CN101443534A - 用于监控除污染系统的再生的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于监控除污染系统的再生的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN101443534A
CN101443534A CNA2007800176007A CN200780017600A CN101443534A CN 101443534 A CN101443534 A CN 101443534A CN A2007800176007 A CNA2007800176007 A CN A2007800176007A CN 200780017600 A CN200780017600 A CN 200780017600A CN 101443534 A CN101443534 A CN 101443534A
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temperature
fuel
exhaust line
flow
pollution
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CN101443534B (zh
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J-M·杜克洛
F·利庞
M·瓦扎尼-沙赫迪
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Renault SAS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
    • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/027—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/029—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus the exhaust gas treating apparatus being a particulate filter
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Abstract

一种用于监控除污染系统(8)的再生的方法，在于根据系统的入口温度、通过发动机的一些燃烧室中的燃料延迟喷射和/或过滤器上游的排气系统中的直接喷射而将燃料引入排气，其特征在于，所引入的燃料流量(Qred)按照排气系统的壁的温度(Tparoi)的值而用于排气系统中的直接喷射和/或燃烧室中的延迟喷射。

Description

用于监控除污染系统的再生的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及内燃机的领域，具体地涉及柴油机型内燃机，因为其排出微粒。实际上，本发明特别涉及对微粒过滤器(FAP)的管理。
它特别应用于配备有微粒过滤器的任何车辆，同时也适用于针对清洁氮氧化物捕集器(NOx捕集器)或其去硫作用而使用附加喷射器的情况。
背景技术
与传统的氧化催化器相反，这些系统以非连续、或交替的方式运转，也就是说在正常运转的情况下，其捕集污染物从而仅在再生阶段期间处理它们。为了再生，这些过滤器或捕集器需要特定的燃烧模式，从而保证必要的热度和/或浓度。
为了再生微粒过滤器，可以在膨胀阶段期间、在高死点(PMH)之后在内燃机室中进行一个或多个延迟喷射，这些喷射是为了增加排气温度。在PMH之后长时间喷射的油气不是在燃烧室中燃烧，而是在排气管线的催化部分中燃烧。为了减小污染物排放，实际上除了FAP还可以设置位于FAP上游的排气管线中的氧化催化器(DOC)或者直接是FAP内的催化材料(例如铂)。延迟喷射的HC和CO在这些催化位置上被氧化，这增加了气体的温度。
最后，通过增加较远的后喷射的流量，在发动机出口处产生较强的HC和CO排放。还原剂在氧化催化器中反映为有氧气存在于排气中，同时产生了热量，这有助于增加微粒过滤器入口处的排气温度。
