CN101198679A - 防止锅炉的热传递表面沉积氯的方法 - Google Patents
防止锅炉的热传递表面沉积氯的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- F23J7/00—Arrangement of devices for supplying chemicals to fire
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
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- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
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- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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Abstract
本发明涉及防止锅炉热传递表面特别是过热器上沉积氯的方法,在该锅炉中燃烧含氯的燃料,例如生物质或废物燃料,且向该蒸汽锅炉,优选在所述过热器区域中,通入含硫酸盐的化合物,其生成特殊的试剂以固定碱性化合物。所述化合物是硫酸铁(Ⅲ)Fe2(SO4)3和/或硫酸铝(Ⅲ)Al2(SO4)3。
Description
本发明涉及防止锅炉热传递表面上,特别是过热器上沉积氯的方法,在该锅炉中燃烧含氯的燃料,例如生物质或废物燃料,且在该情况下向炉子,优选在所述过热器区域中,通入含硫酸盐的化合物,其生成特定的试剂以固定碱性化合物。
已知通过混合不同的燃料来试图防止氯的沉积。也已经做了向燃料流体中加入试剂的实验。在该研究过程中,在其中已经看来,硫和硅酸铝化合物都具有防止氯的沉积的效果。已知最好的是如下四种硫试剂:(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4、FeSO4和H2SO4。
硫和硅酸铝化合物都能与碱金属氯化物反应,在该情况下氯生成氢氯酸, (其中该氯不转移至沉积物),而碱金属保持或者与硫酸盐(硫)或者与硅酸铝(AlO3*nSiO2*yH2O,二氧化硅和结晶水的量可以变化)结合。这意味着必须有足够的二氧化硅存在于该氧化物型中以使铝起作用。这里,所述氧化物型是指含氧的全硅化合物。
专利出版物FI93674和DD294548公开了一些循环物质和流动床锅炉。这些出版物都公开了向炉子中加入含有高岭土(=硅酸铝,高岭石Al2Si2O5(OH)4)的物质。一个目的是为了防止在热表面上结垢和沉积。
出版物US2004/0068988 A1公开了一种方法,其中通过向位于热交换器中的渠道中加入含硫的添加剂溶液来减少热交换器中由氯导致的腐蚀。
出版物FI 823943公开了改进打算产生能量的燃料的燃烧的方法。通过该方法,减少了炉子表面的腐蚀和结垢。在该方法中,将催化剂投料到燃烧区中,其中所述催化剂含有至少下列元素Al、Mg、Mn和Zn。
还已知在焚化炉的高温区中使用铝化合物以防止沉积。(日本专利摘要,出版物JP 62261802的概述)。
出版物US6649135公开了在所谓的脱氯室16中使用硅酸铝在反应中固定碱金属并释放HCl。
国际专利申请WO 02/059526详细公开了在燃烧过程中从碱金属氯化物中捕捉碱金属的方法。在该方法中,将下列化合物之一加入到炉子中:硫酸铵(NH4)2SO4、硫酸氢铵(NH4)HSO4、硫酸亚铁FeSO4或硫酸H2SO4。其目的是产生三氧化硫(SO3),其可由化合物中的二氧化硫(SO2)间接生成。根据该出版物,该化合物优选加入到温度为600-1000℃的烟道气中。
出版物DE 19249022也提出以二氧化硫(SO2)作为固定碱金属氯化物的试剂。该出版物还提到了三氧化硫(SO3),没有解释它们之间的确切关系。提出以硫酸镁(MgSO4)作为经济的化合物来提供二氧化硫。
