮卓西林(amdinocillin),匹美西林(amdinocillin pivoxil),阿莫西林,氨苄西林,阿帕西林,阿扑西林,叠氮西林(axidocillin),阿洛西林,acampicillin,巴氨西林(bacampicillin),苄基青霉酸,苄基青霉素钠,羧苄青霉素,羧茚青霉素,氯甲西林,氯唑西林,环青霉素,双氯西林,依匹西林,芬贝西林,氟氯西林,海他西林,仑氨西林(lenampicillin),美坦西林,甲氧西林钠,美洛西林,萘夫西林钠,苯唑西林,培那西林,喷沙西林氢碘化物,青霉素G苄乙胺,苄星青霉素G,青霉素G二苯甲胺盐(penicillinG benzhydrylamine),青霉素G钙,青霉素G海巴明,青霉素G钾,青霉素G普鲁卡因,青霉素N,青霉素O,青霉素V,苄星青霉素V,青霉素V海巴明,青哌环素,非奈西林钾,哌拉西林,匹氨西林,丙匹西林,喹那西林,磺苄西林,舒他西林(sultamicillin),酞氨西林,替莫西林(temocillin),替卡西林和它们的混合物或它们与其它物质的混合物(例如,青霉素类与克拉维酸结合,例如阿莫西林和克拉维酸的结合,可作为AUGMENTINTM从GlaxoSmithKline获得)。
抗微生物剂如如上所述的那些,可以任选地在施加溶剂化体系之后且在施加形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂之前的单独的处理步骤(如果需要,在适合的载体中)中施加。抗微生物剂还可以作为密封剂的一部分施加。无论作为该溶剂化体系的一部分在单独步骤中施加,或者作为密封剂的一部分施加,使用以下在实施例中所描述的细菌平板计数程序,该抗微生物剂优选使金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌或卡他莫拉菌细菌的一个或多个的种群数目减少99%以上(即,减少至少两个对数级),数目减少99.9%以上(即,减少至少3个对数级),数目减少99.99%以上(即,减少至少4个对数级)或数目减少99.999%以上(即,减少至少5个对数级)。
该溶剂化体系可以含有附加治疗剂。示例性的治疗剂包括适合于耳科学、鼻科学或咽科学(pharyngic)用途的任何物质,包括镇痛药、抗胆碱能药物,抗真菌剂,抗组胺剂,血液制品,甾族或非甾族的抗炎剂,抗寄生虫药(anti-parasitic agents),抗病毒剂,生物稳定(biostatic)组合物,化学治疗剂/抗肿瘤剂,细胞因子,减充血剂,免疫抑制剂,粘液溶解剂(mucolytics),核酸,肽,蛋白质,甾体,血管收缩剂,维生素类,它们的混合物,以及对本领域技术人员来说将是明显的其它治疗物质。几种这样的附加治疗剂在以下与形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂联系更详细地进行论述。可被包含在该溶剂化体系中的其它助剂包括染料、颜料或其它着色剂(例如FD&CRed No.3、FD&C Red No.20、FD&C Yellow No.6、FD&C Blue No.2、D&C Green No.5、D&C Orange No.4、D&C Red No.8、焦糖,二氧化钛,水果或蔬菜着色剂比如甜菜粉末或β-胡萝卜素,姜黄,辣椒粉和本领域技术人员所熟悉的其它物质);指示剂;香料或甜味剂,包括但不限于茴香油,樱桃,肉桂油,柑桔油(例如,柠檬油、梨莓油或橙油),可可,桉树,草本植物芳族烃(例如,丁香油、洋苏叶油或桂皮油),乳糖,麦芽糖,薄荷醇,薄荷油,糖精,环己基氨基磺酸钠,留兰香油,山梨糖醇,蔗糖,香兰素,冬青油,木糖醇和它们的混合物;抗氧化剂;消泡剂;和流变学改性剂,包括增稠剂和触变剂。
该溶剂化体系期望地具有足够低的粘度,以便使用例如粉末喷雾或其它喷雾方式、灌洗、雾化、擦拭、芯吸(wick)或滴注而能够容易地输送到治疗部位。该溶剂化体系期望地还可以容易地通过随后冲洗、漂洗、排放或吸收而从该治疗部位去除。该溶剂化体系不必须以液体形式施加,例如可以作为粉末、凝胶、泡沫、海绵、膜条或其它适合形式施加。该溶剂化体系可以施加到中耳或内耳的治疗部位,施加到相关结构比如咽鼓管,施加到鼻腔或鼻窦腔,或施加到口腔组织或咽组织。该溶剂化体系尤其非常适合于治疗有纤毛的组织。该溶剂化体系优选与中耳或内耳的精细组织和结构可生物相容,并且期望地不含可能潜在地损伤这种组织或结构或不适当地损害长期听力的成分。
各种形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂可以用于所公开的方法中。该密封剂优选是具有从1天到数天(例如2、3或4天)或数周或数月的体内停留时间的可生物降解的或可生物再吸收的材料。该密封剂可以是未交联的,在施加于该治疗部位之前交联,或在施加之后交联。在一个实施方案中,该密封剂可以是粘弹性材料。在另一个实施方案中,该密封剂可以在施加以后硬化。该密封剂可以是合成聚合物(例如,聚乙二醇或PEG),天然聚合物(例如,多糖、类脂或多肽),或者合成改性的天然聚合物(例如,与PEG反应的多肽)。其它示例性的合成聚合物包括聚缩醛类,聚丙烯酸,聚草酸亚烷基酯,聚琥珀酸亚烷基酯,聚酰胺,聚氨基酸,聚天冬氨酸,聚酐类,聚己内酯,聚碳酸酯,聚氰基丙烯酸酯,聚二噁烷酮(polydiaxonones),聚酰胺酯,聚醚酯,聚氧化乙烯(PEO),聚(乙醇酸)和其它聚(乙交酯),聚羟基丁酸酯,聚羟基戊酸酯,聚酮缩醇,聚(乳酸)和其它聚交酯,包括聚(丙交酯-共聚-乙交酯)在内,聚(苹果酸),聚原酸酯,聚膦嗪(polyphosphazines),聚磷酸酯,聚氧化丙烯(PPO),可降解的聚氨酯类,聚乙烯醇(PVA),聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)以及它们的共聚物、三元共聚物、共混物和混合物。
