CN100534784C - 由包含隔离塑料球粒的基体塑料制成的层 - Google Patents
由包含隔离塑料球粒的基体塑料制成的层 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100534784C CN100534784C CNB2005800061748A CN200580006174A CN100534784C CN 100534784 C CN100534784 C CN 100534784C CN B2005800061748 A CNB2005800061748 A CN B2005800061748A CN 200580006174 A CN200580006174 A CN 200580006174A CN 100534784 C CN100534784 C CN 100534784C
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Abstract
本发明涉及由基体塑料制成的层,其中基体塑料包含分散形式的直径小于或等于1μm的球粒,该球粒包含与所述基体塑料不相容的隔离塑料;本发明还涉及包括至少一个上述层的多层结构以及用于制造上述层/结构的方法。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及由包含隔离塑料球粒的基体塑料制成的层以及涉及包括至少一个这样的层的多层结构。更具体地说,本发明涉及多层中空体的组分的循环利用和再利用,其中多层中空体包括至少一个隔离塑料层和一个基体塑料层。
背景技术
这样的多层结构通常用于高度多样化的产业,例如用于封装材料或燃料箱的制造。多层燃料箱的一个实例包括5层:PE/粘合剂/EVOH/粘合剂/PE,其中PE表示高密度聚乙烯,而EVOH表示乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物,粘合剂可以尤其是用马来酸酐接枝的聚乙烯(PE-g-MA)。
在塑料基制品的制造过程中,尤其是通过挤出吹塑,会不可避免地产生大量(经常高于40%)的生产废料(下脚料),因而其回收在经济上是有利的。对于将不合格的整个制品或整个废品废弃的情况是一样的。在多层结构的情况下,在循环利用过程中,多种不同塑料的存在会出现问题:如果情况限于将它们研磨成颗粒并在制造新制品中再利用它们,则存在这样的危险:后者(新制品)呈现出较差的机械性能;因此,有时必须根据箱的几何形状严格限制这种循环利用的材料的量。因而希望可以获得简单和有效的方法,该方法使得可以分离多层结构的组分,以便能够以比得上全新组分的方式再利用它们而不会影响用如此回收的组分制造的新制品的性能。
因此,以申请人公司名义的专利申请FR 2,765,828提供了一种用于油箱(包括由粘合塑料层隔开的至少一层基体塑料和一层隔离塑料)循环利用的方法,其中将所述油箱破碎成碎片并且将这些碎片在所给条件下进行静电分离。
然而,到目前为止,这些回收塑料、以及通常回收的塑料的再利用水平是有限的,因为它们事实上仅用于制品的中间层,尤其是由于内层的机械强度的原因和关于外层的由于美观的原因,以及为了能够确保某些配件以可靠的方式熔接到油箱上。在中间层中这样使用回收塑料在例如同样以申请人公司的专利申请FR 2765828中进行过介绍。
事实上,能够增加废弃物的利用水平(由于能够在中间层和外部层使用它)经常能够实现大量节约,尤其在大规模生产和/或涉及昂贵材料的生产的情况下。
本发明是基于惊人的观察结果:只要隔离塑料以小球粒形式(直径小于或等于1μm)分布在基体塑料中,那么在单层制品或在多层结构的外部(内和/或外)层中使用多层结构的碎片就不会影响其性能。
发明内容
因此,本发明涉及由基体塑料制成的层,其中基体塑料包括以分散形式的直径小于或等于1μm的球粒,该球粒包含与基体塑料不相容的隔离塑料。
