CN100589176C - 厚度低的吸声的多层复合体 - Google Patents

厚度低的吸声的多层复合体 Download PDF

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CN100589176C
CN100589176C CN200580022441A CN200580022441A CN100589176C CN 100589176 C CN100589176 C CN 100589176C CN 200580022441 A CN200580022441 A CN 200580022441A CN 200580022441 A CN200580022441 A CN 200580022441A CN 100589176 C CN100589176 C CN 100589176C
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小德尔东·R·汤普森
刘小鹤
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Abstract

一种吸声的多层复合体能够改善声学性能、同时保持低厚度,该吸声的多层复合体具有:不透气的屏障;透气的增强芯,该增强芯的气流阻为至少约100mks瑞利,厚度为最终复合体厚度的至少约2/3;以及半透性气流阻挡装饰膜,该半透性气流阻挡装饰膜的气流阻为大约500mks瑞利到大约4000mks瑞利。

Description

厚度低的吸声的多层复合体
技术领域
本发明涉及吸声的多层复合体,并且涉及用于制备这种复合体的前体组成部分和方法。
背景技术
多层复合体制品有时用于吸收声音,从而降低附近空间中的噪音的水平。例如,吸声的多层复合体可以用于车厢顶蓬内衬、行李箱衬垫、发动机罩衬垫、仪表板垫片、内壁板、地毯以及其它多孔装饰材料或功能性车用面饰材料中,以改善车内的噪音降低性能。
涉及隔声、车用面饰材料或降低噪音方面的参考文献包括:美国专利No.5,459,291、5,536,556、5,549,776、5,565,259、5,824,973、6,145,617、6,150,287、6,214,456B1、6,217,691B1、6,238,507B1、6,270,608B1、6,296,075B1、6,345,688B1、6,454,088B1、6,575,527B1、6,576,577B1、6,616,789B2、6,631,785B2和6,659,223B2;美国专利申请公开No.US 2001/0036788A1、US 2003/10479A1和US2004/037995A1;加拿大申请公开No.2,350,477A1;PCT申请公开No.WO 99/44817A1和WO 01/64991A2;M.Schwartz和E.J.Gohmann,Jr.,″Influence of Surface Coatings on Impedance andAbsorption of Urethane Foams″,J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,34(4):502-513(April,1962);M.Schwartz和W.L.Buehner,″Effects of Light Coatingson Impedance and Absorption of Open-Celled Foams″,J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,35(10):1507-1510(October,1963);以及AZDEL公司的出版物″Guide to AZDEL SuperLite″,其可从下面的网址得到:
http://www.azdel.com/documents/Guide%20to%20AZDEL%20SuperLite.pdf。
发明概述
对车厢顶蓬内衬和其它吸声的多层复合体的设计需要权衡有时相互竞争的多方面因素,包括:厚度、重量、声学性能和可制造性。通过在车厢顶蓬内衬的乘客或乘员侧附近放置半透性气流阻挡膜并且在车厢顶蓬内衬的车顶或车辆侧附近放置不透气薄膜,可很大程度地有助于声学性能。在很多当前的车厢顶蓬内衬设计中,还没有这样做,所以这些设计可能未达到最理想的声学性能。通过重新排列某些车厢顶蓬内衬设计中的各层,或者通过添加经适当选择并适当定位的半透性气流阻挡膜和经适当选择并适当定位的不透气屏障,我们得到了明显改善的声学性能。这样做不会在附加厚度和重量方面产生负担,或者只会在附加厚度和重量方面产生非常小的负担,并且可以降低车内能听到的噪音水平。通过将装饰的半透性气流阻挡膜、透气的增强芯和不透气屏障层合在一起,我们开发出了一种结构非常简单且厚度非常低的吸声的车厢顶蓬内衬设计。