示例性的多糖包括琼脂;纤维素及其衍生物,比如氧化纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、羧甲基直链淀粉(CMA)、羧乙基纤维素和羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC);壳多糖;脱乙酰壳多糖和它衍生物,比如羧甲基脱乙酰壳多糖和三甲基脱乙酰壳多糖;葡聚糖及其衍生物,比如羧甲基葡聚糖;糖原;葡糖胺多糖,比如透明质酸(例如,透明质酸和它的衍生物包括酯类和聚合物),肝素,硫酸肝素,硫酸皮肤素(dermatin)和软骨素-6-硫酸盐;树胶,比如藻酸盐、吉兰糖胶(gellan gum)和黄原胶;果胶;以及淀粉及其衍生物。
示例性的类脂包括甘油基类脂化合物比如甘油单油酸酯,以及液晶类脂,它可以流体形式输送且在与水分接触时会转化为立方体相,从而提供蜡状立方体或结晶材料。
示例性的多肽包括清蛋白、胶原、明胶、生丝和它们的衍生物。例如,交联的水凝胶可以通过许多多肽与适合的交联剂比如醛(例如,戊二醛或甲醛)、碳化二亚胺、壳多糖、CMC、二异氰酸酯或二醇比如PEG反应而由所述多肽形成。
该形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂可以包括抗微生物剂、附加治疗剂和其它助剂,如以上关于溶剂化体系所提到的那些。含有均提供抗感染和抗炎性能的治疗剂(例如,四环素类)的密封剂是优选实施方案。含有附加治疗剂比如抗真菌剂、抗组胺剂、甾族或非甾族的抗炎剂、抗寄生虫药、抗病毒剂、化学治疗剂/抗肿瘤剂、减充血剂或粘液溶解剂的密封剂是另一个优选实施方案。含有抗微生物剂和附加治疗剂的密封剂是又一优选实施方案。示例性的抗真菌剂包括但不限于,烯丙胺、咪唑、多烯烃、硫代氨基甲酸酯、三唑、它们的衍生物和它们的混合物。示例性的抗组胺剂包括但不限于,氮斯汀、可他敏、氯雷它定、它们的衍生物和它们的混合物。示例性的甾族抗炎剂包括但不限于,21-醋酸基孕烯醇酮,阿氯米松,阿尔孕酮,安西缩松,倍氯米松,培他米松,布地缩松,氯强的松,氯倍他索(clobetasol),氯倍他松(clobetansone),氯可托龙(clocortolone),氯泼尼醇(cloprednol),皮质酮,可的松,可的伐唑(cortivazol),地夫可特(deflazacort),地奈德(desonide),去羟米松,地塞米松,二氟拉松(diflorasone),二氟可龙(diflucortolone),二氟泼尼酯(difluprednate),甘草次酸,氟恶米松,氯氟奈德(flucloronide),双氟美松氟尼缩松,肤轻松,氟轻松醋酸酯,氟考丁酯,氟考龙,氯甲龙,乙酸氟培龙,乙酸氟泼尼定(fluprednidene),氟氢化泼尼松,氟氢缩松(flurandrenolide),丙酸氟替卡松,福莫可他(formocortal),哈西缩松,丙酸卤倍他索(halobetasol propionate),卤米松(halometasone),醋酸卤泼尼松(halopredone acetate),氢可他酯(hydrocortamate),皮质甾醇,依碳酸氯替泼诺(loteprednol etabonate),马泼尼酮,甲羟孕酮,甲泼尼松(meprednisone),甲基去氢氢化可的松,莫米松糠酸酯(mometasonefuroate),帕拉米松(paramethosone),泼尼卡酯(prednicarbate),泼尼松龙(prednisolone),强的松龙25-二乙氨基-乙酸盐,强的松龙磷酸钠,强的松,强的松龙戊酸酯(prednival),泼尼立定(prednylidene),双甲丙酰龙,替可的松(tixocortol),氟羟脱氢皮醇,曲安奈德,苯曲安缩松,羟氟烯索,它们的衍生物和它们的混合物。优选的甾族抗炎剂包括倍氯米松,布地缩松,丙酸氟替卡松(fluticasone proprionate)和莫米松糠酸酯(mometasonefuroate)。示例性的非甾族抗炎剂包括但不限于,COX抑制剂(COX-1或COX非特异性的抑制剂)和选择性的COX-2抑制剂。示例性的COX抑制剂包括但不限于:水杨酸衍生物,比如阿斯匹林、水杨酸钠、三水杨酸胆碱镁、水杨酸盐、二氟苯水杨酸、水杨酸偶氮磺胺吡啶和奥沙拉嗪(olsalazine);对氨基苯酚衍生物,比如对乙酰氨基酚;吲哚和茚乙酸,比如消炎痛和舒林酸;杂芳基乙酸,比如四苯酰吡咯乙酸、双氯芬酸(dicofenac)和酮咯酸;芳基丙酸,比如布洛芬、萘普生、氟比洛芬、酮洛芬、非诺洛芬和奥沙普秦(oxaprozin);邻氨基苯甲酸(芬那酸),比如甲芬那酸和美洛昔康;烯醇酸,比如昔康类(oxicams)(吡罗昔康、美洛昔康);烷酮类,比如萘丁美酮;它们的衍生物和它们的混合物。