因此，微粒过滤器的再生可以使用由通常位于微粒过滤器上游的氧化催化器产生的热量，以及催化阶段的热量，该催化阶段被催化微粒过滤器覆盖。后者实现了未被氧化催化器处理过的一氧化碳和碳氢化合物的氧化功能。当催化微粒过滤器上游不存在氧化催化器时，其也可以使用通过催化微粒过滤器的氧化阶段产生的热量。
有助于再生的不同装置的激活通常是由发动机控制计算机引导，该计算机根据多个参数(即微粒过滤器的烟尘负荷)来确定再生的时刻，以及其持续时间和该阶段期间的喷射参数。
然而，为了改进再生效率，必须在过滤器内部产生温度以促进烟灰的氧化(570-650℃)，该温度大于排气的正常温度，而不管发动机的工作点。同样，为了优化对污染物整体的处理，必须最好地管理这些捕集器的储存和再生阶段。这些操作因而需要在再生阶段控制微粒过滤器入口的温度以及后喷射所造成的稀释。
当前，微粒储存单元的再生所需要的热量是借助于在汽缸膨胀阶段过程中、或者直接在排气管线中的额外喷射来产生的。通常通过利用PID(比例，积分，微分)而实现的氧化催化器出口处的温度TSDOC的循环来执行喷射调整，所述PID应用所计算的校正来调整该温度。
为了实现排气管线的催化阶段所实现的放热而设置的两个致动器对于润滑油中的碳氢燃料的稀释准则而言并不是等同的。
在汽缸中使用后喷射产生了额外的稀释成本，而排气的直接喷射方案可以在这方面减轻系统负担。
发明内容
本发明的目的是通过相比后喷射而优先选择排气管线中的还原剂喷射来最大化微粒过滤器的再生性能，从而限制与使用后喷射有关的稀释成本。
为此，其提出根据壁的温度值而将所引入的燃料流量用于排气管线中的直接喷射和/或燃烧室中的延迟喷射。
优选地，排气管线中的燃料喷射被限制在具有更小负荷的区域中以及具有更大的发动机负荷的区域中，并且排气管线中的喷射燃料的流量被限制在最大流量，该最大流量使得喷射的燃料不会在排气管线中完全被氧化。
本发明还提出一种设备，包括位于涡轮机上游的第一温度传感器、氧化催化器、用于测量除污染系统入口处的温度的第二温度传感器、以及用于确定排气管线的壁的温度的装置。
附图说明
参考附图，通过阅读下面对非限制性实施例的描述，本发明的其他特征和优点将变得明显，其中：
-图1示出了本发明的应用实例；
-图2示出了按照排气条件的喷射分配；
-图3说明了用于确定壁温度的方法；
-图4是控制的框图；以及
-图5针对三个壁温度说明了排气管线中(第五喷射器)的喷射燃料的量的饱和轨迹。
具体实施方式
图1以非限制性的方式示出了了本发明对车辆发动机的应用。其示出了四缸发动机1、涡轮机2和涡轮增压器压缩机3，以及回路EGR及其冷却器4。在排气管线中具有氧化催化器(DOC)7，其后随一微粒过滤器(FAP)8。排气管燃料喷射器9位于催化器7上游，其称为第五喷射器。有关的不同传感器是在涡轮机之前的温度传感器(Tavt)11、微粒过滤器入口的温度传感器(Tefap)13、微粒过滤器出口的温度传感器(Tesfap)14、氧气探测器16、以及压力差传感器17，或者是相对压力传感器，它们位于过滤器上游与空气之间。最后，该图示出了发动机蝶形进气阀8、EGR阀19以及用于隔离排气管线的装置21。关联的发动机计算机22接收并处理由所述传感器发送的信号，以及来自电子消费者23、电动风机组(groupemot ventilateur)25、受控温度调节器26以及大气压力和温度传感器27、28的其他信息。
在本发明的范围内，位于排气管线中的额外的喷射器，即第五喷射器9，可以位于涡轮机的上游或下游，这个位置不会影响所提出的策略。本发明的设备因而包括下列元件：排气管喷射器9、位于涡轮机上游的第一温度传感器11、氧化催化器8、用于测量除污染系统入口处的温度Tefap的第二温度传感器12、除污染系统8以及用于确定排气管线的壁的温度Tparoi的装置。根据本发明，用于测量壁的温度的装置可以是集成到计算机中的计算模型或者是壁温度传感器(未示出)。最终，除污染系统8可以是微粒过滤器或例如氮氧化物捕集器的其他系统，而排气管喷射器9可以位于涡轮机的上游或下游。
如上文所述，本发明提出在安装于排气通道中的额外喷射器与后喷射之间分配燃料的量Qred，这能够在微粒过滤器入口处达到期望的温度。
确切地说，按照排气管线的壁的温度Tparoi的瞬时值，通过微粒过滤器入口的温度控制策略所控制的还原剂的量Qred用于首先是额外的喷射器Q5inj和/或后喷射Qpoi。