一方面,本发明提供一种吸声的多层复合体,其依次包括:
a)半透性气流阻挡装饰膜,其气流阻(airflow resistance)为大约500mks瑞利到大约4000mks瑞利;
b)透气的增强芯,其气流阻为至少约100mks瑞利,厚度为复合体总厚度的至少约2/3;以及
c)不透气的屏障。
本发明还提供一种制造多层吸声复合体的方法,该方法包括:
a)提供层的叠堆,所述的层的叠堆依次包括不透气的屏障、透气的增强芯、以及半透性气流阻挡装饰膜,其中:透气的增强芯的气流阻为至少约100mks瑞利,厚度为最终复合体厚度的至少约2/3;半透性气流阻挡装饰膜的气流阻为大约500mks瑞利到大约4000mks瑞利;以及
b)在足够的热和压力下层合所述的层的叠堆,以形成整体式的吸声的多层复合体。
根据下面的详述说明,本发明的这些和其它方面是显而易见的。但是,以上概述绝不应当解释为对所要求保护的主题的限制,该主题仅仅由所附权利要求限定,在申请过程中可以进行修改。
附图说明
图1是本发明所披露的吸声复合体的侧视图。
图2是本发明所披露的另一吸声复合体的侧视图。
图3是本发明所披露的另一吸声复合体的侧视图。
在多个附图中,相同的附图标号表示相同的部分。附图中的各部分没有按比例地绘制。
发明详述
当用于多层复合体时,短语“乘员侧”是指在用于吸收车内声音的情况下该复合体中通常离车辆乘员最近的一侧。短语“车辆侧”是指在用于吸收车内声音的情况下该复合体中通常离车辆乘员最远的一侧。
当用于多层吸声复合体中的层(例如膜、粘合剂或增强芯)时,短语“透气”是指这样的层,该层能允许足够的空气通过,使得该复合体能够吸收车内所需频带的声音。
当使用以mks瑞利为单位的值来表示多层吸声复合体的组成部分(例如膜、增强芯或屏障)的透气性值时,可以根据ASTM C522并且通过就地测量该组成部分或者小心地从该复合体成品中取出该组成部分进行测量,来确定所述的值。在某些情况中,这些值可以根据复合体成品或者一个或多个单独的组成部分或组合的组成部分的气流阻测量值来推断或确定。
当用于屏障时,词语“不透”是指其气流阻为至少约100,000mks瑞利的不透气的薄膜、箔或其它基本上无孔的制品。
当用于多层复合体时,短语“增强芯”是指其劲度使得该复合体在不损坏的情况下不能被卷起或折叠的芯。
当用于多层复合体时,词语“整体式”是指其各层充分地附着在一起的复合体,使得该复合体通常可以被按需切割并被安装在车辆内,而没有出现有害的层离。
图1是多层吸声复合体10的示意性侧视图。半透性气流阻挡膜12是有色的并有纹理的,以提供装饰外观的结构,而且形成复合体10的乘员侧的最外层。膜12通过焰熔层叠附着到增强芯18上。芯18具有树脂浸渍的开孔泡沫结构,该开孔泡沫结构填充有玻璃纤维短切原丝19。芯18通过透气的热塑性粘合剂层17粘合到不透气的薄膜屏障24上。装饰膜12限制气流进入复合体10中,并且其单位厚度的气流阻可以高于芯18的单位厚度的气流阻(即装饰膜12的气流阻率较高)。屏障24防止空气流过复合体10,并形成复合体10的车辆侧的最外层。膜12的最外表面和屏障24的最内表面之间的腔具有深度D1,该腔形成吸声空间,通过在复合体10的彼此相背的最外表面上放置膜12和屏障24并由此使腔深度D1占复合体总厚度T1的百分比最大,来使该吸声空间的声学效能最大化。芯18给复合体10提供整体劲度,并且使复合体10能够横跨长距离(例如车顶区域),而不出现有害的下垂。
图2是多层吸声复合体20的示意性侧视图。复合体20与复合体10相似,不同之处在于:复合体20使用增强芯27替代芯18,以及,腔深度D2和复合体厚度T2稍微变大,这是由于芯27比芯18的厚度大的缘故。芯27具有包含原丝29的玻璃纤维毡外层28,该玻璃纤维毡外层28位于开孔泡沫中间层32的两侧,从而形成与木芯胶合板稍类似的“工字梁”结构。
图3是多层吸声复合体30的示意性侧视图。复合体30与复合体20相似,不同之处在于:复合体30在膜12和芯27之间使用透气的热塑性粘合剂层15,由于粘合层15的厚度,导致复合体30的腔深度D3和复合体厚度T3稍微变大。不使用焰熔层叠将膜12附着到芯27上,就可以制成复合体30。
