CN101164208A - 极低成本的表面发射激光二极管阵列 - Google Patents

极低成本的表面发射激光二极管阵列 Download PDF

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CN101164208A
CN101164208A CNA200680009396XA CN200680009396A CN101164208A CN 101164208 A CN101164208 A CN 101164208A CN A200680009396X A CNA200680009396X A CN A200680009396XA CN 200680009396 A CN200680009396 A CN 200680009396A CN 101164208 A CN101164208 A CN 101164208A
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array
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M·奥索夫斯基
J·E·安格
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Abstract

单个半导体管芯上的半导体激光器阵列。所述管芯包括多个光学耦合到反射表面的激光器条。所述激光器条产生多个激光束,所述激光束在基本平行于所述管芯的上表面的方向上传播。所述反射表面使所述激光束改道以在基本垂直于上表面的方向上发射。备选地,所述反射表面可以使所述激光束改道以从管芯的底表面发射。所述反射表面可以通过蚀刻邻近取向的III-V族半导体管芯使得所述反射表面沿着所述管芯的(111)A晶面延伸而形成。

Description

极低成本的表面发射激光二极管阵列
本申请要求2005年1月24日提交的美国申请No.11/042,759的优先权。
技术领域
所公开的主题一般涉及半导体激光器领域。
背景技术
半导体激光二极管阵列是用于各种应用的有效且可靠的高功率相干光源,所述各种应用包括固态激光器的泵浦、皮肤病学以及材料处理。单独寻址的激光器的阵列还用于数据通信。
高功率激光器阵列通常通过组合多个激光器“棒”制造。每个激光器棒由结合了多个(典型地,20个)边发射激光器条的单个半导体芯片组成。每个激光器棒被安装到它自己的热沉或热冷却器上,且很多这样的组件被组合成垂直或水平的堆栈(stack)以形成整个高功率阵列。
使用边发射技术的阵列具有强烈限制它们的应用的缺点。具体而言,大的阵列制造起来是很昂贵的,因为所述堆栈中的每个激光器棒必须被单独劈开、涂覆、测试和安装然后组装。这些操作需要从母晶片分离各个激光器棒,因为边发射激光器需要一个劈开的反射激光器刻面(facet)用于工作。
高功率水冷多层堆栈也是易碎和不可靠的,因为它们需要微通道水冷却器,这种冷却器容易阻塞并且易于在o环密封处发生水泄漏。
而且,这些阵列的多层构造使其难以在棒之间以及和外部聚焦光学系统之间维持准确的位置对准,这降低了所产生的激光束的光学品质。
表面发射激光二极管不需要劈开的激光刻面,且可以低成本地在晶片级制造和测试。结合了大量表面发射二极管的单个管芯可用于制备仅需要单个冷却器的粗糙的、低成本的激光器阵列,且各个激光器之间具有极好的对准。不幸的是,称为垂直腔表面发射激光器(VCSEL)二极管的商用表面发射技术具有极高的热学和电学阻抗,这导致不良的输出功率和低的效率。
试图将面内激光二极管与干法蚀刻的偏转镜相结合,以制造低成本的表面发射激光器和阵列。不幸的是,由这些技术制造的反射镜的制造产量、角度精确度和光学平滑度对于商业应用是不够的。
发明内容
一种半导体激光器阵列,包括光学耦合到多个激光器条的一个或多个反射表面。所述反射表面沿着管芯的(111)A晶面布置。
附图说明
图1是示出半导体激光器阵列的透视图的图解;
图2是示出半导体激光器的侧视图的图解;
图3是示出具有蚀刻的槽的化合物半导体晶片的透视图的图解;
图4是类似于图3但具有邻近取向的基板的狭缝的放大的剖面图的图解;
图5是示出备选实施例的侧面剖视图的图解,其中光发射区域相邻于热沉和将光反射经过管芯的基板的反射表面定位。
具体实施方式