本发明旨在创造比以前的方法更有优势的新方法,来防止特别是在过热器中的氯的沉积。
在所附的权利要求中陈述了本发明的特有特征。令人惊讶地观察到,为了固定碱金属化合物,所提出的化合物,硫酸铁(III)Fe2(SO4)3和硫酸铝(III)Al2(SO4)3,比以前建议的任何化合物更有效。正在讨论的添加剂在炉子中有强烈的分解趋势,因此它们的硫几乎完全转化为三氧化硫(SO3)。它们应该被加入到靠近过热器表面处或类似的以液体形式有效地存在于液滴中,以产生强大的效果。
本发明特别适合应用于流动床锅炉,或具有相似的烟道气温度范围(600-1000℃)的其它蒸汽锅炉。尽管本发明对于过热器的防腐蚀最为重要,本发明还帮助减少热表面的结垢。
其中,该化合物的优异的作用看来是由于化合物中存在大比例的有效的硫。例如,硫酸铁(III)Fe2(SO4)3热分解生成三氧化二铁和三氧化硫,其可非常强烈地固定碱金属化合物。这具有显著的技术效果。正如所知,本领域中的文献指出,三氧化二铁SO2→SO3反应作为催化剂,这也意味着该氧化物将有效地防止已经生成的SO3的还原。
所使用的化合物具有或不具有结晶水,无论其是单独的、作为混合物,或是作为更大的分子的一部分(例如硫酸铝铵NH4Al(SO4)2)。如果它们作为溶液被喷洒到流动床锅炉的过热器区域,经济剂量的硫和硫/铝化合物基的试剂将足以防止氯的沉积。
在硫化合物中,三氧化硫SO3有效地破坏从燃料中蒸发出来的碱金属氯化物,否则该碱金属氯化物将会冷凝在过热器表面上,导致氯腐蚀。
原则上,本发明具有在世界范围内应用的潜力。当需要从亚氯酸盐的生物质和废物中产生能量时,就需要本发明。
下面,参照所附的图来详细审查本发明,这些图展示了本发明的一些实施方案。
图1显示了在固定剂量下的反应试剂的对比。
图2显示了已知的试剂在不同剂量下的效果。
图3显示了根据本发明的试剂在不同剂量下的效果。
在这些实施方案中,如果将它们喷洒到蒸汽锅炉的过热器区域中,经济剂量的硫和铝化合物基的试剂将足以防止氯的沉积。在这种情况下,这些试剂将不会散布在炉子的较低的部分,以便在破坏碱金属化合物时能用它们来实现优异的效果/价格比例。如果要将试剂加入到溶液中,要求其溶于液体。此外,该试剂应该是廉价的,且对于硫试剂的情况,分子中应该有大比例的硫。硫酸铝(III)Al2(SO4)3和硫酸铁(III)Fe2(SO4)3满足前述的条件。由它们而得到三氧化硫(SO3),其立即与碱金属化合物反应。
如果该碱金属化合物以通式MCl来表示,它们的固定将基于如下化学方程式:2MCl+SO3+H2O>2HCl+M2SO4。
在所附的图1-3中显示了使用所选择的试剂和剂量而在沉积探测器上的氯的沉积物。柱状物显示在不同点处的沉积物的氯含量。该沉积物的氯含量在每次燃烧试验后进行分析。实验在20kW实验锅炉内进行,其中燃烧树皮和回收的颗粒状燃料的混合物。经3小时的周期收集沉积物,并在探测器的迎风处和背风处的表面上和在相对于烟道气的进口方向成50°角处进行测量,
图1显示了使用此前已知的文献试剂(硫酸铵,前述的WO出版物)和两种根据本发明的试剂时,与较细的飞灰(<4.1微米)一起运动的氯的质量流量和燃烧所述危险的燃料时的腐蚀1(硫酸铝(III))和腐蚀2(硫酸铁(III))。所用的剂量为:试剂的摩尔硫流量与燃料的摩尔氯流量的比例=3。
图2显示了使用不同剂量的此前已知的试剂时,在不同取样点处的氯的沉积。S/Cl=该试剂的摩尔硫流量与燃料的摩尔氯流量的比例。
图3显示了如图2中的对比,只不过试剂是根据本发明的硫酸铝。图3的第一个“起始状态”系列显示了不使用添加剂时的参照值。除了迎风的表面以外,氯强烈沉积。在其它测试中,硫酸铝的剂量与硫/氯(即S/Cl摩尔比,它表示试剂中所含的硫与燃料中所含的氯的摩尔比)有关。在摩尔比为0.9、1.5、3和4.5下进行实验。总体上看,实验表明,1.5-2.0的摩尔剂量就已经将氯的沉积物减少到它们不再有害的程度。在锅炉规模中,其中条件不是理想的,2-3的范围是足够的。
