CN101057259B - 基于预计算的变换系数的胶片颗粒仿真方法 - Google Patents

基于预计算的变换系数的胶片颗粒仿真方法 Download PDF

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CN101057259B
CN101057259B CN2005800386542A CN200580038654A CN101057259B CN 101057259 B CN101057259 B CN 101057259B CN 2005800386542 A CN2005800386542 A CN 2005800386542A CN 200580038654 A CN200580038654 A CN 200580038654A CN 101057259 B CN101057259 B CN 101057259B
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克里斯蒂娜·戈米拉
吉恩·拉什
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Abstract

通过首先获得至少一个预计算的已变换系数块,进行接收机(11)内的胶片颗粒仿真。响应对期望的胶片颗粒图案特征进行描述的频率范围,对预计算的已变换系数块进行滤波。实际中,所述频率范围处于二维滤波器的一组截频fHL、fVL、fHH和fVH中,所述滤波器描述了期望的胶片颗粒图案的特征。之后,对滤波的系数集合进行逆变换以产生胶片颗粒图案。

Description

基于预计算的变换系数的胶片颗粒仿真方法
相关申请的交叉引用
根据35U.S.C.119(e),本申请要求2004年11月23日申请的美国临时专利申请序列号60/630640的优先权,将其教益在此引入。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种对图像中的胶片颗粒进行仿真的技术。
背景技术
电影胶片包括分散在感光乳剂中的卤化银晶体,所述感光乳剂涂抹在胶片基底上的薄层中。这些晶体的曝光和显影形成了包括银的分散微粒的照相图像。在彩色负片中,对显影后的银进行化学去除,在形成银晶体的位置处出现微小的染料滴。这些染料小滴通常被称作彩色胶片中的颗粒(grain)。由于银晶体随机地形成于原始感光乳剂中,所以颗粒随机地分布在所产生的图像上。在均匀曝光的区域中,一些晶体在曝光后显影,而其它晶体并非如此。
颗粒的大小和形状有所不同。胶片形成越快,所形成的银块和所产生的染料滴就越大,并且更趋于以随机图案组合在一起。典型地,颗粒图案被称作‘颗粒度’。裸眼不能区分变化范围在0.0002mm至大约0.002mm的单个颗粒。然而,眼睛能够分辨被称作滴的颗粒组。观看者把这些滴的组识别为胶片颗粒。随着图像分辨率变得更大,对胶片颗粒的感知变得更高。胶片颗粒在电影图像和高清晰度图像上变得明显可察觉,而胶片颗粒在SDTV中逐渐丧失了重要性,并在较小格式中变得不可察觉。
典型地,电影胶片包含依赖于图像的噪声,这个噪声来自照相胶片的曝光和显影的物理工艺、或来自后续的图像编辑。照相胶片具有特有的准随机图案或纹理,这个图案或纹理来自照相感光乳剂的物理颗粒度。可选择地,可以根据计算产生的图像仿真类似的图案,以便把这些图案与照相胶片相混合。在这两种情况下,这个依赖于图像的噪声被称作颗粒。通常,适度的颗粒纹理在电影中呈现出期望的特征。在某些实例中,胶片颗粒提供了利于二维图像的正确感知的可视提示。胶片颗粒通常在单一胶片中变化,以提供关于时间参考、视点等的多种线索。在电影业中,存在用于控制颗粒纹理的多种其它的技术和艺术用途。因此,在图像处理和传送链中保持图像的颗粒外观已经成为电影业中的需求。
若干商业上可用的产品具有对胶片颗粒进行仿真的能力,通常用于把计算机产生的对象混合到自然场景中。来自Eastman Kodak Co,Rochester New York的是一种最早的数字胶片应用程序,用于实现颗粒仿真,它产生了多种颗粒类型的非常真实的结果。然而,由于
Figure S05838654220070515D000022
应用程序针对高颗粒尺寸设置产生了可察觉的对角线条纹,所以
Figure S05838654220070515D000023
应用程序没有为多种高速胶片产生良好的性能。此外,当图像进行前期处理时,例如图像被复制或进行数字处理时,应用程序不能以足够的保真度来仿真颗粒。
另一个商业上可用的、对胶片颗粒进行仿真的产品是来自VisualInfinity Inc的Grain SurgeryTM,它用作
Figure S05838654220070515D000025
的插件。Grain SurgeryTM产品通过对随机数的集合进行滤波而产生合成的颗粒。这个方法受到高计算复杂度这个缺点的影响。
