CN101344036A - 涡轮机 - Google Patents

涡轮机 Download PDF

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CN101344036A
CN101344036A CNA2008101379363A CN200810137936A CN101344036A CN 101344036 A CN101344036 A CN 101344036A CN A2008101379363 A CNA2008101379363 A CN A2008101379363A CN 200810137936 A CN200810137936 A CN 200810137936A CN 101344036 A CN101344036 A CN 101344036A
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rotor shaft
turbo machine
magnetic bearing
motor
radial
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CN101344036B (zh
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W·博森
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Atlas Copco Energas GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/18—Rotors
    • F04D29/20—Mounting rotors on shafts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/16—Arrangement of bearings; Supporting or mounting bearings in casings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/10—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D17/00—Radial-flow pumps, e.g. centrifugal pumps; Helico-centrifugal pumps
    • F04D17/08—Centrifugal pumps
    • F04D17/10—Centrifugal pumps for compressing or evacuating
    • F04D17/12—Multi-stage pumps
    • F04D17/122—Multi-stage pumps the individual rotor discs being, one for each stage, on a common shaft and axially spaced, e.g. conventional centrifugal multi- stage compressors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/04—Shafts or bearings, or assemblies thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/05—Shafts or bearings, or assemblies thereof, specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/051—Axial thrust balancing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/05—Shafts or bearings, or assemblies thereof, specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/056—Bearings
    • F04D29/058—Bearings magnetic; electromagnetic
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/05—Shafts or bearings, or assemblies thereof, specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/056—Bearings
    • F04D29/059—Roller bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C32/00—Bearings not otherwise provided for
    • F16C32/04—Bearings not otherwise provided for using magnetic or electric supporting means
    • F16C32/0406—Magnetic bearings
    • F16C32/044—Active magnetic bearings
    • F16C32/0474—Active magnetic bearings for rotary movement
    • F16C32/0489—Active magnetic bearings for rotary movement with active support of five degrees of freedom, e.g. two radial magnetic bearings combined with an axial bearing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00—Application
    • F05D2220/40—Application in turbochargers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00—Application
    • F05D2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05D2220/76—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05D2220/766—Application in combination with an electrical generator via a direct connection, i.e. a gearless transmission
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/50—Bearings
    • F05D2240/51—Magnetic
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/50—Bearings
    • F05D2240/52—Axial thrust bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/50—Bearings
    • F05D2240/54—Radial bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2360/00—Engines or pumps
    • F16C2360/44—Centrifugal pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2380/00—Electrical apparatus
    • F16C2380/26—Dynamo-electric machines or combinations therewith, e.g. electro-motors and generators

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Magnetic Bearings And Hydrostatic Bearings (AREA)
  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
  • Supercharger (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种涡轮机，其包括外壳、电机、支撑在外壳中的转子轴，电机的转子安装在转子轴上，径向叶轮安装在转子轴的至少一端上。根据本发明，作用在径向叶轮的内表面上的磁轴承半部安装在转子轴的端部处，用于相对于外壳的叶轮侧的端壁来轴向支撑转子轴。