术语“塑料”应理解为表示任何聚合物或聚合物的混合物。在本发明的范围内,热塑性塑料是高度适合的。术语“热塑性塑料”表示任何热塑性聚合物,其包括热塑性弹性体、以及它们的混合物。术语“聚合物”表示均聚物和共聚物(尤其是二元或三元的共聚物)。这样的共聚物的实例是但不限于:具有随机分布的共聚物(无规共聚)、序列共聚物、嵌段共聚物以及接枝共聚物。
任何类型的熔点低于分解温度的热塑性聚合物或共聚物都是适宜的。熔化范围的跨度超过至少10℃的合成热塑性塑料是尤其高度适宜的。那些在其分子质量上呈现出多分散性的热塑性塑料就是这种热塑性塑料的例子。
尤其是,可以利用聚烯烃、聚卤代乙烯、热塑性聚酯、聚酮、聚酰胺以及它们的共聚物。也可以使用聚合物或共聚物的混合物,以及聚合物与无机、有机和/或天然填料的混合物,例如但不限于:碳、盐以及其它无机衍生物、天然纤维、玻璃纤维和聚合物纤维。用纳米复合材料(或具有纳米尺寸的填料的聚合物)也已得到良好的结果。
为此,应当注意到,上面使用的术语“由塑料制成”应理解为是指构成所述塑料制品的总重量的80%以上,尤其是90%以上。
基体塑料是根据结构必须具备的机械和/或化学性能而选择的。为此,通常利用传统的聚合物,如聚烯烃或卤代聚合物。当基体塑料基本上由一种或多种聚烯烃组成时,已获得良好的结果,其中聚烯烃选自乙烯或丙烯均聚物和共聚物。
用高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)已获得极好的结果,当中空体是燃料箱时,情况尤其是如此。
术语“隔离塑料”(构成分散球粒的全部或部分,应当明了,隔离塑料可以是隔离塑料的混合物和/或可以包含传统的添加剂,如颜料、增塑剂、抗氧化剂等)应理解为指任何与基体塑料不相容并且能够形成层的塑料,该层相对于特定流体如烃基燃料呈现出低渗透性。呈现如此性能的有利的晶体状聚合物具体地有聚酰胺、含氟聚合物以及乙烯醇聚合物[均聚物(PVOH)和乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物(EVOH)]。当隔离塑料基本上由一种或多种选自聚酰胺和乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物的聚合物组成时,可获得非常好的结果,并且尤其是后者。
在本发明的范围内,一个重要的参数是包含隔离塑料的球粒的形态。根据本发明,这些基本上为球形的球粒或团粒具有小于或等于1μm的直径(应理解为平均直径,被认为是大致球形团粒的最大尺寸的平均值),优选小于或等于0.8μm,甚至小于或等于0.5μm。然而,应当注意到,这些球粒的直径通常大于或等于0.1μm,事实上甚至大于或等于0.2μm。
根据本发明由包含球粒的基体塑料制成的层可以是单层制品,如薄膜、薄板、中空体(容器)等。然而,有利地,它是在多层结构内的层。根据本发明的这种替换形式的术语“多层结构”应理解为是指任何具有至少两层的制品,其包括基本上由具有隔离塑料的球粒的基体塑料组成的一层。优选地,这种制品是中空体,其用来容纳粉末、颗粒等,并且优选为流体。在这种情况下,通常,多层结构还包括一主要由塑料组成的层(隔离层),该层阻挡它容纳的流体和/或某些气体(空气、水汽)的移动。当包含球粒的基体塑料层是外部层(或者是中空体的内层,与流体相接触,或者是外层,与外界接触)、即在下文所称的“B层”时,可获得良好的结果。在一种非常特别优选的方式中,B层是中空体的内层。
在该B层中隔离塑料的含量通常小于以重量计的5%。实际上,此含量通常小于1%,实际上甚至小于0.5%。
根据本发明的这种替换形式的多层中空体可以用于许多不同的用途,尤其是以诸如瓶或箱的管状物或容器形式用于运输或容纳各种类型的流体。它尤其可以用于机动车辆的领域,尤其是以燃料箱或用于燃料箱的接管嘴的形式。在用于燃料箱的情况下,已获得极好的结果。
上述结果是,当根据本发明的这种替换形式的多层结构是燃料箱时,它优选包括基本上由EVOH(乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物)组成的至少一层以及基本上由HDPE(高密度聚乙烯)组成的包含直径小于或等于1μm的EVOH球粒的一层。