示例性的COX-2抑制剂包括但不限于:二芳基取代的呋喃酮,比如罗非昔布;二芳基取代的吡唑类,比如塞来昔布;吲哚醋酸,比如依托度酸,和磺酰苯胺类(sulfonanilides)如尼美舒利;它们的衍生物和它们的混合物。示例性的抗寄生虫药包括但不限于:阿托伐醌克林霉素,氨苯砜,双碘喹啉(iodoquinol),甲硝唑(metronidazle),戊双脒,伯氨喹,乙氨嘧啶,磺胺嘧啶,甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑(sufamethoxazole),三甲曲沙(trimetrexate),它们的衍生物和它们的混合物。示例性的抗病毒剂包括但不限于:无环鸟苷,泛昔洛韦(famciclovir),万乃洛韦(valacyclovir),依度尿苷(edoxudine),更昔洛韦(ganciclovir),膦甲酸(foscamet),西多福韦(cidovir)(可作为VISTIDETM从Gilead Sciences,Inc.获得),更昔洛韦(vitrasert),福米韦生(formivirsen),HPMPA(9-(3-羟基-2-膦酰基甲氧基丙基)腺嘌呤),PMEA(9-(2-膦酰基甲氧基乙基)腺嘌呤),HPMPG(9-(3-羟基-2-(膦酰基甲氧基)丙基)鸟嘌呤),PMEG(9-[2-(膦酰基甲氧基)乙基]鸟嘌呤),HPMPC(1-(2-膦酰基甲氧基-3-羟丙基)-胞嘧啶),利巴韦林,EICAR(5-乙炔基-1-(-D-呋喃核糖基咪唑-4-甲酰胺(5-ethynl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carbonxamine)),吡唑呋喃菌素(pyrazofurin)(3-[β-D-呋喃核糖基]-4-羟基吡唑-5-甲酰胺),3-脱氮鸟嘌呤(Deazaguanine),GR-92938X(1-β-D-呋喃核糖基吡唑-3,4-二甲酰胺),LY253963(1,3,4-噻二唑-2-基-氰化胺),RD3-0028(1,4-二氢-2,3-苯并二噻英(benzodithiin)),CL387626(4,4’-双[4,6-二][3-氨基苯基-N,N-双(2-氨基甲酰基乙基)-磺酰基亚氨基(sulfonilimino)]-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基氨基-联苯基-2,2’-二磺酸二钠盐),BABIM(双[5-脒基-2-苯并咪唑基-1]-甲烷),NIH351,它们的衍生物和它们的混合物。示例性的化学治疗剂/抗肿瘤剂包括但不限于:抗肿瘤剂(例如,癌症化疗剂,生物应答调节剂,血管形成抑制剂,激素受体阻断剂以及低温治疗剂或其它破坏或抑制肿瘤形成或肿瘤发生的药剂)比如烷基化剂或其它通过攻击癌细胞的DNA而直接杀死癌细胞的药剂(例如,环磷酰胺和异环磷酰胺),亚硝基脲或其它通过抑制细胞DNA修复所需的变化而杀死癌细胞的药剂(例如,亚硝脲氮芥(BCNU)和环己亚硝脲(CCNU)),抗代谢药和其它通过干扰某些细胞功能(通常是DNA合成)而阻断癌细胞生长的药剂(例如,6-巯基嘌呤和5-氟尿嘧啶(5FU)),抗肿瘤抗生素和其它通过结合或插入DNA和防止RNA合成来起作用的化合物(例如,阿霉素,柔红霉素,表柔比星,伊达比星,丝裂霉素-C和博来霉素),植物(长春花)生物碱类和其它来源于植物的抗肿瘤剂(例如,长春新碱和长春花碱),甾体激素,激素抑制剂,激素受体拮抗剂和其它影响激素应答型癌症的生长的药剂(例如,三苯氧胺,曲妥单抗,芳香酶抑制剂比如氨鲁米特(aminoglutethamide)和福美坦,三唑抑制剂比如来曲唑和阿那曲唑,以及甾族抑制剂比如依西美坦(exemastane)),抗血管形成蛋白质,小分子,基因治疗剂或其它抑制肿瘤的血管生成或血管形成的药剂(例如,meth-1,meth-2和沙利度胺),贝伐单抗(可作为AVASTINTM从Genentech获得),角鲨胺,内皮抑素(endostatin),血管生长抑素,购自Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals的ANGIOZYMETM,新伐司他(neovastat)(可作为AE-941TM从Aeterna Zentaris获得),CC-5013(可作为REVIMIDTM从Celgene Corp.获得),medi-522(可作为VITAXINTM从MedImmune,Inc.获得),2-甲氧基雌二醇或2ME2(可作为PANZEMTM从Entremed,Inc.获得),羧基酰胺基三唑(CAI),考布他汀A4前药(CA4P),SU6668,SU11248,BMS-275291,COL-3,EMD 121974,IMC-1Cl1,IM862,TNP-470,塞来昔布(可作为CELEBREXTM从Pfizer Inc.获得),罗非昔布,干扰素α,白介素-12(IL-12)或者在Science第289卷,第1197-1201页(2000年8月17日)(该文献在此通过引用表述地并入)中确定的任何化合物,生物应答调节剂(例如,干扰素,卡介苗(BCG),单克隆抗体,白介素2,粒细胞集落刺激因子(GCSF),等等),PGDF受体拮抗剂,曲妥单抗,天冬酰胺酶,马利兰,卡铂,顺铂,亚硝脲氮芥,苯丁酸氮芥,阿糖胞苷,达卡巴嗪,依托泊苷,氟卡巴肼(flucarbazine),氟脲嘧啶,吉西他滨,羟基脲,异环磷酰胺,伊立替康,环己亚硝脲,苯丙氨酸氮芥,巯基嘌呤,氨甲喋呤,硫鸟嘌呤,噻替派,拓优得,托泊替康,曲奥舒凡,长春花碱,长春新碱,米托蒽醌(mitoazitrone),奥沙利铂,丙卡巴肼链球菌素(procarbazine streptocin),紫杉酚或紫杉醇,泰索帝,同型物/同系物,它们的衍生物和它们的混合物。示例性的减充血剂包括但不限于肾上腺素,羟甲唑啉(oxymetazoline),苯福林,假麻黄碱,四氢唑啉,赛洛唑啉,它们的衍生物和它们的混合物。示例性的粘液溶解剂包括但不限于乙酰半胱氨酸,阿法链道酶,愈创木酚甘油醚,它们的衍生物和它们的混合物。
