CN101349889A - 视频全息图和用于重构视频全息图的装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及视频全息图以及用于重构视频全息图的设备,包括:包括光源(1)的光学系统、透镜(2)以及由设置为矩阵或其他规则图案的单元构成的视频全息图(3),其中每个单元有至少一个开口,所述开口的相位或幅度是可控的。视频全息图和用于重构的设备的特征在于,利用可控显示能够在宽的观察区域中实时地实现扩展空间物体(6)的全息视频表现,由此物体或者是计算机生成的,或者是由不同方式产生的。因此,全息图的空间带宽积被减少到最小,并且使用傅立叶谱的周期间隔作为逆变换平面的观察窗口(5),通过该观察窗口,物体在前面的空间中是可见的。通过跟踪观察窗口实现观察者的移动性。本发明能够有利地用于电视、多媒体、游戏和建筑领域,用于军事和医药技术,以及其他经济和社会领域。
Description
本申请是基于申请日为2003年11月11日、申请号为200380103105.X(PCT/DE2003/003791)、发明名称为“视频全息图和用于重构视频全息图的装置”的申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种视频全息图以及一种包括有光学系统的用于重构视频全息图的装置,其包括至少一个光源、透镜以及由设置成矩阵或其它规则图案的单元组成的全息图承载介质,并且每一单元带有至少一个开口,所述开口的相位和幅度可以控制,以及位于该光源的图像面中的观察平面。
背景技术
从现有技术(Stephen A.Benton,Joel S.Kollin:Threedimensional display system,US5172251)中已知使用声光学调制器(AOM)重构视频全息图的装置。这种声光学调制器将电信号转换成为光波波阵面,使用偏转镜将其重组为视频帧,以形成二维全息区域。使用其他光学元件根据各个波阵面重构观察者可见的场景。所使用的光学装置,诸如透镜和偏转元件,具有所重构的场景的尺寸。由于它们较大的深度,这些元件体积较大并且沉重。难以将它们缩小,使得它们的应用范围受到限制。
通过所谓的“片铺方法(tiling method)”,使用计算机生成全息图(CGH)提供了产生大视频全息图的另一种可能。在该方法中,从WO00/75698A1和US6,437,919B1中已知,借助于光学系统组合具有小间距的小CGH。为此,在第一步骤中,将所需要的信息写入具有小间距的快速矩阵(通常是EASLM(可电子寻址空间光调制器)),然后这些矩阵被复制到适当的全息图介质上并被组合以形成大的视频全息图。通常,可光学寻址空间光调制器(OASLM)用作全息图介质。在第二步骤中,使用传输和反射中的相干光重建所组合的视频全息图。
在具有设置成矩阵或其它规则图案的可控制开口的CGH中,例如从WO01/95016A1中或者从Fukaya等人的“Eye-position trackingtype electro-holographic display using liquid crystal devices”,Proceedings of EOS Topical Meeting on Diffractive Optics,1997中已知,利用小开口上的衍射来对场景编码。从开口出来的波阵面在它们到达观察者之前汇聚到三维场景的物点上。间距越小,于是在CGH中的开口越小,那么衍射角、即观察角就越大。相应地,使用这些扩大观察角的已知方法就可以提高分辨率。
如通常所已知的,在傅立叶全息图中,场景被重构为平面中全息图的直接傅立叶变换或逆傅立叶变换。以周期间隔周期性地继续该重构,所述周期间隔的范围反比于全息图中的间距。
如果傅立叶全息图的重构尺寸超过了周期间隔,则相邻的衍射级会交叠。随着分辨率逐渐降低,即随着开口间距的上升,重构的边缘将通过交叠更高衍射级而逐渐地变形。重构的可使用范围于是就渐渐地受限。
如果要得到更大的周期性间隔,并从而得到更大的观察角,全息图中所需要的间距就更加接近光波长。因此,CGH必须足够大,以能够重构大的场景。这两个条件要求具有大量开口的大CGH。然而,这在具有可控制开口形式的显示中并不可行(参见EP0992163B1)。具有可控制开口的CGH只有一到几英寸,并且间距还基本上大于1μm。