本发明的原理是排气管喷射器不能够用于整个发动机工作范围。实际上，由低排气流量和低壁温所表征的区域不能实现充分的喷射燃料汽化。为了安全，可以在由高排气流量和高壁温所表征的区域中优选地不使用排气管喷射器，这是因为还原剂在氧化催化器中停留的时间对于实现还原剂完全氧化而言非常短。根据图2，排气管线中的燃料喷射因而仅用于特定的发动机工作范围，并且例如限于具有较低负荷的区域和具有较高发动机负荷的区域。
壁温度可以由传感器或集成在发动机计算机中的模型根据不同的参数来计算。为了确定壁温度Tparoi，实际上可以使用传感器或例如集成到发动机控制计算机中的计算模型，其能够给出Tparoi的瞬时值。这个温度随着图3提及的不同参数的变化而变化，所述参数包括涡轮压缩机的涡轮机之前的排气的温度Tavt、发动机的水温Teau、排气流量Qech以及(例如在入口处所测量的)空气流量Qair。所述模型可以按照发动机工作点而使用所有这些参数，或仅使用一部分参数。
待喷射的燃料量Qred取决于壁的温度、氧化催化器DOC出口的温度或FAP入口的温度Tefap，以及发动机工作点(排气流量)。燃料量Qred是借助于集成到发动机控制计算机中的模块来计算的。如图4所示，这个模块包括待喷射还原剂流量的基础调节装置(假设与致动器无关)、发动机转速/力偶工作点的图以及由PID(比例、积分、微分)型校正器根据微粒过滤器入口的温度测量值与定值温度Tcons之差而生成的校正。
取决于壁温度和穿过壁的气体流量的DOC的转换能力限定了第五喷射器的最大流量，对于该流量而言排气的喷射还原剂中的一部分不会被氧化。为了考虑这个约束，本发明提出喷入排气管线的燃料流量Q5inj限于最大流量Qinjmax，对于该最大流量而言所喷射的燃料不会在该排气管线中完全被氧化。确切地说，只要喷射流量Qinj小于排气管线中的最大可完全氧化流量Qinjmax，燃料就被优先喷入排气管线。
图5针对不同的壁温Tparoi1、Tparoi2、Tparoi3示出了第五喷射器的流量的高饱和原理。在不能使用该喷射器的两个区域中，如果FAP入口的温度控制策略要求DOC中的放热产物，则允许后喷射。
当允许使用第五喷射器时，其首先变为饱和从而被优先使用直到饱和，同时将所控制的余量转至后喷射：
-如果Qred<最大Q5inj，则Q5inj＝Qred并且Qpoi1＝0
-如果Qred≥最大Q5inj，则Q5inj＝最大Q5inj并且Qpoi1＝Qred-最大Q5inj。
因此，发动机燃烧室中的延迟喷射引入了相对于排气管线中的可氧化流量Qinjmax的燃料余量Qpoi。优选地，在将通过过滤器8的再生而控制的余量转至发动机燃烧室中的燃料的延迟喷射之前，发动机的计算机22控制专用于排气管线9的喷射器中的燃料流量Qred，直到氧化催化器7达到饱和。
在排气管喷射和后喷射同时激活的情况下，全部喷射燃料为与定值相交而优选地遵循进展斜度(rampe de progression)，从而避免喷射燃料的一部分穿过催化器而没发生反应。利用这种喷射条件，穿过催化器的还原剂在较高的排气流量和壁温的情况下可以被氧化的更好。
为了改进系统的动态，本发明提出响应于总流量定值的变化来首先改变排气管喷射的流量。这样，后喷射对于定值的变化是不敏感的。然而，由于尽可能地减小后喷射造成的稀释是优选的，因此本发明提出重新建立平衡(即实现排气管线中的可能的最大还原剂流量和发动机燃烧室中的最小流量)以逐渐增加排气管还原剂流量。
排气管线中的还原剂喷射策略的模型被并入车辆的ECU中。该策略的主要步骤如下：
-所述模型首先基于图、针对所考虑的工作点来确定待喷射的燃料的附加量(Qred)。
-对DOC出口处(或FAP入口处)的温度的测量使之能够校正这个还原剂量，从而尽可能地接近于FAP入口处的期望温度(定值温度)(TSDOC＝TEFAP)。
-所述控制接着根据排气管特性(Tparoi和QECH)来管理在第五喷射器(Q5inj)与后喷射(Qpoi1)之间的附加燃料的分配。可以只有第五喷射器不运转，或者是只有延迟喷射不运转。
最后应当指出，用于计算壁温的模型的准确度会限制对所提出策略的使用。实际上，能够在负荷转速范围上尽可能多地使用附加喷射是很重要的，而当壁温过低时不使用附加喷射也同样重要。Tparoi的值的容限将直接影响可达到的转速/负荷范围。

Claims (20)