在希望从组织中除去水的那些情况下,例如从息肉或水肿组织中除去流体,在该密封剂中可以使用高渗透溶液(hyperosmolar agent)。示例性的高渗透溶液包括但不限于速尿,氯化钠凝胶和从直接或间接地改变粘膜层的渗透含量(osmolar content)的组织或物质中吸取水的其它盐制剂。在希望持续释放或延迟释放该治疗剂时,在该密封剂中还可以包含释放剂调节剂(releaseagent modifier)。该治疗剂还可以被包封,例如在聚合物微球粒中,以进一步延迟或持续释放该治疗剂。
该密封剂期望地具有足够低的粘度,以便使用例如粉末喷雾或其它喷雾方式、灌洗、雾化、擦拭、芯吸或滴注而能够容易输送到治疗部位。该密封剂不必须以液体形式施加,而可以例如作为粉末、凝胶、泡沫、海绵、膜条或其它适合的形式施加。该密封剂还可以是交联、聚合或另外地改变其稠度以形成密封剂的可流动的液体。该密封剂可以施加于中耳或内耳中的治疗部位,施加于相关结构如咽鼓管,施加于鼻腔或鼻窦腔,或者施加于口腔或咽部组织。该密封剂尤其非常适合用在有纤毛的组织上。所施加的密封剂可以在治愈所需的时间之后可生物再吸收或可生物降解。该密封剂期望地包括至少一种促进该密封剂保留在该治疗部位的特性。该特性可选自各种特性,包括但不限于厚度、尺寸、形状、密度、粘度、硬度、生物粘附性(bioadhesiveness)、粘膜粘附性(mucoadhesiveness)、施加或插入的方式,及类似物。该密封剂通过用其表面不容易被与细菌学耳、鼻或喉疾病相关的细菌所穿透的可选的膜结构覆盖治疗部位(例如,细菌生物膜已经通过该溶剂化体系去除的粘膜)而可防止细菌重新定殖或细菌生物膜的形成或再形成。该密封剂优选与中耳或内耳的精细组织和结构可生物相容,并且期望地不含有可能潜在损伤这种组织或结构或不适当地损害长期的听力的成分。
该溶剂化体系和密封剂可期望地用作破坏细菌生物膜和阻碍其恢复的多步治疗方案的一部分。例如,可以进行一系列步骤,它们可被广泛地分类为清洗/破坏、杀死、保护/包覆、通气和治愈。清洗/破坏步骤可以通过给予如上所述的溶剂化体系来进行。杀死步骤可以通过将适合的抗微生物剂施加到该治疗部位来进行。如上所述,这可以通过在溶剂化体系中、在密封剂中或者在溶剂化体系和密封剂二者中包括抗微生物剂来实现。如上所述,还可以作为在施加溶剂化体系和施加密封剂之间的单独步骤来施加抗微生物剂。抗微生物剂还可以在术后施加或给药。保护/包覆步骤可以通过用如上所述的保护密封剂层包覆至少一部分这样处理的组织来进行。通气步骤可以通过维持或形成适合的一个或多个开孔(例如,鼓膜中的狭缝,或者堵塞或部分地堵塞鼻部通道、鼻窦或窦口的开口)并且使该一个或多个开孔开放持续足以使治疗部位通气的时间来进行。该时间可受开口的性质的影响,并且对于耳部治疗,还受是否安装鼓膜穿刺管的影响。例如,如果已经在鼓膜中形成狭缝且没有在开口中放置管,则该狭缝可保持开放持续几天并愈合,从而自然地关闭该耳部空间。治愈步骤可通过允许该清洗、保护和密封过的组织表面到回复到正常状态来进行,例如,通过一种或多种治愈机制,诸如调节炎症应答、吞噬作用、粘膜的重新塑造、再纤毛化或全部或部分恢复正常听觉、平衡或呼吸。所公开的方法可在某些情况下有利地不需要手术来实现,例如在鼻部治疗中,通过施加和除去溶剂化体系和通过经由正常吸出/抽吸技术来施加密封剂,或者通过简单冲洗受影响的鼻部通道,而不用将该溶剂化体系或密封剂灌注到超过窦口的难以达到的鼻窦。
在以下非限制性实施例中进一步举例说明本发明。
实施例1
从患有鼻窦疾病的患者的鼻窦回收金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌细菌的细菌分离物。患有囊性纤维化或基础免疫抑制疾病(HIV感染、胰岛素依赖性糖尿病或肾病)的患者和在上个月服用抗生素或口服强的松的患者被排除在外。全部患者具有难治的鼻窦炎,即,耐医学治疗的持续症状,尽管已经进行了技术上成功的功能性鼻窦内窥镜术(FESS)来用于有或没有鼻息肉病的难治的慢性鼻及鼻窦炎(CRS)。根据Benninger等人在″Adult chronic rhinosinusitis:Definitions,diagnosis,epidemiology,and pathophysiology(成人慢性鼻及鼻窦炎:定义、诊断、流行病学和病理生理学)″,Otolaryngol Head NeckSurg 129(3增补本):S1-S32(2003)中阐述的2003 American Academy ofOtolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery(耳鼻喉科学-头颈部外科2003年美国学会,AAO-HNS)指南来诊断CRS的发生。