在本发明所披露的多层复合体中,可以使用多种气流阻挡膜。例如,该膜可以由诸如合成纤维、天然纤维或者合成纤维与天然纤维混合物之类的纤维前体形成,并且,可以使用使得半透性开孔结构成品的气流阻为大约500mks瑞利到大约4000mks瑞利的熔喷、纺粘、或其它合适的料片加工技术,将膜加工成非织造料片的形式。该膜还可以由超细的长丝纱或短纤维纱(即纱的单丝旦数(dpf)小于约1,例如,在大约0.2dpf和大约1dpf之间)制成,并且使用合适的加工技术,将该膜加工成机织织物或针织物的形式,使得半透性开孔结构成品的气流阻为大约500mks瑞利到大约4000mks瑞利。该膜的气流阻优选为大约500mks瑞利到大约2000mks瑞利。该膜的厚度可以是例如小于复合体总厚度的大约1/4。膜可以优选由超细的合成长纤维或合成短纤维(特别是裂膜(split)合成纤维或可分裂型(splittable)合成纤维)制成。合适的合成纤维包括多组分(例如双组分的)的纤维,例如并列型纤维、皮芯型纤维、桔瓣型纤维、海岛纤维、顶端镶嵌型纤维和嵌条型纤维(tipped and segmented ribbon fibers)。可以使用本领域技术人员所熟知的多种技术来进行分裂或促使分裂,所述多种技术包括梳理、空气喷射、压印、轧光、水刺或针刺。该膜是装饰性的,因此,对于车厢顶蓬内衬,该膜可以充当乘员侧的最外层,并且对车辆乘员来说是可见到的。可以用多种方法加工装饰膜,以改变或改善膜的外观、触感性能(例如手感)、物理性能(例如劲度或悬垂性)以及其它所需的特性。这类加工技术包括着色、染色、浸渍、浸润、涂敷、轧光、拉伸、压印、波纹化、刷洗、研磨、植绒以及本领域技术人员所熟知的其它处理或步骤。该膜优选具有足够的断裂伸长率以使该复合体能够承受深腔成型,而不会出现有害的层离、破裂或不利的可透性变化。该膜的断裂伸长率优选为至少大约5%,更优选为至少大约20%。还优选的是,该膜的耐热性足以承受高温成型加工的苛刻条件,其中所述高温成型加工可用于制造车厢顶蓬内衬和其它多层吸声复合体。因此,在成型周期中,可以优选的是,避免使用包含过量的低熔点聚烯烃的膜或者含有可导致有害的透气性变化(例如,透气性显著降低)的其它材料的膜。可以按照美国申请公开US 2004/0131836中所述的方法处理该膜,使得该膜具有低表面能,例如小于相邻的热塑性粘合剂层(如果使用的话)的表面能,例如,该膜的表面能小于大约34达因/cm2,优选小于大约30达因/cm2,更优选小于大约28达因/cm2。特别优选的是其基础重量小于300g/m2(更优选小于大约200g/m2,最优选大约100g/m2至大约200g/m2)的重量轻的膜。可以使用刚性的或挠性的膜。例如,当根据ASTM D1388选项A-悬臂试验测量时,该膜的弯曲劲度B可以低至0.005Nm或更小。对合适的膜材料进行选择和加工是本领域技术人员所熟知的。用于这种膜中的代表性膜或纤维披露于美国专利No.5,459,291、5,824,973、6,057,256和6,145,617、美国专利申请公开No.US2001/0036788A1和US 2003/0104749A1、加拿大申请公开No.2,350,477A1以及PCT申请公开No.WO 99/44817A1中。市售可得的代表性膜或纤维包括:EVOLONTM织物(可购自Freudenberg&Co.);得自Fiber Innovation Technology公司的No.T-502、T-512和T-522的桔瓣状可分裂型双组分纤维;得自Guilford Mills公司的超细机织织物或经编针织物;得自Kanebo有限公司、Kuraray有限公司和Unitika有限公司的可分裂型双组分纤维;以及得自TorayIndustries公司的可分裂型双组分纤维和织物。
在本发明所披露的复合体中,可以使用多种增强芯。如上所述,芯的气流阻为至少约100mks瑞利。例如,该芯的气流阻可以为约200mks瑞利到约7000mks瑞利。此外,如上所述,该芯的厚度为复合体总厚度的至少约2/3。该芯的厚度优选为复合体总厚度的至少约3/4。与膜相比,该芯可以具有更高的劲度(即更高的模量)、更高的密度或更高的气流阻。优选的是,该芯的耐热性足以承受成型加工的苛刻条件。因此,在成型周期中,可以优选的是,避免使用包含过量的低熔点聚烯烃的芯或者含有可导致有害的透气性变化(例如,透气性显著下降)的其它材料的芯。例如,该芯可以具有相对均匀的结构,例如图1所示,或者可以具有工字梁结构,其中,密度较大的表皮层位于密度较小的中间层的两侧,如图2和图3所示。合适的芯包括在美国专利No.5,536,556、5,549,776、5,565,259、6,150,287、6,214,456B1和6,238,507B1以及加拿大申请公开No.2,350,477A1中所述的芯。市售可得的代表性芯包括得自Azdel公司的AZDELSUPERLITETM复合材料、得自Lear公司的UROCORETM和TRUTM复合材料、以及得自Johnson Controls公司的ACOUSTICORETM和POLYBONDTM复合材料。