两个参数,间距和全息图尺寸,的特征就是作为全息图中开口数量的所谓的空间带宽积(SBP)。如果要产生具有50cm宽度的、带有可控制开口的CGH重构,使得观察者能够在1m的距离并以50cm宽的水平观察窗口观察场景,那么水平方向上的SBP大约为0.5*106。这对应于在CGH中1μm的距离有500,000个开口。假定纵横比为4∶3,那么在垂直方向上就需要375000个开口。相应地,如果考虑三色子象素,则CGH就包括3.75×1011个开口。如果考虑到带有可控制开口的CGH通常只允许幅度受到影响,该数目就会变为三倍。利用所谓的迂回相位效应对相位进行编码,其要求每个采样点有至少三个等距离开口。具有如此大量可控制开口的SLM迄今为止还不为人知。
必须从所要重构的场景计算全息图值。假定对于三原色的每一个颜色深度为1字节,并且帧速率为50Hz,则CGH所要求的信息流速率为50×1012=0.5×1014字节每秒。这么大量的数据流的傅立叶变换超出了当今的计算机的能力,并从而不能够基于本地计算机计算全息图。然而,通过数据网络传输如此大量的数据当前对普通用户是不可行的。
为了减少大量的计算,已经提出不计算全部的全息图,而只计算可以被观察者直接看见的这些部分,或者改变的这些部分。在上面提到的专利文献WO01/95016A1中公开了这种由可寻址子区域组成的全息图,诸如上述“片铺全息图”。计算的起始点就是所谓的有效出射光瞳,其位置可以与观察者的眼瞳孔重合。随着该观察者位置的改变,通过连续地重新计算为新的观察者位置产生图像的全息图部分,来跟踪图像。然而,这部分地不能减少计算量。
已知方法的缺陷可以归纳如下:带有声光调制器的结构体积太大,并且不能减小到由现有技术的平面显示已知的尺寸;使用片铺方法产生的视频全息图是两阶段的处理,其需要大量的技术努力并且不能很容易地减小到桌面尺寸;并且基于带有可控制开口的SLM的结构太小,以至不能重构大的场景。当前还没有具有极其小间距的大的可控制SLM,这是其所需要的,并且该技术进一步受到计算机性能以及当前可用的数据网络带宽的限制。
发明内容
本发明的目的是避开上述缺陷,并提供大视角视频全息图的扩展的实时重构。
根据本发明,通过具有权利要求1的特征的视频全息图以及用于重构视频全息图的设备,以创造性的方式实现这一目的。本发明的优选实施例在权利要求2至10中。
根据本发明,具有可控制开口的视频全息图以及用于重构视频全息图的设备的特征在于:在观察平面中,至少一个观察窗口被形成在周期间隔中,作为视频全息图的直接傅立叶变换或逆傅立叶变换,所述观察窗口允许观察者查看三维场景的重构。视频窗口的最大范围对应于光源图像平面中的逆傅立叶变换平面中的周期间隔。截头锥体在全息图和观察窗口之间伸展,所示截头锥体包含作为视频全息图菲涅耳变换的全部三维场景。
本发明中的观察窗口被近似地限制并相对于观察者的一只眼睛、目距或者相对于另一适当的区域定位。
现在,在本发明中,提供用于观察者另一只眼睛的另一观察窗口。其实现方式是通过在另一适当的位置放置所观察的光源,或者添加第二个实际的或虚拟的足够相干光源,以在光学系统中形成一对光源。该结构允许使用两只眼睛通过两个相关的观察窗口看到三维场景。可以与第二观察窗口的启动同步地根据眼睛位置来改变,即重新编码视频全息图的内容。如果几个观察者观看场景,则可以通过开启另外的光源产生多个观察窗口。
关于用于重构视频全息图的设备的本发明的另一方面,设置光学系统和全息图承载介质,使得视频全息图的更高衍射级具有第一观察窗口的零点,或者在第二观察窗口的位置具有最小强度。这样就防止了一只眼睛的观察窗口与观察者或其它观察者串扰。于是利用了较高衍射级的光强度降低,这是因为全息图承载介质的开口宽度有限和/或强度分布的最小值。矩形开口的强度分布例如是sinc2函数,其幅度快速地降低,并形成随着距离增加而降低的sin2函数。
显示中开口的数量确定对于视频全息图必须计算的值的最大数量。从计算机或通过网络向表示视频全息图的显示传输数据被限制到同样数量的值。数据流速率基本上不会不同于当今所使用的典型显示中已知的数据流速率。现在,借助于范例对其进行描述。