所选择的患者对于在样本采集之前超过12个月的医学治疗是难治的,并且FESS的失败被判定为不与技术上的因素例如阻塞性粘连(synechiae)、额窦阻塞或保留的钩突相关。使用直接内窥镜指南和由Nadel等人″Endoscopically guided cultures in chronicsinusitis(慢性鼻窦炎的内窥镜指导的培养)″,Am J Rhinol 12:233-241(1998)所描述的程序接连地采集样本,直到获得金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌各10份样本。简要地说,给药局部麻醉剂,鼻翼收缩,使用内窥镜观察中鼻道和鼻窦腔。将细的柔性的海藻酸钙拭子(STARSWAB IITM Collection and TransportSystem,Starplex Scientific,Etobicoke,Ontario)插入和引导至具有最多脓的部位。如果没有发现脓,则拭抹上颌窦的表面持续15秒钟。小心避免与鼻侧壁或鼻前庭接触。将样本置于平板,使用标准程序孵育。细菌使用VITEK2TM系统(Biomérieux,Durham,NC)来鉴定。确认生物膜存在的结晶紫染色根据Stepanovic等人″A modified microtiter-plate test for quantificationof staphylococcal biofilm formation(用于定量分析葡萄球菌引起的生物膜形成的改良微滴定板试验)″,J Microbiol Methods 40:175-179(2000)中所述的方法来进行。为了孵育和培养,将预先冷冻的菌株接种到含0.5%绵羊血液的胰酶解酪蛋白大豆琼脂(TSA)上。在24小时以后,在TSA上培养每菌株的1-4个菌落。将培养物在37℃下孵育24小时,以使它们适应胰酶解酪蛋白大豆肉汤(TSB)-TSA培养基并且确保无污染。然后,按照由Gotz,″Staphylococcus and biofilms(葡萄球菌和生物膜)″,Mol Microbiol 43:1367-1378(2002)所述的方法在5mL的TSB培养基中用0.5%葡萄糖扩增在TSA固体培养基上生长的菌落,且在37℃下孵育持续至少24小时。
使用滴流式反应器(DFR)来确定输送到涂有羟基磷灰石(HA)的显微镜载玻片上的金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌生物膜的各种试验溶液在有和没有流体动力的情况下除去这些细菌生物膜的效力。DFR中的载玻片与水平线成10°倾斜,从而模仿低剪切环境。DFR容纳在37℃、有氧条件下的孵育器中。在细菌接种之前的大约20分钟,将无菌培养基(10%TSB用于金黄色葡萄球菌;1%TSB用于绿脓杆菌)滴注到DFR中的载玻片上,使之在载玻片上聚集以形成调节层。然后载玻片接种1mL的金黄色葡萄球菌或绿脓杆菌的培养物。将DFR倾斜,使得载玻片为水平的持续4小时,以允许细菌附着于基底。随后,设定DFR,使得载玻片再次成10°角度,且无菌培养基以10mL/小时的速度滴注到载玻片上。在3天之后,进行生物膜去除实验。使用两种方法来处理由各细菌种类形成的生物膜。第一种应用方法包括在DFR中的静态处理,其中溶剂化剂(称为CAZS)滴注到生物膜上。该CAZS溶剂化剂含有去离子水、25g/L(对应于0.13M)柠檬酸、5.35g/L(对应于0.02M)辛酰基磺基甜菜碱两性离子表面活性剂(CH3(CH2)9N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2SO3 -,CAS 15163-36-7)和足够的柠檬酸钠(大约240g/L),以便将该体系缓冲至pH 5.4。第二种应用方法包括从DFR外部输送盐水或输送CAZS,使用加压射流灌洗(pressurized jet lavage),以便对生物膜施加流体动力剪切力。对于所有处理,进行预先试验以确保在载玻片之间的变化是在可接受的界限内。另外,生产两种细菌种类的多个平板以确定试验内和试验之间的变化。制备对照载玻片用于每一DFR试验。三个试验评价每一细菌类型的每一处理。
对于静态处理,停止向DFR的流动。将DFR放置在水平位置,除去盖子。将CAZS的25mL部分施加于一个载玻片。对照载玻片不用CAZS处理。在10分钟后,载玻片用盐水(25mL)漂洗。然后DFR与入流管断开,每一载玻片从层流净化罩下取出并放置在无菌50mL管内。在另一次盐水漂洗(2mL)之后,反复刮擦载玻片的表面,将刮屑和盐水收集在管内。将管旋动持续10秒钟,超声处理持续2分钟,再次旋动持续10秒钟,以便将细菌分散到悬浮液中。然后连续地稀释该悬浮液,将100μL等份试样施加于含有TSA的三个平板且在37℃孵育持续24小时。人工计数菌落形成单位(CFUs),计算每平方厘米的CFUs的数目。所得平板计数进行log(10)转换且表示为由各为三个载玻片的两种DFR试验的平板计数所得出的平均(±SD)值。
对于流体动力处理,从DFR中取出载玻片,放入手套箱内。将载玻片放置在夹持器上,使用提供加压射流灌洗的装置用大约150mL的盐水或CAZS喷射持续大约20秒钟。喷射以左右和上下两种扫动方式进行,使得所有区域被喷射两次,在各轴线上一次。然后,如上所述将载玻片放入到无菌50ml管内,漂洗,刮擦,分散,孵育和评价。