1.一种用于控制除污染系统的再生的方法，所述除污染系统包括氧化催化器和过滤器(8)，该方法在于根据所述系统的入口处的温度、通过发动机的一些燃烧室中的燃料的延迟喷射和/或通过在所述过滤器上游的排气管线中由专用于所述排气管线的喷射器(9)所进行的直接喷射而将燃料引入排气中，其特征在于，所引入的燃料的流量(Qred)按照所述排气管线的壁的温度(Tparoi)的值而用于所述排气管线中的直接喷射和/或一些燃烧室中的延迟喷射。
2.根据权利要求1所述的控制方法，其特征在于，燃料至所述排气管线中的喷射仅用于特定的发动机工作范围。
3.根据权利要求1所述的控制方法，其特征在于，燃料至所述排气管线中的喷射限于具有较低负荷的区域和具有较高发动机负荷的区域。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3所述的控制方法，其特征在于，所述壁的温度是由传感器确定的。
5.根据权利要求1、2或3所述的控制方法，其特征在于，所述壁的温度(Tparoi)是由集成到发动机计算机中的模型根据参数来确定的，所述参数包括涡轮压缩机的涡轮机之前的排气的温度(Tavt)、水的温度(Teau)、排气的流量(Qech)和空气流量(Qair)。
6.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法，其特征在于，喷入所述排气管线的燃料的流量(Qinj)限于最大流量(Qinjmax)，对于该最大流量而言所喷射的燃料不会在该排气管线中被氧化催化器完全氧化。
7.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法，其特征在于，只要所喷射的流量(Qinj)小于所述排气管线中的最大可完全氧化流量(Qinjmax)，所述燃料就首先被喷入该排气管线。
8.根据权利要求7所述的控制方法，其特征在于，相对于所述排气管线中的可氧化流量(Qinjmax)的燃料余量(Qpoi)是由发动机燃烧室中的延迟喷射所引入的。
9.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法，其特征在于，燃料的总流量(Qred)针对每个发动机工作点、通过取决于所述过滤器的入口的温度(Tefap)与再生定值温度(Tcons)之差的因子而被校正。
10.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法，其特征在于，在将由所述过滤器的再生所控制的余量转至发动机燃烧室中的燃料的延迟喷射之前，所述发动机的计算机(22)控制专用于所述排气管线的喷射器中的燃料流量(Qred)直到氧化催化器(7)饱和。
11.根据权利要求10所述的控制方法，其特征在于，排气管喷射器的流量首先响应于总流量定值的变化而变化。
12.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法，其特征在于，所述除污染系统(8)是微粒过滤器。
13.一种用于实施根据前述权利要求之一的方法的设备，其特征在于，包括专用于排气管的喷射器(9)、位于涡轮压缩机的涡轮机上游的第一温度传感器(11)、氧化催化器(8)、用于测量除污染系统的入口的温度(Tefap)的第二温度传感器(12)、除污染系统(8)以及用于确定排气管线的壁的温度(Tparoi)的装置。
14.根据权利要求13所述的控制设备，其特征在于，所述壁温度装置是集成到计算机(22)中的计算模型。
15.根据权利要求13或14所述的控制设备，其特征在于，所述燃料喷射器(9)被放置在涡轮压缩机的涡轮机(2)的上游。
16.根据权利要求13或14所述的控制设备，其特征在于，所述燃料喷射器(9)被放置在涡轮压缩机的涡轮机(2)的下游。
17.根据权利要求13至16之一所述的控制设备，其特征在于，所述第一温度传感器(11)被放置在涡轮压缩机的涡轮机(2)的上游。
18.根据权利要求13至17之一所述的控制设备，其特征在于，其包括位于所述除污染系统的出口(Tsfap)的第四温度传感器(14)。
19.根据权利要求13至17之一所述的控制设备，其特征在于，所述除污染系统(8)是微粒过滤器。
20.根据权利要求13至17之一所述的控制设备，其特征在于，所述除污染系统(8)是氮氧化物捕集器。
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