公开了一种单个半导体管芯上的半导体激光器阵列。所述管芯包括与反射表面光学耦合的多个激光器条。所述激光器条产生多个激光束,所述激光束在基本平行于管芯的上表面的方向上传播。反射表面使所述激光束改道以在基本垂直于该上表面的方向上发射。备选地,反射表面可以使激光束改道以从管芯的下表面发射。所述反射表面可以通过蚀刻邻近取向的(vicinally oriented)III-V族半导体管芯使得反射表面沿着管芯的(111)A晶面延伸,而形成。
图1和2具体地涉及一个实施例,其中光束从上表面发射,但是如有需要,通过反转反射表面的倾斜,光束可以从下表面发射。当基板对于产生的光是不透明的时候,直接位于所述偏转镜之下的基板材料可以通过本领域中已知的工艺化学地去除。对于发射光束的“表面”的任意引用将包括管芯的上表面或下表面。
通过参考数字更具体地参考附图,图1示出了半导体激光器10的阵列。半导体激光器10制造为包含多个激光器条14和一个或多个反射元件16的半导体管芯12。典型地,一个反射元件16与一组激光器条14相关联。激光器条14产生多个激光束18,所述激光束向管芯12的边缘20传播。反射元件16反射激光束18,使得光束18从管芯12的上表面22发射。
如图2所示,每个激光器条14包括增益层24和衍射光栅反馈层26。增益层24位于P型层30和N型层31之间以提供振荡所需的光学增益。电学接触34可以位于管芯12的上表面22和下表面36上。接触34连接到引起空穴和电子从31和30迁移到有源层24中的电源。所述空穴和电子复合并发射光子。
可以由折射率不同于P型层30的半导体合金构成的衍射光栅反馈层26,可以以满足所需振荡频率的布拉格条件的周期成波纹状。层26可以沿着激光器的整个长度延伸,在这种情况下,它形成分布式反馈激光器,或者它可以在部分长度上延伸,在这种情况下,它形成分布式布拉格反射激光器。
每个反射元件16可以包括反射表面38,该反射表面可以反射激光束使其经过管芯12的上表面22中的出射刻面40。刻面40可以具有抗反射涂层,或可以具有外延的或淀积的多层堆栈,以增强反射率。反射表面38相对于上表面22以45度角形成。该45度角通过全内反射将使激光束偏转90度,使得激光垂直于上表面22从管芯12出射。反射表面38可以沿着管芯12中的凹槽42延伸。
半导体管芯12可以外延生长在磷化铟、砷化镓或其他III-V族半导体基板上,这些或其他III-V族半导体的(111)A晶面比不同方向上的平面更热力学稳定。因此,化学蚀刻这些材料留下了沿着(111)A晶面的暴露表面。
如图3所示,如果除了暴露的[011]取向的狭槽44的区域,常规(100)取向的III-V族半导电晶片46的表面50被抗化学蚀刻的掩模48保护,且典型地使用氯基或碘基蚀刻剂进行蚀刻,则形成伸出的(overhanging)“燕尾”形的凹槽。所得的凹槽的侧壁是(111)A面,它相对于该表面倾斜54.7度,并不适用于用作45度偏转镜。如果如图4所示,使用从(100)方向向[01-1]方向倾斜9.7度的邻近取向的基板22代替常规(100)取向的基板,得出的(111)A侧壁38相对于该表面倾斜45度。该侧壁适于用作90度偏转镜。
结果是可重复的工艺以在管芯中形成45度反射表面。此外,该蚀刻工艺产生了相对平滑的反射表面38。反射表面38通常在制造激光器条14之后形成。
通常,大量的激光器管芯12将在单个晶片上并行制造,该单个晶片然后被切割成激光二极管阵列。
图5示出一个备选实施例,其中反射元件16’改道激光束使其经过管芯的基板。这允许热沉60直接附着到管芯的结区域。
结区域是管芯产生最多热的区域。直接附着热沉60到这一区域改善了从激光二极管阵列去除热量的热效率。如果基板对于激光束不透明,则可以在其中形成开口62以允许光从管芯下表面通过。举例来说,开口62可以从基板32蚀刻。
举例来说,激光器条可以连接成电学平行布置。在某些条件下,有利的是,泵浦这些条中的一些或全部,串联的条部分,在这种情况下,这些部分可以通过诸如金刚石割锯或化学腐蚀之类的工艺机械地分离,且然后将这些部分安装到合适的图形化的热沉。
使用准直透镜阵列20准直高功率阵列的输出通常是有利的。有效的准直需要每个条与相关准直透镜20的精确的对准。
通过使该阵列与准直透镜20的匹配的单片阵列相配对,本发明允许所述准直在一步执行。这和常规阵列形成对照,在常规阵列中,分离的行之间的机械配准是很不精确的。
尽管已经描述了并在附图中示出了示意性实施例,应当理解这些实施例仅是宽广的本发明的说明而非限制,且本发明并不限制于示出和描述的特定构造和布置,因为对于本领域技术人员可以进行各种其他修改。尤其是,如果P掺杂和N掺杂层的导电类型反转,如果有源28和分布式反馈层26的位置反转,可以制备基本等效的激光器。