这些已有的方案中没有一个方案能够解决对压缩视频中的胶片颗粒进行恢复的问题。胶片颗粒构成了高频准随机现象,典型地不能进行使用常规空间和时间方法的压缩,其中所述方法利用了视频序列冗余的优点。试图使用MPEG-2或ITU-T/ISOH.264压缩技术来处理源自胶片的图像,通常这会导致不可接受的低压缩度或颗粒纹理的完全丢失。
因此,存在对胶片颗粒仿真技术的需求,特别是提供相对低的复杂性的技术。
发明内容
简要地,根据本发明,提供了一种对胶片颗粒块进行仿真的方法。所述方法从获得预计算的已变换系数开始。然后,包括预计算的已变换系数块的块响应频率范围而进行滤波,所述频率范围描述了胶片颗粒的期望图案的特征(实际中,所述频率范围处于二维滤波器的一组截频(cut frequency)fHL、fVL、fHH、和fVH内,所述滤波器描述了期望的胶片颗粒图案的特征)。此后,滤波后的系数集合进行逆变换以产生胶片颗粒图案。
附图说明
图1示出了胶片颗粒处理链中发射机和接收机的组合的示意框图,用于实践本发明的技术;
图2以流程图的形式示出了使用预计算的系数来创建胶片颗粒块的第一方法的步骤;
图3以流程图的形式示出了使用单一高斯噪声图像中预计算的离散余弦变换(DCT)系数来创建胶片颗粒图案的方法步骤;
图4以流程图的形式示出了使用多个高斯噪声图像中预计算的离散余弦变换(DCT)系数来创建胶片颗粒图案的方法步骤。
具体实施方式
为了理解用于使用预计算的已变换系数集合来仿真胶片颗粒的本发明的技术,对胶片颗粒仿真的简要概述将是有益的。图1示出了发射机10的示意框图,它接收输入视频信号并在其输出依次产生压缩后的视频流。另外,发射机10还产生指示样本中出现胶片颗粒(如果存在的话)的信息。实际中,发射机10可以包括有线电视系统的首端阵列的一部分、或把压缩后的视频分配给一个或多个下游接收机11的其它系统,图1中仅示出一个接收机11。发射机10还可以采取例如DVD的呈现媒体的编码器的形式。接收机11对已编码的视频流进行解码,并根据胶片颗粒信息和已解码的视频来仿真胶片颗粒,从而产生具有已仿真胶片颗粒的输出视频流。接收机11可以采取机顶盒的形式、或采取对已压缩的视频进行解码并对该视频中的胶片颗粒进行仿真的其它机制的形式。
胶片颗粒的完整管理要求发射机10(即编码器)提供关于输入视频中的胶片颗粒的信息。换句话说,发射机10对胶片颗粒“建模”。此外,接收机11(即解码器)根据从发射机10接收到的胶片颗粒信息来仿真胶片颗粒。通过使接收机11能够在视频编码过程期间在保持胶片颗粒中出现困难时仿真视频信号中的胶片颗粒,发射机10提高了压缩后视频的品质。
在图1所示的实施例中,发射机10包括视频编码器12,视频编码器12使用任意已知的视频压缩技术对视频流进行编码,例如ITU-TRec.H.264|ISO/IEC14496-10视频压缩标准。可选地,采用图1中虚线所示滤波器等的形式的胶片颗粒去除器14可以存在于编码器12的上游,以便在编码之前去除输入视频流中的任意胶片颗粒。当输入视频不包含胶片颗粒时,不需要胶片颗粒去除器14。
胶片颗粒建模器16接受输入视频流和胶片颗粒去除器14的输出信号(当存在时)。使用这个输入信息,胶片颗粒建模器16建立了输入视频信号中的胶片颗粒。以最简单的方式,胶片颗粒建模器16可以包括查找表,所述查找表包含不同胶片原料的胶片颗粒模型。输入视频信号中的信息可以规定在转换为视频信号前最初用于记录图像的具体胶片原料,从而允许胶片颗粒建模器16针对这个胶片原料选择适合的胶片颗粒模型。可选择地,胶片颗粒建模器16可以包括处理器或专用逻辑电路,它们执行一个或多个算法以对输入视频进行采样并确定所呈现的胶片颗粒图案。
典型地,接收机11包括视频解码器18,用于对从发射机10接收到的压缩后的视频流进行解码。解码器18的结构将取决于发射机10内的编码器12所执行的压缩类型。因此,例如编码器12的发射机10内采用ITU-TRec.H.264|ISO/IEC14496-10视频压缩标准来压缩输出视频,这表示需要与H.264兼容的解码器18。在接收机11内,胶片颗粒仿真器20从胶片颗粒建模器16接收胶片颗粒信息。胶片颗粒仿真器20可以采取具有对胶片颗粒进行仿真的能力的已编程处理器或专用逻辑电路的形式,从而通过组合器22与已解码的视频流进行组合。
胶片颗粒仿真旨在把对原始胶片内容的外观进行仿真的胶片颗粒样本进行合成。如所述,胶片颗粒建模发生在图1的发射机10中,而胶片颗粒仿真发生在接收机11中。具体地,在解码视频流的输出的上游,胶片颗粒仿真与来自发射机10的输入视频流的解码一同在接收机11中发生。注意出现在接收机11中的解码过程不会使用具有附加胶片颗粒的图像。相反,胶片颗粒仿真组成了用于把已解码图像中已仿真的胶片颗粒进行合成以进行显示的后处理方法。为此,ITU-TRec.H.264|ISO/IEC14496-10视频压缩标准不包含关于胶片颗粒仿真过程的说明。然而,胶片颗粒仿真需要关于输入视频信号中的颗粒图案的信息,当按照ITU-T Rec.H.264|ISO/IEC14496-10视频压缩标准的修正1(保真度范围扩展)所规定的而使用该压缩标准时,这个信息典型地在胶片颗粒特征补充增强信息(SEI)消息中传送。