在每一次处理之后计算金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌的数量(即每一平板上的CFUs的数目)相比于对照值的平均(±SD)百分率减少,结果使用双样本t检验(MINITABTM版本14,Minitab,State College,PA)。P值小于0.05被认为代表了与对照值有显著性差异。结果在以下表1中示出,表示为由评价两次的三个平板所得出的每厘米的菌落形成单位的平均(±SD)数(log)。
表1
根据处理类型的细菌平板log计数
处理 | 金黄色葡萄球菌 | 绿脓杆菌 |
无(对照) | 8.7±0.4 | 9.2±0.2 |
静态CAZS输送 | 6.2±0.3 | 6.3±1.3 |
流体动力盐水输送 | 6.4±0.2 | 6.9±0.1 |
流体动力CAZS输送 | 4.8±0.3 | 4.0±0.5 |
表1中的结果显示,获得了显著的细菌生物膜去除。处理前,金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌两者的DFR培养物中形成了大量生物膜,这些对照试验的CFU计数为7.8log/cm2至9.5log/cm2。静态施加CAZS导致金黄色葡萄球菌CFUs数量减少2.5log(5.11×108至1.65×106;P=0.001)和绿脓杆菌CFUs数量减少2.9log(1.69×109至1.91×106;P=0.002)。单独使用流体动力盐水输送的机械破坏将金黄色葡萄球菌CFUs数量减少2.3log单位(5.11×108至2.38×106;P=0.001)和将绿脓杆菌CFUs数量减少2.4log单位(1.69×109至7.31×106;P=0.001)。然而,使用流体动力CAZS的机械破坏将金黄色葡萄球菌CFU计数减少3.9log单位(5.11×108至6.37×104;P=0.001)和将绿脓杆菌CFU计数减少5.2log单位(1.69×109至1.04×104;P=0.001)。
对没有进行平板计数的三个载玻片(对于每一处理和细菌种类)进行共焦激光扫描显微镜检查(CSLM),以便允许对照样本和处理样本的生物膜结构的成像。使用含有两种核酸染色(通过荧光绿(fluorescing green)检测活细胞的SYTO9,以及通过荧光红检测死细胞的碘化丙啶)的BACLIGHTTM Live/Dead试剂盒(Molecular Probes,Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)对载玻片染色CSLM。在染色之后,使用具有双光子MAI TAITM连接(Leica Microsystems,Bannockburn,IL)和在绿光谱和红光谱处的荧光激发和检测的LEICATM SP2声光束分离器(acoustic-optical beam splitter),在630X放大下用CSLM检查载玻片。将每一载玻片区域划分为10个等尺寸的部分。显微视野从每一部分随机选择,以1μm间隔从生物膜的顶部到基底获得图像,从而产生每一部位的图像栈(image stack)。CSLM分析揭示,厚的生物膜铺盖对照载玻片。用盐水的流体动力处理和用CAZS的静态处理显著减少了生物膜覆盖的量且减少了剩余生物膜的组织。用CAZS的流体动力处理产生了生物膜覆盖和生物膜群落数量的更大减少。结果一般对应于关于用每一处理所获得的生物膜量的相对减少的平板计数评价。
在所研究的三种处理中,使用CAZS和加压射流灌洗的动力灌注对破坏细菌生物膜是最有效的。使用盐水的动力灌注具有明显的生物膜减少效应。然而,表面活性剂和柠檬酸在灌注溶液中的存在显著增强了金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌两者生物膜中的CFU计数的减少。发生了大的、有统计学显著的减少,细菌平板计数的平均值对于金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌生物膜来说分别减少3.9log和5.2log(减少10,000到100,000倍)。在体外该数量的减少指示,在中耳或内耳、鼻腔或鼻窦腔或口腔组织或咽组织中的近似体内处理应有效破坏其中所发现的细菌生物膜。任何剩余低水平的持续细菌感染可以被宿主防御或者局部或口服的抗微生物剂以及通过施加如上所述的密封剂而被处理。
实施例2
使用在TSA固体培养基上生长的金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌培养物(即,不使用涂有HA的载玻片和DFR且不太可能包括耐久性生物膜而制得的培养物)进行的实验工作指示,含有表面活性剂但没有金属离子螯合剂的溶剂化体系作为生物膜破坏剂的效果可能低于含有表面活性剂和金属离子螯合剂的溶剂化体系。然而,任何溶剂化体系可能是比盐水溶液更有效的生物膜破坏剂。
实施例3
通过用硝酸镓代替一部分水来改性实施例1中所使用的CAZS溶剂化体系,使得该改性体系含有25%硝酸镓。还制备了去离子水中含有25%硝酸镓的对照溶液。当使用实施例1的静态处理技术评价时,施加硝酸镓对照溶液导致金黄色葡萄球菌CFUs数目减少3.4log(4个试验的平均值)和绿脓杆菌CFUs数目减少4.1log(3个试验的平均值)。含有CAZS和硝酸镓的溶液的静态施加导致金黄色葡萄球菌CFUs数目减少5.2log(2个试验的平均值)和绿脓杆菌CFUs数目减少5.5log(2个试验的平均值)。