Description

涡轮机
技术领域
本发明涉及涡轮机，其包括外壳、电机和支撑在外壳中的转子轴，其中，电机的转子安装在转子轴上，并且径向叶轮安装在转子轴的至少一端上。
背景技术
在实践中，已知具有轴向磁性支撑的转子轴的涡轮机，其中为了轴向支撑，磁轴承半部(magnetic bearing half)与轴向支承盘或相对设置的收缩到转子轴上的轴肩相连。组合磁轴承设计也是已知的，其中，两个轴向磁轴承半部在位于转子轴上的旋转多盘组件的两侧表面上安装在转子轴的一端上，该多盘组件的侧表面被径向磁轴承封闭，转子轴的相对端同样地也可以支撑在径向磁轴承上。
在实践中还已知具有上述特征且其转子轴支撑在主动磁轴承(active magnetic bearing)上的涡轮机，该主动磁轴承安装在转子轴的位于径向叶轮前方的端部上。主动磁轴承需要连续的电力供应和在电力故障情况下保护轴承的所谓辅助轴承(backup bearing)。该辅助轴承典型地是在停止状态或在磁轴承失效的情况下支撑转子轴的机械式径向和轴向紧急情况球轴承。
由于对于已知的主动磁轴承，所需的磁场通过电磁体产生，所以可以通过改变电磁体的线圈中的电流而改变磁场，从而改变所作用的支承力。因此，为了允许把转子轴支撑在主动磁轴承上，反馈控制对于调整相应的支承力来说是必须的。当为转子轴使用磁轴承时，这种涡轮机可以以非常高的旋转速度操作。但是，转子轴在高操作速度时的弯曲临界固有频率(bending-critical natural frequency)接近或低于涡轮机的最大连续操作频率。这使得磁轴承的稳定的主动调节变得非常复杂甚至不可能。
通过两个预防性措施根本排除涡轮机在频率可能出现在转子轴的弯曲临界固有频率的区域中的状态中操作。首先，在涡轮机的设计中已经降低了允许的操作速度。对于涡轮机的给定输出和要求，这个措施导致更大的涡轮机的构造，其设计成低于最佳旋转速度的压缩机级或膨胀机级与最佳设计相比也具有降低的效率。其次，可以省略额外的轴向支承盘。这样，由于转子轴可以缩短用于额外的轴向支承盘的轴段的长度，可以降低转子轴的质量，从而增加转子轴的弯曲临界固有频率。当省略轴向支承盘时，轴向磁轴承半部接合在小得多的轴肩上或接合在收缩到转子轴上的旋转多盘组件上，但这会使轴向支承力不利地降低。
发明内容
考虑到这个技术背景，本发明的目的在于提供一种涡轮机，该涡轮机具有上述特征、具有短的转子轴和小的转子质量以允许增加转子的弯曲临界固有频率从而增加涡轮机的操作速度，所述涡轮机还具有足够大小的轴向磁轴承，用于吸收径向叶轮的通常很高的静态和动态压力以及轴向脉冲推力。
实现这个目的的本发明的主题是根据权利要求1的涡轮机。根据本发明的涡轮机的基本设计包括外壳、电机和支撑在外壳中的转子轴。电机的转子安装在转子轴上。径向叶轮也安装在转子轴的至少一端上。为了轴向支撑转子轴，作用在径向叶轮的内表面上的轴向磁轴承半部在所述外壳的叶轮侧的端壁处安装在转子轴的至少一端上。
磁轴承运行不需要油润滑系统，并通常已经被证明是无磨损的。磁轴承也允许在非常低的损耗和高水平的操作平稳性下实现最大的旋转速度，从而确保整体在经济上有利和密封的操作。为此，根据本发明的涡轮机的转子轴也优选径向支撑在磁轴承上。
在本发明的一个优选设计中，径向叶轮安装在转子轴的两端上。此外，位于外壳的两个叶轮侧的端壁上的磁轴承半部同样地安装在转子轴的两端上，用于轴向支撑转子轴。每个磁轴承半部作用在与其相关联的径向叶轮的环形内表面上。从而径向叶轮的内表面作为用于两个轴向磁轴承半部中每一个的足够尺寸的环形盘表面使用，并作为用于轴向磁轴承半部的支承盘起作用。通过本发明的这个优选设计，径向叶轮所承受的高静态和动态压力以及脉冲轴向推力被足够的静态和动态轴向支承力抵消。
用于转子轴的径向和轴向磁轴承优选是具有控制系统的主动磁轴承，该控制系统能够改变该时刻所作用的相应支承力。由于转子轴的位置可以通过非接触传感器测量，因此可以在涡轮机的操作期间精确地控制转子轴。为了保护主动磁轴承，在涡轮机的这个设计中，在转子轴上的位于用于径向磁轴承和径向叶轮的支承轴颈之间的区域中设置径向辅助轴承。这些径向辅助轴承通常设计为滑动轴承或优选设计为滚子轴承，例如球轴承。此外，为了密封转子轴，轴封的旋转部件安装在辅助轴承和径向叶轮之间。
为了轴向支撑转子轴，在本发明的一个特别优选的设计中，磁轴承半部安装在用于辅助轴承和轴密封的旋转部件的轴嵌入物(inset)的这个区域中。与公知的涡轮机相比，这个设计方法降低了轴向空间的需求，并避免轴突出部分的额外延长。在本发明的这个设计中，悬垂于径向磁轴承和径向叶轮之间的轴的尺寸设计成使得在转子轴的轴向上轴封和辅助轴承在转子轴上具有刚好足够的空间。
在本发明的另一个优选设计中，涡轮机具有径向设计的二级压缩机。在这个设计中，电机是电动机。此外，涡轮机也可以设计成向心设计的二级膨胀涡轮机，相应地，电动机作为发电机操作。本发明还包括具有压缩级(compression stage)和膨胀级(expansion stage)的涡轮机。在这个设计中，一方面，当压缩级的所需驱动输出大于由膨胀级输送的轴输出时，电机作为电动机操作。另一方面，当由膨胀级输送的轴输出大于压缩级所需的驱动输出时，电机也可以作为发电机操作。根据压缩级和膨胀级的特定操作条件，电机可以作为电动机或发电机操作。
附图说明
下面参考仅示出了一个例示的实施方式的一个视图说明本发明，该单一附图示意性地示出了根据本发明的涡轮机的横截面视图。
具体实施方式
图中所示的涡轮机1的基本设计包括外壳2、电机3和支撑在外壳2中的转子轴4，电机3的转子安装在转子轴4上，径向叶轮5安装在转子轴4的至少一端上。此外，磁轴承半部6设置在转子轴4的至少一端处，用于相对于外壳2的叶轮侧的端壁轴向支撑转子轴4。这个磁轴承半部6作用在径向叶轮5的内表面7上。
图中示出的根据本发明的涡轮机1的优选设计还包括在其转子轴4的相对端上安装的径向叶轮8。转子轴4的第二端也轴向支撑在磁轴承半部9上，该磁轴承半部9作用在相关联的径向叶轮8的内表面10上。此外，所示的涡轮机1的转子轴4同样地径向支撑在磁轴承11和12上。在涡轮机1的这个实施方式中，径向磁轴承11和12以及轴向磁轴承半部6和9是主动磁轴承，并具有控制系统(图1中未示出)，通过该控制系统可以控制该时刻作用在磁轴承上的支承力。同样也没有示出连续检测转子轴4的位置从而允许精确地调整转子轴轴承的传感器。在径向叶轮5和8与径向磁轴承11和12之间设置有辅助轴承13和14，以保护主动磁轴承。这些辅助轴承13和14有利地设计成滚子轴承。滚子轴承可以设计为具有由金属材料或陶瓷材料制成的滚珠的球轴承。轴向磁轴承半部6和9安装在外壳2的叶轮侧的端壁上。在轴台(shaft setback)15和16的区域中提供辅助轴承13和14以及轴封17和18的安装。位于径向磁轴承和径向叶轮之间的轴台15或16在各种情况下的尺寸设置成使得轴封和辅助轴承具有刚好足够的空间。
在本发明的所示的优选实施方式中，涡轮机1可以是径向设计的二级压缩机。在所示的设计中电机3可以是电动机。所示的涡轮机1也可以设计成向心设计的二级膨胀涡轮机，电动机3相应地作为发电机操作。
根据本发明的涡轮机1的所示的实施方式也可以具有膨胀涡轮级和压缩涡轮级。在这个设计中，一方面，当压缩级所需的驱动输出大于膨胀级输送的轴输出时，电机3可以作为电动机操作。另一方面，当膨胀级输送的轴输出大于压缩级所需的驱动输出时，电机3也可以作为发电机操作。根据该单个附图中所示的本发明的优选实施方式的压缩级和膨胀级的特定操作条件，电机3可以作为电动机或作为发电机操作。