例如,如果通过选择足够低分辨率的显示,观察窗口从50cm(水平)×3.75cm(垂直)减小到1cm×1cm,则全息图中开口的数量会降到1/1875。在通过网络的数据传输期间,以同样的方式减少所需要的带宽。使用已知方法创建的视频全息图需要1012个开口,而在该范例中该数量降低到5×108个象素。通过其余观察窗口可以全面查看该场景。通过当今可用的显示已经能够实现根据空间带宽积对间距和全息图大小的这些要求。这样就允许在具有用于大观察窗口的大间距的显示器上经济地实现大的实时视频全息图。
通过机械地或者电子地移动光源、通过使用可移动镜面或通过使用可以任何其它方式充分定位的光源来跟踪该观察窗口。根据光源图像的移动来移动观察窗口。如果观察者移动,那么空间地移动光源,使得观察窗口跟随观察者的眼睛。这样就确保了当观察者移动时,他们也能够看到所重构的三维场景,从而他们的自由移动不受到限制。已知多种系统用于检测观察者的位置,例如有利地可以将基于磁传感器的系统用于此。
本发明也允许有效地彩色重构视频全息图。这里,使用每单元至少三个开口(表示三原色)进行重构,所述开口的幅度和相位是可以控制的,并且对于每一原色单独地编码所述开口。彩色重构视频全息图的另一种可能性就是使用本发明的设备一个接一个的执行至少三个重构,也就是为各个原色重构。
本发明允许通过可控制的显示,诸如TFT平板屏幕实时地有效地产生空间扩展场景的全息图重构,并提供大的视角。这些视频全息图可以有利地用于TV、多媒体、游戏和设计应用中,用于医疗和军事领域,以及经济和社会的许多其它领域。可以通过计算机或其它方式产生三维场景。
附图说明
下面结合附图描述和解释说明本发明的实施例,其中:
图1为视频全息图和用于重构视频全息图的设备的一般图解,表示衍射级的产生和观察窗口的位置;
图2为用于重构视频全息图的设备的一般图解,表示通过观察窗口能够查看的三维场景;
图3为用于重构视频全息图的设备的一般图解,表示对视频全息图的一部分三维场景进行编码;
图4的图表示观察平面中根据衍射级的光强度分布;和
图5为用于重构视频全息图的设备的一般图解,表示用于观察者两只眼睛的观察窗口对于衍射级的位置,以防止串扰。
具体实施方式
用于重构视频全息图的设备包括:全息图承载介质、实际或虚拟的充分相干的点或线光源、以及光学系统。该视频全息图承载介质本身由单元组成,单元被设置成矩阵或其它规则图案,每单元具有至少一个开口,所述开口的相位或幅度可控制。用于重构视频全息图的光学系统可以通过本领域所熟知的光学成像系统实现,其包括点或线激光器,或者充分相干的光源。
图1所示为视频全息图及其重构的一般结构。从光线的传播方向上看,相继地设置光源1、透镜2、全息图承载介质3以及观察平面4。观察平面4对应于具有衍射级的视频全息图的逆变换的傅立叶平面。
光源1通过透镜2所表示的光学系统成像到该观察平面4上。如果插入全息图承载介质3,其在该观察平面4中重构为傅立叶逆变换。具有周期开口的全息图承载介质3在观察平面4中等距离地产生交错的衍射级,这里出现编码成为更高衍射级的全息图,例如通过所谓的迂回相位效应。因为更高衍射级的光强度降低,所以1st和-1st的衍射级用作观察窗口5。如果没有其他明确说明,1st衍射级将会作为本发明进一步描述的基础。
这里选择重构的尺寸,以对应于观察平面4中1st衍射级的周期间隔的尺寸。相应地,配属有更高的衍射级,而没有形成间距,也没有交叠。
作为傅立叶变换,所选择的1st衍射级形成全息图承载介质3的重构。然而,其并不表示实际三维场景6。其只是用作观察窗口,通过其可以观察三维场景6(参见图2)。以1st衍射级的射线束内的圆环(circle)的形式表示实际的三维场景6。该场景于是位于在全息图承载介质3和观察窗口5之间延伸的重构截头锥体之内。场景6被处理为全息图承载介质3的菲涅耳变换,而该观察窗口5是部分的傅立叶变换。
图3所示为对应的全息图编码。该三维场景由离散点组成。以观察窗口5作为底边、并且以场景6中所选择的点7作为顶点的棱椎,延长通过该点并投影到全息图承载介质3上。在全息图承载介质3上创建了投影区域8,该点全息地编码在所述投影区域中。可以确定点7至全息图承载介质3的单元之间的距离,以计算相位值。这种重构允许观察窗口5的大小受到周期间隔的限制。然而,如果点7在整个全息图承载介质3中被编码,那么该重构就会超出周期间隔。来自相邻衍射级的观察区域就会交叠,其将导致观察者看到点7的周期延拓。这样编码表面的轮廓由于多个交叠而会模糊。