根据本发明的胶片颗粒仿真使用预计算的已变换系数集合。换句话说,仿真过程典型地但非必需地以N×N大小的块开始,这个块的系数已经在仿真前得以变换,典型地但非必需地使用离散余弦变换。可以使用其它变换。通过对包括预计算值的块执行整型逆变换,可以进行本发明的仿真方法的比特精确实现。
当与先前公开的方法进行比较时,本发明的胶片颗粒仿真方法呈现出复杂度和存储要求之间的令人感兴趣的折衷。一方面,本方法通过避免直接变换计算而减小了基于变换的方法的复杂度。另一方面,本方法通过存储已变换的系数而不是胶片颗粒图案而减小了基于数据库的方法的存储需求。所提出的方法可以应用于HD DVD系统、BD ROM系统和卫星广播等。
图2以流程图的形式示出了使用预计算的系数来仿真胶片颗粒的本发明的方法的步骤。图2中的方法以执行启动步骤100开始,在步骤100中典型地进行初始化,尽管这个初始化不需一定进行。之后是步骤102,在步骤102中从存储器103读取典型而非必需的N×N大小的预计算的已变换系数块。存在多种用于创建图2的存储器103中的已计算系数集合的技术。例如,可以使用对于随机值集合的离散余弦变换(DCT)来预先计算已变换的系数,其细节参考图3和4来描述。存在用于在胶片颗粒仿真之前计算已变换系数集合的其它技术。然后,已变换系数集合使用预定义的一组截频fHL、fVL、fHH、和fVH在步骤105中进行频率滤波,其中截频表示描述期望的胶片颗粒图案特征(在二维上)的滤波器的截止频率。在步骤106中,对经频率滤波后的已变换系数块进行逆变换,典型地但非必需地为逆离散余弦变换(IDCT),从而产生胶片颗粒块,所述过程在步骤108处结束。某些情况下,在所述过程结束前,在步骤106后对逆变换的系数块进行缩放是有益的。
图3以流程图的形式示出了使用单一高斯噪声图像中预计算的离散余弦变换(DCT)系数而进行胶片颗粒图案仿真的方法。图3的方法在步骤300处开始,在步骤300中执行初始化,尽管这个初始化不需一定进行。之后是步骤202,在步骤202中从存储器203读取典型的而非必需的N×N大小的预计算的已变换系数块。在步骤202中,典型地通过把DCT变换应用于高斯随机值的N×N图像,从存储器203读取的系数块已经得以创建。
在步骤202之后,进行步骤204,发起进入对所有可能的胶片颗粒大小和形状进行重复的循环。在进入循环时,已变换的系数使用预定义的一组截频fHL、fVL、fHH、和fVH在步骤205中进行频率滤波,其中截频表示描述期望的胶片颗粒图案特征(在二维上)的滤波器的截止频率。在随后的步骤206中,对经频率滤波后的已变换系数块进行逆变换,典型地但非必需地为逆离散余弦变换(IDCT),从而产生胶片颗粒块。某些情况下,在步骤106之前或之后对逆变换的系数块进行缩放是有益的。
之后,由步骤206中执行的逆变换(如果存在缩放,则在缩放后)所得到的胶片颗粒块在步骤208中被存储在数据库209中。在步骤204中开始的循环对所有可能的胶片颗粒大小和形状进行重复(即重复步骤205和206),由此循环执行在步骤210中结束,之后所述方法在步骤212处结束。从上文的描述中可以理解,在图3的步骤202中,从存储器203读取的单一高斯随机值图像用作存储在数据库210中的每一个胶片颗粒图案的核(kernel)。
图4以流程图的形式示出了使用高斯噪声的多个图像中预计算的DCT系数而进行胶片颗粒图案仿真的方法。图4的方法在步骤300处开始,在步骤300中执行初始化,尽管这个初始化不需一定进行。随后进行步骤301,进入对所有可能的胶片颗粒大小和形状进行重复的循环。在进入循环后,进行步骤302,并且从存储器303读取典型的而非必需的N×N大小的预计算的已变换系数块。典型地,在步骤302中从存储器303读取的系数块包括高斯随机值的N×N图像的DCT变换数据库。
在步骤302之后,进行步骤305,对从存储器303读取的DCT系数的N×N图像使用预定义的一组截频fHL、fVL、fHH、和fVH进行频率滤波,其中截频表示描述期望的胶片颗粒图案特征(在二维上)的滤波器的截止频率。随后步骤306进行,在步骤306中,对经频率滤波后的已变换系数块进行逆变换,典型地但非必需地为逆离散余弦变换(IDCT),从而产生胶片颗粒块。某些情况下,在步骤306之后对逆变换的系数块进行缩放是有益的。
之后,进行步骤308,由执行逆变换而产生(如果存在缩放,则是缩放后)的胶片颗粒块在步骤308中被存储在数据库309中。
在步骤301中开始的循环对所有可能的胶片颗粒大小和形状进行重复(即重复步骤302至308),由此循环执行在步骤310中结束,之后所述方法在步骤312处结束。与图3中的方法针对所有可能的胶片颗粒形状和大小使用单一高斯随机值DCT图像不同,图4中的方法针对每一个不同的胶片颗粒形状和大小使用分立的DCT图像。两种方法都允许在系统初始化或复位时创建胶片颗粒值的数据库,以存储在例如SRAM存储器的常规存储器中。
上文描述了一种使用预计算的已变换系数对胶片颗粒进行仿真的技术,藉此减小了复杂度。