硫酸盐的更有利的剂量是每摩尔氯2-5摩尔硫。
准确地加入试剂防止了使用生物质和废物燃料的蒸汽锅炉中热传递表面的腐蚀。通常,对于这个目的,可溶性的SO4 2-化合物是适宜的。
将所用的化合物以水溶液和尺寸为1-100微米,优选10-20微米的液滴对着烟道气流动的方向喷洒到过热器区域的前侧。可用商业上的喷嘴来实现该液滴尺寸。这里可例如使用喷雾技术,其称作SCR/SNCR技术。
正在讨论的硫酸盐易溶于水(至少30wt%和至多80wt%的溶液)。这取决于该试剂、更准确地说取决于CRC,见Handbook of Chemistryand Physics。优选使用最浓的可能的溶液,以避免把过多的水喷洒到锅炉中。
从图1可见,在以S/Cl的比例度量的添加剂的剂量之外,许多其它因素影响着该试剂从碱金属氯化物中捕捉氯的的能力。当细的飞灰(小于4.1微米)被压缩到相连的取样器中时,对它们进行分析,揭示了碱金属氯化物的存在。除了硫外,阳离子(商购试剂的阳离子,Fe3+或Al3+)以例如铝-硅酸盐反应的形式在促进硫酸盐化中起到了积极作用,或带来了增加的能力。
当比较图2和图3时将会注意到,如果剂量是固定的,与已知的文献试剂相比,硫酸铝(III)(图3)是多么更有效地防止了氯的沉积。通过硫酸盐化从碱金属氯化物中捕捉碱金属是有效的,此外,在这些条件下,铝也能生成碱金属硅铝酸盐,因为硫酸铝(III)本身明显地证明了也比硫酸铁(III)更有效。图1、2和3还彼此呼应:从图1可见,如果S/CL是固定的,使用硫酸铝(III)比使用文献试剂,碱金属氯化物含量显著更低,相应地,使用硫酸铝(III)比使用文献试剂,氯的沉积明显更弱。
Claims (4)
1.防止锅炉热传递表面上,特别是过热器上沉积氯的方法,在该锅炉中燃烧含氯的燃料,例如生物质或废物燃料,且向所述蒸汽锅炉,优选在所述过热器区域中,通入含硫酸盐的化合物,其生成特定的试剂以固定碱性化合物,其特征在于所述化合物是硫酸铁(III)Fe2(SO4)3和/或硫酸铝(III)Al2(SO4)3。
2.权利要求1的方法,其特征在于所述化合物自身、作为混合物,或作为更大的分子的一部分,具有或不具有结晶水。
3.权利要求1-2的任一项的方法,其特征在于将所述化合物以水溶液和尺寸为1-100微米,优选10-20微米的液滴喷洒到过热器或其它待保护的热表面的前侧。
4.权利要求1-3的任一项的方法,其特征在于所述硫酸盐的剂量为:在燃料不含硫的情况下,对于燃料中所含的每摩尔氯来说,所述试剂中所含的硫为2-5mol。
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CN103409199A (zh) * | 2013-08-22 | 2013-11-27 | 华北电力大学 | 一种生物质锅炉防腐蚀剂及其制备和应用 |
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CN101504148B (zh) * | 2007-12-10 | 2013-05-29 | 美特索电力公司 | 防止锅炉热交换表面腐蚀的方法以及添加材料的供应装置 |
CN103409199A (zh) * | 2013-08-22 | 2013-11-27 | 华北电力大学 | 一种生物质锅炉防腐蚀剂及其制备和应用 |
CN103409199B (zh) * | 2013-08-22 | 2015-04-15 | 华北电力大学 | 一种生物质锅炉防腐蚀剂及其制备和应用 |
CN105276598A (zh) * | 2015-10-21 | 2016-01-27 | 西安交通大学 | 同时控制生物质CFB锅炉受热面结焦腐蚀和NOx排放的方法 |
CN105276598B (zh) * | 2015-10-21 | 2017-08-01 | 西安交通大学 | 同时控制生物质CFB锅炉受热面结焦腐蚀和NOx排放的方法 |
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