利用强度随着衍射级的增高而降低来抑制与其它观察窗口的串扰(cross-talking)。图4示意性地表示衍射级上的光强度分布,通过CGH中开口的宽度确定所述分布。横坐标所示为衍射级。1st衍射级表示用于左眼的观察窗口5,即左观察窗口,通过其可以观察该三维场景。通过光强度随着更高衍射级而降低,并且另外通过该强度分布的零点来抑制进入右眼观察窗口的串扰。
当然,观察者可以使用两眼观察全息图3的场景6(参见图5)。对于右眼,选择由光源1′的-1st衍射级表示的右观察窗口5′。如从附图中可见,这个光以非常低的强度影响左眼。这里,其对应于-6th衍射级。
对于左眼,选择对应于光源1的位置的1st衍射级。同样的形成左观察窗口5。根据本发明,使用在相对于眼睛的固定位置中的光源1和1′,重构对应的三维场景6和6′(未示出)。因此当开启光源1和1′时,全息图3将被重新编码。可替换地,这两个光源1和1′可以在两个观察窗口5和5′中同时重构全息图3。
如果观察者移动,跟踪光源1和1′,使得两个观察窗口5和5′保持位于该观察者的眼睛上。同样可以应用于法向、即垂直于视频全息图方向上的移动。
进一步,如果通过开启另外的光源而创建另外的观察窗口,几个观察者可以看到三维场景。
Claims (10)
1.一种视频全息图和用于重构视频全息图的设备,包括:由提供充分相干光的至少一个实际或虚拟的点或线光源构成的光学系统,透镜和全息图承载介质,所述全息图承载介质由设置成矩阵或其它规则图案的单元组成,并且每单元具有至少一个开口,所述开口的相位和幅度是可控制的,以及位于所述光源图像平面的观察平面,其特征在于:
在观察平面中,至少一个观察窗口(5)位于由视频全息图(3)的逆傅立叶变换而重构的周期间隔中,通过所述视频全息图可以看到三维场景(6)的重构,并且所述观察窗口(5)的范围不超过所述周期间隔。
2.根据权利要求1的视频全息图和设备,其特征在于所述观察窗口(5)近似地相对于观察者的一只眼睛、目距或者相对于另一适当的区域被限定和定位。
3.根据权利要求1的视频全息图和设备,其特征在于为观察者的另一只眼睛分配第二观察窗口(5′),所述第二观察窗口通过在另一适当的位置开启第二个实际或虚拟的充分相干光源(1′),以在所述光学系统中形成一对光源而得到。
4.根据权利要求3的视频全息图和设备,其特征在于设置所述光学系统和所述全息图承载介质(3),使得用于所述第一观察窗口(5)的视频全息图(3)的更高衍射级在所述第二观察窗口(5′)的位置具有零点或强度最小值。
5.根据权利要求4的视频全息图和设备,其特征在于可以为所述第二只眼睛同步地重新编码所述全息图承载介质(3),以开启所述第二观察窗口(5′)。
6.根据权利要求3至5的视频全息图和设备,其特征在于可以为多个观察者开启多个光源。
7.根据权利要求1至6中之一的视频全息图和设备,其特征在于可以通过机械或电子位移、通过可移动的镜面或其它适当的方式来定位所述光源。
8.根据权利要求1至7之一的视频全息图和设备,其特征在于由至少一个位置传感器根据观察者的位置提供确定光源位置所需要的信息。
9.根据权利要求1的视频全息图和设备,其特征在于彩色地重构视频全息图,其中所述全息图承载介质(3)由设置成矩阵或其它规则图案的单元组成,并且每单元具有至少三个开口,表示三原色,所述开口的相位和/或幅度是可以控制的,并且对于每一原色单独地编码所述开口。
10.根据权利要求1的视频全息图和设备,其特征在于通过各个原色中至少三个相继执行的重构来实现彩色重构。
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103186090B (zh) * | 2013-03-14 | 2015-08-26 | 北京工业大学 | 数字全息成像在线重构显示系统及方法 |
CN109564403A (zh) * | 2016-05-18 | 2019-04-02 | 视瑞尔技术公司 | 用于生成全息图的方法 |
CN109564403B (zh) * | 2016-05-18 | 2021-05-28 | 视瑞尔技术公司 | 用于生成全息图的方法 |
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