在本发明所披露的复合体中,可以使用多种不透气的屏障。该屏障可以例如具有小于约2mm的厚度,例如小于约1mm的厚度。合适的屏障包括聚合物薄膜(例如聚烯烃薄膜、聚酯薄膜或聚乙烯薄膜)以及金属箔。一种广泛使用的含有粘合剂的屏障薄膜,是得自Dow Chemical公司的INTEGRALTM909胶粘薄膜。
膜、芯和屏障被粘合或层叠在一起,以形成整体式复合体。这种粘合或层叠操作可以通过多种方法来实现,可以以单个步骤处理所有的层,或者可以以一系列步骤分别处理一部分的层。例如,通过将独立的复合体的层放置或施加到合适的模具中,可以方便地制造本发明所披露的吸声的多层复合体。如果需要的话,可以对这些层进行预加热,然后,使用足够的热和压力对这些层进行模压成型,以形成整体式复合体。
可以根据需要使用多种粘合方法或粘合剂层,以促进本发明所披露的整体式复合体的形成。例如,使用诸如模压成型或焰熔层叠之类的方式,可以方便地将膜附着到芯上。使用诸如热塑性透气粘合剂之类的透气粘合剂层,或者通过在芯中结合入合适的聚合物(例如,热塑性聚氨酯),可以将芯粘合到膜和屏障上,其中所述合适的聚合物在加热时能够对膜或屏障形成粘结。用于将各个层连接在一起并形成整体式复合体的其它手段对于本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。复合体成品可以按照需要进行空气冷却,并且可以切成(例如,采用水力喷射切成)所需的成品件。
可任选的是,在本发明所披露的复合体中,可以使用多种热塑性粘合剂。多层复合体可以例如包含一个或两个粘合剂层,其中各粘合剂层可以是相同的,也可以是不同的。期望的是,在使用常规高温成型工艺进行加工时,粘合剂层能够与复合体中的相邻层良好地粘结在一起,同时保持充分的透气性,并且在车内可能遇到的预期使用温度下(例如,在70℃或更高的温度下)保持充分的粘结强度。优选的粘合剂包括共聚聚酯、聚酯、聚氨酯、聚酰胺、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、低密度聚乙烯、无规立构聚丙烯、丙烯/1-丁烯/乙烯三元共聚物、和丙烯/乙烯共聚物、1-丁烯/乙烯共聚物、1-丁烯/丙烯共聚物以及上述任何几种的共聚物。其它可用的粘合剂包括在美国专利No.3,932,328、4,081,415、4,692,370、5,248,719、5,869,562和6,288,149中所述的粘合剂。粘合剂也可以是基础重量低的热塑性稀松布,例如得自Bostik-Findley公司的SHARNETTM热熔性粘合剂网。对这类粘合剂的选择和处理是本领域技术人员所广泛熟知的。然而,可以注意到,虽然多层复合体成品的吸声特性很大程度取决于复合体中较厚层的已知多孔性特性(例如,半透性气流阻挡膜和增强芯的那些特性),但是吸声特性也可能很大程度依赖于与加工更相关的因素,包括施加粘合剂层的方式以及所选的复合体成型或层叠的技术。
本发明所披露的复合体可以由所述的这些层构成,或者可以基本上由所述的这些层构成。如果需要的话,本发明所披露的复合体可以包括附加的内层或外层、涂层、处理剂或其它部分。例如,复合体可以包括一个或多个增强稀松布层、车辆侧粘合剂层、阻燃添加剂或处理剂、衰减器以及本领域技术人员显而易知的其它层、涂层、处理剂或部分。
本发明所披露的吸声的多层复合体的腔深度优选为复合体总厚度的至少75%,更优选为至少90%,最优选为至少95%。为了比较起见,可以从不透气的屏障最内侧到膜的最外侧,测定该腔深度,可以从复合体的车辆侧到复合体的乘员侧,测定复合体总厚度。
本发明所披露的吸声的多层复合体能够使进入车内或通过车内的声波明显衰减。该复合体被定位在合适的车内位置(例如,靠近车顶、柱、隔火壁、地板、车门面板)上,使得该复合体能够吸收声波,并且降低感觉到的噪音水平。