在本发明的一些替换形式中使用的隔离塑料,经常相对于传统聚合物(通常是基体塑料层的主要组成)表现出较差的粘接性,这经常使得有必要在根据本发明的结构的隔离层和基体层之间存在粘合塑料层。
根据本发明的这种替换形式的粘合塑料是根据隔离塑料以及基体塑料的性质来选择的。经常使用相容聚烯烃并且尤其是相容聚乙烯作为粘合塑料。相容性可以尤其通过接枝、尤其利用羧酸酐(例如马来酸酐)来获得。粘合塑料优选基本上由用马来酸酐接枝的聚烯烃、尤其是用马来酸酐接枝的聚乙烯组成。
相对于复合结构,粘合层通常较薄并且尤其是它不超过结构总厚度的百分之几。
在根据本发明的这种替换形式的结构中,隔离层可以是两个外部层(位于结构的任一侧)之一或可以是包括在两个外部层之间的中间层。后一种替换形式是有利的,因为隔离塑料经常比基体塑料弱。当隔离塑料层夹在两个基体塑料层之间时,通常有两层粘合剂(在隔离层的每一侧上有一层),每层的厚度大约为结构的1至2%,甚至3%。
根据本发明的另一种替换形式,不是借助于单独一层粘合塑料,而是将粘合塑料简单地与基体塑料混合,如在专利申请FR2,776,228中披露的。
无论选择的替换形式是什么(粘合剂在单独一层中或混合在基体塑料中),粘合剂在结构(包括所有层)中的总含量通常不超过整个结构重量的10%,优选8%,甚至5%。
从经济的角度考虑,以分散形式包含隔离塑料的基体塑料层或多层有利地包含具有类似结构(也就是说,具有隔离塑料层以及包含或不包含分散隔离塑料的基体塑料层)的生产下脚料或可选地经受预处理(尤其是为了对它们进行净化)的具有类似结构的废弃物的碎片。
根据一种有利的替换形式,除上述的B层以外,根据本发明的结构还可以包括至少一个第二基体塑料层,其包含以直径小于或等于1μm的球粒形式分散的的隔离塑料,并且该第二层是中空体的中间层(插在两层之间)(C层)。它的隔离塑料的含量也小于以重量计的15%,优选小于或等于以重量计的8%,并且在一种非常特别优选的方式中小于或等于以重量计的5%。然而,该含量有利地大于内层中隔离塑料的含量,并且在一种特别优选的方式中,大于或等于以重量计的1%,甚至大于或等于以重量计的2%。
本发明的这种替换形式是有利的,因为它提供了使用更大量回收塑料(生产下脚料或以前的废弃结构)的可能性。对于某些用途,当在中间层中的隔离塑料的含量为以重量计的1至8%时,可获得良好的平衡(经济优势/机械性能)。这是因为,隔离塑料在重量的8%以上时,多层结构的机械性能(以及尤其是冷冲击强度)会变得不适用于某些用途。
由于下述事实具有一定的经济优点:不仅能够在中间层使用相对大量的回收塑料,而且在外部层能够使用较少量的回收塑料(以便对结构的美观和/或机械性能不会产生过多的影响)。因此,根据一种特别有利的替换形式,本发明涉及一种多层结构,其具有至少两个包含分散的隔离塑料的基体塑料层(一个外部层(B)以及一个中间层(C)),在B层中隔离塑料的含量小于重量的1%,而在C层中隔离塑料的含量为重量的1至8%。
根据本发明的层和/或多层结构可以用任何已知的方式加以制备,通常通过挤压模塑、注射模塑、涂凝模塑、热成形等。尤其是,该层可以通常挤压法加以制备。对于包含至少一个上述层的多层中空体而言,模塑工艺是高度适宜的并且尤其是称作挤出吹塑的工艺。
因此,本发明还涉及如上所述的中空体的制造方法,所述方法包括多层型坯的挤出吹塑的至少一个步骤,其中多层型坯包括至少一层基体塑料,其中该基体塑料包含以直径小于或等于1μm的球粒形式分散的隔离塑料。优选地,该层是型坯的外部层,并且在一种非常特别优选的方式中,型坯还包括隔离塑料层。上述型坯的层可以具有任何相对厚度。然而,尤其为了经济上的需要,隔离塑料层通常限于仅百分之几(通常在结构重量的1和5%之间,甚至在2和4%之间),结构的剩余部分通常基本上由基体塑料组成(也可以使用仅百分之几比例的可选的粘合剂)。
在该方法中,隔离塑料在基体塑料中的分散可以在通过挤出吹塑的加工期间进行。然而,通过仅变化加工参数、甚至使用相容性试剂(例如与上述粘合剂具有类似特性)和/或适当的混合装置(混合喷嘴、静态混合机)有时也难以进行这种分散。相反,本申请人公司已发现,意想不到地,当所述层包含已预先经受静电分离处理的类似多层结构的碎片时,可以毫无困难地进行这种分散,甚至在没有上述相容性试剂和/或上述混合装置的情况下也是如此。