Claims (26)

1.一种半导体激光器阵列,包括:
半导体管芯,该管芯包括:
多个激光器条;以及
反射表面,该反射表面与所述激光器条光学耦合并沿着所述
半导体管芯的(111)A晶面布置。
2.权利要求1的阵列,其中所述半导体管芯由III-V族化合物半导电晶体制造。
3.权利要求1的阵列,其中所述半导体管芯的表面相对于所述半导体管芯的(100)晶面成一个角度布置。
4.权利要求1的阵列,其中所述反射表面相对于所述半导体管芯的表面成45度的角度布置。
5.权利要求1的阵列,进一步包括附着于所述半导体管芯的热沉,且所述反射表面反射光使其经过所述半导体管芯的基板。
6.权利要求1的阵列,其中所述反射表面沿着凹槽布置,所述凹槽跨过所述半导体管芯的表面的一部分延伸。
7.权利要求1的阵列,进一步包括与所述反射表面耦合的多个透镜。
8.权利要求7的阵列,其中所述透镜是准直透镜。
9.一种半导体激光器阵列,包括:
半导体管芯,该管芯具有表面,并且包括:
激光器装置,用于产生多个激光束;以及
反射装置,用于反射激光束,使得所述激光束从所述表面出射该半导体管芯。
10.权利要求9的阵列,其中所述半导体管芯由III-V族半导电晶体制造。
11.权利要求9的阵列,其中所述表面相对于所述半导体管芯的(100)晶面成一个角度布置。
12.权利要求9的阵列,其中所述反射装置包括反射表面,所述反射表面相对于所述半导体管芯的所述表面成45度的角度布置。
13.权利要求9的阵列,进一步包括附着于所述半导体管芯的热沉,且所述反射装置反射光使其经过所述半导体管芯的基板。
14.权利要求9的阵列,其中所述反射装置包括反射表面,所述反射表面沿着凹槽布置,所述凹槽跨过所述半导体管芯的所述表面的一部分延伸。
15.权利要求9的阵列,进一步包括与所述反射装置耦合的透镜装置。
16.权利要求15的阵列,其中所述透镜装置包括至少一个准直透镜。
17.一种操作半导体激光器阵列的方法,包括:
产生多个激光束;以及
将激光束从半导体管芯的反射表面反射90度,使得该激光束出射该半导体管芯的表面,所述反射表面沿着所述半导体管芯的(111)A晶面布置。
18.权利要求17的方法,其中所述激光束从所述半导体管芯的上表面反射。
19.权利要求17的方法,其中所述激光束被反射经过所述半导体管芯的基板。
20.一种用于制造半导体激光器阵列的方法,包括:
在半导电晶片上形成多个激光器条;
在半导电晶片的一部分上形成掩模,使得存在半导电晶片的未被掩蔽的部分;
蚀刻所述半导电晶片的未被掩蔽的部分,以产生沿着半导电晶片的(111)A晶面延伸的反射表面;以及
从所述半导电晶片切割半导体管芯,所述半导体管芯包含至少两个激光器条和所述反射表面。
21.权利要求20的方法,其中所述半导电晶片由III-V族化合物半导电晶体制造。
22.权利要求20的方法,进一步包括切割所述半导电晶片,使得所述半导电晶片的表面相对于该半导电晶片的(100)晶面成一个角度布置。
23.权利要求20的方法,进一步包括附着热沉到所述半导体管芯。
24.权利要求23的方法,进一步包括在所述半导体管芯的基板中形成开口。
25.权利要求20的方法,进一步包括耦合多个透镜到所述反射表面。
26.权利要求25的方法,其中所述透镜用于准直。
CNA200680009396XA 2005-01-24 2006-01-23 极低成本的表面发射激光二极管阵列 Pending CN101164208A (zh)

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