虽然为了描述优选实施方案的目的在本文举例说明和描述了具体实施方案,但本领域普通技术人员会认识到,用于获得相同目的所设计的许多可选择的或等同的实施方案可以替代所示和所述的具体实施方案,而不偏离本发明的范围。本申请意欲包括本文所论述的优选实施方案的任何调整或改变。因此,显然本发明仅受本权利要求及其等同物的限制。
Claims (45)
1.下述(a)和(b)在制备用于治疗细菌性耳、鼻或喉疾病的药物体系中的用途:
(a)表面活性剂,其能够分离、除去或另外地破坏附着或粘附于中耳或内耳的至少一部分、鼻腔或鼻窦腔内的表面或者口腔组织或咽组织的至少一部分生物膜;和
(b)形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂,其能够在这种生物膜已被破坏的部位上提供保护层。
2.治疗细菌性耳、鼻或喉疾病的方法,所述方法包括:
a)将含有表面活性剂的溶剂化体系施加于治疗部位,所述治疗部位包括附着或粘附于中耳或内耳的至少一部分、鼻腔或鼻窦腔内的表面或者口腔组织或咽组织的细菌生物膜;
b)分离、除去或另外地破坏所述生物膜的至少一部分,以及
c)将形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂的保护层施加于所述治疗部位。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述治疗部位是在中耳中。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述治疗部位是在鼻腔或鼻窦腔中。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其包括通过喷雾、灌洗、雾化、擦拭、芯吸或滴注来施加所述溶剂化体系,且进一步包括通过冲洗、漂洗、排放或吸收从所述治疗部位除去所述溶剂化体系。
6.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其包括通过喷雾、灌洗、雾化、擦拭、芯吸或滴注来施加所述密封剂。
7.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其包括将所述溶剂化体系和密封剂直接施加于中耳或内耳中。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其包括将所述密封剂作为膜或保形涂层施加。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其包括施加所述密封剂而不填充所述治疗部位。
10.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述表面活性剂包括阴离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂、阳离子表面活性剂、两性离子表面活性剂或它们的混合物。
11.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述表面活性剂包括烷基硫酸盐、烷基磺酸盐或芳基磺酸盐。
12.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述表面活性剂是所述溶剂化体系的至少大约0.2%。
13.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述表面活性剂是所述溶剂化体系的大约0.3%到大约30%。
14.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述表面活性剂是所述溶剂化体系的大约0.5%到大约25%。
15.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述溶剂化体系进一步包括金属离子螯合剂。
16.根据权利要求15所述的用途或方法,其中所述金属离子螯合剂包括钠、钙或铁的螯合剂。
17.根据权利要求15所述的用途或方法,其中所述金属离子螯合剂包括柠檬酸。
18.根据权利要求15所述的用途或方法,其中所述金属离子螯合剂以大约0.01到大约0.5M的浓度存在。
19.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述溶剂化体系进一步包括水且具有大约5到大约8.5的pH。
20.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述溶剂化体系进一步包括缓冲剂。
21.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述溶剂化体系进一步包括抗微生物剂。
22.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述密封剂是粘弹性的。
23.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述密封剂在施加之后硬化。