因此,本发明的此方面的一种有利的替换形式包括如上所述的制造方法但加入了用于循环利用至少部分多层中空体的方法,其中多层中空体包括至少一个含隔离塑料的层以及一个基体塑料层,并且所述方法包括以下步骤:
-使所述部分中空体成碎片;
-使获得的碎片经受至少一次静电分离步骤,以便获得至少一个含隔离塑料少的碎片流(A)以及一个富含隔离塑料的碎片流(B);
-通过挤出(压)制造多层型坯,该型坯包括外部层,而外部层包含来自流(A)的碎片;
吹塑所述型坯。
在上述方法中,流(A)具有小于重量的1%的隔离塑料的含量以及流(B)具有大于或等于重量的1%的隔离塑料的含量是有利的。
得自流(A)的碎片可以按原样用作外部层,或者与任选的添加剂、增强物等、和/或与全新基体塑料(还未使用的)进行混合。后一种替换形式(用全新塑料进行稀释)是优选的。实际上,大于或等于20%、甚至大于或等于30%、但小于或等于80%、甚至小于或等于60%的稀释度是高度适宜的[术语“稀释度”应理解为是指碎片相对于混合物(碎片+全新树脂)的重量百分比]。
在上述中,术语“基于”至少相当于上述定义的术语“由......制成”。优选地,它们是指“仅由......组成”。
在上述方法中,能够使用富含隔离塑料的碎片流(B)当然也是有利的。在这种情况下,有利地,碎片流(B)用于型坯的中间层。它可以原样使用或用新塑料加以稀释。通常,可以原样使用得自此碎片流的材料,只要它的隔离塑料的含量不是过高。尤其对于多层燃料箱的情况,已经发现,小于或等于重量比8%的含量得到良好的结果。因此,根据一种有利的替换形式,在上述方法中,碎片流(B)具有小于或等于重量比8%的隔离塑料的含量,而型坯包含基于来自碎片流(B)的碎片的中间层。
可以在环境温度或在加热条件下,以任何已知的方式进行碎化。可以例如在隔离塑料的结晶温度(Tc,单位为℃)和Tc-20℃之间的温度下进行,如在上述专利申请FR 2,765,828中所披露的。在循环利用生产下脚料的情况下,当它们仍然是热的时候使它们在线碎化是有利的。
在碎化结束以后,最大尺寸大于或等于1mm、优选大于或等于2mm、甚至大于或等于5mm的碎片是优选存在的。通常,所述尺寸小于或等于15mm、优选小于或等于12mm、甚至小于或等于8mm。
也可以用任何已知方式、商业上可获得的用于此目的装置来进行静电分离。优选利用这样的设备来进行静电分离:在该设备中,首先使碎片带电,其后借助通过静电场将碎片分成不同组成的碎片流,然后借助适当的装置进行收集。后者有利地包括至少两个分开的容器(或在相同容器中的分开的室),以便能够分别地收集上述碎片流(A)和(B)。有时收集至少三个分开的碎片流证明是有利的,每个碎片流具有不同含量的隔离塑料。根据这种替换形式,含隔离塑料最少的碎片流对应于碎片流(A),具有平均含量的碎片流对应于碎片流(B)以及具有最高含量的碎片流(通常大于或等于以重量计的10%,甚至大于或等于以重量计的20%)对应于碎片流(C)。
考虑到在多层结构(尤其在燃料箱)中通常使用的塑料含量,在碎片流(C)中的隔离塑料的含量通常小于或等于50%,优选小于或等于40%,甚至小于或等于30%。
在新的多层结构中优选不以原样再利用碎片流(C),因为其组成通常使得不可能获得良好的机械性能。上述碎片流通常被丢弃,或有利地,一般考虑到隔离塑料的成本,将经受一次或多次适当的处理,以使得其富含隔离塑料,通过这样,在多层结构(类似于或不同于最初结构)的隔离层中循环利用。
因此,根据该方法的一种替换形式,在静电分离期间,产生至少一个第三碎片流(C),其隔离塑料的含量大于或等于10%,并且碎片流(C)经受其后的处理步骤,该步骤可以使它富含隔离塑料。如在专利申请FR 03/03209中所披露的,这样的处理步骤可以包括选择性溶解隔离塑料并再沉淀后者。
上述方法特别很好地适合被引入到燃料箱的工业制造中,如在这个申请的第一部分详细描述的,以及尤其是基于HDPE和基于EVOH的燃料箱。在制造以下结构过程中已获得良好的结果(从内向外,包括基于以下材料的层):P+R1/A/B/A/R2/P,其中:
-P=HDPE,
-A=基于PE-g-MA(用马来酸酐接枝的HDPE)的粘合剂,
-B=EVOH隔离层,
-R1和R2=经静电分离处理的具有类似结构的碎片,其分别相当于碎片流(A)和(B)的上述定义,并且分别具有小于重量的1%和重量为1至8%的EVOH含量。
事实上,P/A/B/A/R/P型(其中R=未经受静电处理的具有类似结构的碎片)的类似箱体已在北美洲和欧洲出售约10年,以满足日益增高要求的蒸发标准。在这些箱体中不同层的相对厚度通常是(以结构的重量百分比计):40/2/3/2/40/13。
这些废弃箱或它们的生产下脚料有利地作为制造根据本发明的新箱的基料。因此,随时间的推移,某些生产操作(例如,在(重新)启动期间)将在不使用生产下脚料的情况下进行,而其它生产操作将在或大或小的程度上使用它,这取决于在前生产操作的质量。也可以基于来自废箱的塑料进行某些生产操作。在这种情况下,这些塑料将优选经过净化(尤其是除去残余燃料)和/或再生处理(应当明了,由于其老化,废塑料、以及尤其是HDPE可能已经变质)。尤其可以证明,在通过挤出吹塑对它进行加工以前,将再生剂(如多官能环氧化物)与废基体塑料(尤其当它是HDPE时)混合是有利的。这样的再生方法披露在申请WO 03/024692中。
根据本发明的方法的一个优点是,借助于隔离塑料的良好分散,再生料的中间层的厚度范围可以高达结构总厚度的50%,而在根据现有技术的燃料箱中,由于其再生料被原样循环利用,而没有经过静电分离,其厚度通常限于结构总厚度的40%,以便不会对其性能产生过度的影响。具体地,本申请人公司已发现,在未经过静电分离的再生料的层中,隔离塑料球粒通常具有大于或等于1μm,甚至大于或等于2μm的直径,这与本发明中其球粒小于1μm的结构截然不同。
此外,在箱体内层中以最大80%(相对于层的总重量)的比例包含再生料的事实,能够使回收塑料的再利用的最大总水平达到75%而不损害结构的性能,借助于在基体塑料中隔离塑料的分散质量,情况仍然是如此。
具体实施方式
本发明将由下面的实施例来例举说明,且并不受其限制。
实施例
制造了连续5代(0、1、2、3以及4)P+R1/A/B/A/R2/P型的燃料箱,其中:
-P+R1=内层,对于0代(其中R1=0),是基于新HDPE(等级,RSB714);对于后面的几代,则包含46.2%重量的流R1(在下文定义),其稀释在53.8%的新HDPE中,该层占总结构的42%,
-A=基于PE-g-MA(Admer L2100)的粘合剂层,并且每层占该结构重量的2%,
-B=EVOH层(Eval F101),占该结构重量的2.75%,
-R2=基于流R2(在下文定义)的层并且占该结构重量的40%,
-P=基于新HDPE的外层,其构成结构的剩余部分,
用以下方式进行制造:
1.挤出吹塑:
-包括6台挤出机(每层一台)的Bekum BAT1000装置,其总生产能力是330kg/h,并且其几何特性如下:
-1.内层和再生料:100mm,L/D=24;
-2.外层:50mm,L/D=20;
-3.粘合剂和隔离层:38mm,L/D=20;
-NS型模具(9kg,容量751),其中出浇口(degating)区用厚度0.1mm的PTFE薄板覆盖,
-从一代到另一代,人工增加循环利用度至重量的60%,
-生产周期的持续时间:运行时间156s(包括在模具中的88s),从吹塑设备的出口到研磨(出浇口、称重以及将废料传送至研磨机步骤)150s,
2.碎化:SMS 60180型Herbold研磨机,8mm筛子,
3.静电分离:Hamos出售的EKS-L静电分离器;该装置将在先前步骤产生的碎片分离成3个碎片流,在分离灰尘和碎屑以后,对其进行的分析给出下面的结果:
碎片流R1,富含HDPE,包含0.24%的EVOH并且占该整个碎片流的30%,
碎片流R2,包含1.17%的EVOH并且占该整个碎片流的60%,
碎片流R3,包含EVOH的剩余部分(即,大约20%)并且占该整个碎片流的10%,