Claims (6)

1.一种涡轮机(1)，所述涡轮机包括外壳(2)、电机(3)和支撑在所述外壳(2)中的转子轴(4)，所述电机(3)的转子安装在所述转子轴(4)上，径向叶轮(5)安装在所述转子轴(4)的至少一端上，其特征在于，为了轴向支撑所述转子轴(4)，在所述外壳(2)的叶轮侧的端壁上安装有作用在所述径向叶轮(5)的内表面(7)上的磁轴承半部(6)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的涡轮机(1)，其特征在于，所述转子轴(4)由磁轴承(11，12)径向支撑。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的涡轮机(1)，其特征在于，相应的径向叶轮(5，8)安装在所述转子轴(4)的端部上，并且为了轴向支撑所述转子轴(4)，在所述外壳(2)的两个叶轮侧的端壁上安装有作用在相关联的径向叶轮(5，8)的内表面(7，10)上的相应的磁轴承半部(6，9)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的涡轮机(1)，其特征在于，轴向磁轴承半部(6，9)和径向磁轴承(11，12)是主动磁轴承，并且涡轮机(1)具有用于保护所述磁轴承(6，9，11，12)的辅助轴承(13，14)并具有轴封(17，18)，所述辅助轴承(13，14)和轴封(17，18)在所述径向磁轴承(11，12)和所述径向叶轮(5，8)之间的相应轴段中安装在所述转子轴(4)的端部处。
5.根据权利要求1至4中之一所述的涡轮机(1)，其特征在于，所述涡轮机(1)是二级压缩机或二级膨胀机，并且所述电机(3)是电动机或发电机。
6.根据权利要求1至4中之一所述的涡轮机(1)，其特征在于，所述涡轮机(1)具有压缩机级和膨胀机级，并且根据所述压缩机级和所述膨胀机级的操作条件，所述电机(3)可以作为电动机或作为发电机操作。
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