24.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述密封剂包括多糖。
25.根据权利要求24所述的用途或方法,其中所述密封剂包括纤维素、壳多糖、脱乙酰壳多糖、葡聚糖、糖原、葡糖胺多糖、树胶、果胶、淀粉或它们的衍生物。
26.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述密封剂包括透明质酸。
27.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述密封剂包括羧甲基纤维素。
28.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述密封剂包括类脂或多肽。
29.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述溶剂化体系或密封剂进一步包括抗微生物剂。
30.根据权利要求29所述的用途或方法,其中所述抗微生物剂包括乙酰丙酮酸镓、溴化镓、氯化镓、氟化镓、碘化镓、麦芽糖镓、硝酸镓、氮化镓、高氯酸镓、亚磷酸镓、硫酸镓或它们的混合物。
31.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其进一步包括在施加所述溶剂化体系之后和在施加所述密封剂之前施加所述抗微生物剂。
32.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述溶剂化体系和密封剂将引起金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌或卡他莫拉菌细菌的一种或多种的体外种群减少一个对数级以上。
33.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述溶剂化体系和密封剂将引起金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌或卡他莫拉菌细菌的一种或多种的体外种群减少两个对数级以上。
34.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述溶剂化体系和密封剂将引起金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌或卡他莫拉菌细菌的一种或多种的体外种群减少三个对数级以上。
35.根据权利要求1所述的用途或根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述密封剂进一步包括抗真菌剂、抗组胺剂、甾族或非甾族抗炎剂、抗寄生虫药、抗病毒剂、化学治疗剂/抗肿瘤剂、减充血剂或粘液溶解剂。
36.一种用于在已经除去生物膜的组织上阻碍细菌重新定殖和生物膜再形成的组合物,所述组合物包括:形成聚合物膜的医用密封剂和包括含镓化合物的抗微生物剂。
37.根据权利要求36所述的组合物,其中所述密封剂包括合成聚合物、天然聚合物或合成改性的天然聚合物。
38.根据权利要求36所述的组合物,其中所述密封剂包括聚乙二醇。
39.根据权利要求36所述的组合物,其中所述密封剂包括多糖、类脂或多肽。
40.根据权利要求36所述的组合物,其中所述密封剂包括羧甲基纤维素。
41.根据权利要求36所述的组合物,其中所述密封剂包括壳多糖。
42.根据权利要求36所述的组合物,其中所述密封剂包括透明质酸。
43.根据权利要求36所述的组合物,其中所述密封剂包括胶原。
44.根据权利要求36所述的组合物,其中所述密封剂包括与醛反应的多肽。
45.根据权利要求36所述的组合物,其中所述含镓的化合物包括乙酰丙酮酸镓、溴化镓、氯化镓、氟化镓、碘化镓、麦芽糖镓、硝酸镓、氮化镓、高氯酸镓、亚磷酸镓、硫酸镓或它们的混合物。
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2007
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CN105073076B (zh) * | 2012-12-04 | 2019-12-24 | 科海拉医学股份有限公司 | 含硅烷的湿固化组织密封剂 |
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CN105434346A (zh) * | 2014-08-08 | 2016-03-30 | 深圳君圣泰生物技术有限公司 | 一种制剂组合物及其制备方法、用途 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US8088095B2 (en) | 2012-01-03 |
US20150343113A1 (en) | 2015-12-03 |
US20080195037A1 (en) | 2008-08-14 |
CN101626762B (zh) | 2013-02-27 |
US9119896B2 (en) | 2015-09-01 |
US20120184926A1 (en) | 2012-07-19 |
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