对于本领域技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明的范围和实质的情况下对本发明的各种修改和替换是显而易见的。本发明不应当被局限于在本文中仅仅为了示例性的目的而被阐述的那些内容。

Claims (22)

1.一种吸声的多层复合体,该吸声的多层复合体依次包括:
a)单层的半透性气流阻挡装饰膜,该单层的半透性气流阻挡装饰膜的气流阻为500mks瑞利到4000mks瑞利;
b)透气的增强芯,该透气的增强芯的气流阻为至少100mks瑞利,其厚度为所述复合体总厚度的至少2/3;以及
c)不透气的屏障。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合体,其中,所述复合体的腔深度为所述复合体总厚度的至少90%,其中该腔深度是从所述的不透气的屏障的最内侧到所述膜的最外侧测定的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的复合体,其中,所述复合体的腔深度为所述复合体总厚度的至少95%,其中该腔深度是从所述的不透气的屏障的最内侧到所述膜的最外侧测定的。
4.根据权利要求1所述的复合体,其中,所述膜的气流阻为500mks瑞利到1500mks瑞利。
5.根据权利要求1所述的复合体,其中,所述膜是有色的或有纹理的,以提供装饰外观。
6.根据权利要求1所述的复合体,其中,所述膜包括非织造的料片。
7.根据权利要求1所述的复合体,其中,所述膜包括含有超细纱的机织织物或含有超细纱的针织物,其中所述超细纱为单丝旦数小于1的纱。
8.根据权利要求1所述的复合体,其中,所述膜包含多组分纤维。
9.根据权利要求1所述的复合体,其中,所述膜包含裂膜纤维或可分裂型双组分纤维。
10.根据权利要求1所述的复合体,其中,所述芯的厚度为所述复合体总厚度的至少3/4。
11.根据权利要求1所述的复合体,其中,所述芯的气流阻小于2000mks瑞利。
12.一种制造多层吸声复合体的方法,该方法包括:
a)提供层的叠堆,所述的层的叠堆依次包括不透气的屏障、透气的增强芯、以及单层的半透性气流阻挡装饰膜,其中:该透气的增强芯的气流阻为至少100mks瑞利,其厚度为最终复合体厚度的至少2/3;该单层的半透性气流阻挡装饰膜的气流阻为500mks瑞利到4000mks瑞利;以及
b)在足够的热和压力下层合所述的层的叠堆,以形成吸声的整体式多层复合体。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述复合体的腔深度为所述复合体总厚度的至少90%,其中该腔深度是从所述的不透气的屏障的最内侧到所述膜的最外侧测定的。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述复合体的腔深度为所述复合体总厚度的至少95%,其中该腔深度是从所述的不透气的屏障的最内侧到所述膜的最外侧测定的。
15.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述膜的气流阻为500mks瑞利到1500mks瑞利。
16.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述膜是有色的或有纹理的,以提供装饰外观。
17.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述膜包括非织造的料片。
18.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述膜包括含有超细纱的机织织物或含有超细纱的针织物,其中所述超细纱为单丝旦数小于1的纱。
19.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述膜包含多组分纤维。
20.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述膜包含裂膜纤维或可分裂型双组分纤维。
21.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述芯的厚度为所述复合体总厚度的至少3/4。
22.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述芯的气流阻小于2000mks瑞利。
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