Claims (16)

1.一种用于创建胶片颗粒块的方法,包括步骤:
(a)获得预计算的已变换系数块;
(b)响应对期望的胶片颗粒图案的特征进行描述的频率范围,对已变换系数进行频率滤波;以及
(c)对经频率滤波后的已变换系数执行逆变换。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中获得预计算的已变换系数块的步骤还包括步骤:从存储器读取至少一个预计算的已变换系数块。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中频率滤波的步骤还包括步骤:根据二维滤波器的一组截频fHL、fVL、fHH、和fVH对已变换系数进行滤波,所述滤波器描述了期望的胶片颗粒图案的特征。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中对系数执行逆变换的步骤还包括步骤:执行逆离散余弦变换。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括步骤:对逆变换后的系数块进行缩放。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中针对所有可能的胶片颗粒大小和形状重复步骤(b)和(c)以获得多个胶片颗粒图案,所述多个胶片颗粒图案都是从一个预计算的已变换系数块中导出的。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中针对所有可能的胶片颗粒大小和形状重复步骤(a)、(b)和(c)以获得多个胶片颗粒图案,每一个胶片颗粒图案都从独立的预计算的已变换系数块中导出的。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法,还包括步骤:每当重复执行步骤(c)时,把每一个逆变换后的已滤波系数集合存储在存储器中。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,还包括步骤:每当重复执行步骤(c)时,把每一个经逆变换后的已滤波系数集合存储在存储器中。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括步骤:在对系数进行逆变换之后,对逆变换后的已滤波系数集合进行缩放。
11.一种用于创建胶片颗粒块的设备,包括:
第一存储器,用于存储至少一个预计算的已变换系数块;
已编程处理器和专用逻辑电路中至少一项,用于通过如下步骤来仿真胶片颗粒:(a)从所述存储器获得预计算的已变换系数块;(b)响应对期望的胶片颗粒图案的特征进行描述的频率范围,对已变换系数进行频率滤波;以及(c)对经频率滤波后的已变换系数执行逆变换。
12.根据权利要求11所述的设备,其中已编程处理器和专用逻辑电路中至少一项还对逆变换后的、频率滤波后的已变换系数进行缩放。
13.根据权利要求11所述的设备,还包括第二存储器,用于存储逆变换后的、频率滤波后的已变换系数。
14.一种用于创建胶片颗粒块的设备,包括:
第一存储器,用于存储至少一个预计算的已变换系数块;
用于从所述存储器获得预计算的已变换系数块的装置;
用于响应对期望的胶片颗粒图案的特征进行描述的频率范围而对已变换系数进行频率滤波的装置;以及
用于对经频率滤波后的已变换系数执行逆变换的装置。
15.根据权利要求14所述的设备,还包括:用于对逆变换后的、频率滤波后的已变换系数进行缩放的装置。
16.根据权利要求14所述的设备,还包括第二存储器,用于存储逆变换后的、频率滤波后的已变换系数。
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