-4.按照上述步骤1的新的挤出吹塑,其中在先前步骤产生的碎片流R1和R2被再利用,但碎片流R3未被再利用而是被废弃,
-5.新的碎化等。
从破裂强度和冷冲击强度的角度分析了每代中的若干箱体,并且代与代之间未观察到显著差异。
Claims (10)
1.一种多层结构,包括至少一个由基体塑料制成的层,其中,所述基体塑料包含分散形式的直径小于或等于1μm的由与所述基体塑料不相容的隔离塑料构成的球粒,所述多层结构是用于容纳流体的中空体,包含所述球粒的基体塑料层是所述多层结构与所述流体接触的所述中空体的内层,其特征在于,所述中空体是燃料箱,所述隔离塑料是EVOH,而所述基体塑料是HDPE。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多层结构,其特征在于:包括至少一个第二基体塑料层,所述第二基体塑料层包含分散形式的直径小于或等于1μm的由与所述基体塑料不相容的隔离塑料构成的球粒。
3.根据权利要求2所述的多层结构,其特征在于:所述第二基体塑料层是所述结构的中间层。
4.根据权利要求3所述的多层结构,其特征在于:在所述包含所述球粒的基体塑料层层中隔离塑料的含量为小于重量比1%,并且在所述第二基体塑料层中隔离塑料的含量为重量比1至8%。
5.用于制造根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的多层结构的方法,其特征在于,包括:至少一个基体塑料层的挤出步骤,所述基体塑料层包含分散形式的直径小于或等于1μm的由与所述基体塑料不相容的隔离塑料构成的球粒。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,包括:至少一个多层型坯的挤出吹塑步骤,所述多层型坯包括至少一个基体塑料的外部层,所述基体塑料包含分散形式的直径小于或等于1μm的由与所述基体塑料不相容的隔离塑料构成的球粒。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,其包括循环利用至少部分多层中空体的工艺,所述多层中空体包括至少一个隔离塑料层和一个基体塑料层,所述方法包括以下步骤:
-碎化中空体的所述部分;
-对获得的碎片进行至少一次静电分离步骤,以便获得至少一个含隔离塑料少的碎片流A和一个富含隔离塑料的碎片流B;
-通过挤出制造多层型坯,所述多层型坯具有外部层,所述外部层包含来自所述碎片流A的碎片;
-吹塑所述型坯。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述碎片流A具有以重量计小于1%的隔离塑料含量以及所述碎片流B具有以重量计大于或等于1%的隔离塑料含量。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述碎片流B具有以重量计小于或等于8%的隔离塑料含量,并且所述型坯包括基于来自所述碎片流B的碎片的中间层。
10.根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述静电分离期间,产生至少一个第三碎片流C,其隔离塑料以重量计的含量大于或等于10%,并且对所述碎片流C进行随后的处理步骤,所述处理步骤可以使所述碎片流C富含隔离塑料。
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US9802476B1 (en) | 2012-05-25 | 2017-10-31 | Robertson Fuel Systems, Llc | Method and system for forming a self-sealing volume using a breather system |
US10471676B1 (en) | 2013-03-12 | 2019-11-12 | Robertson Fuel Systems, L.L.C. | Method and system for forming a self-sealing volume with an aqueous polyurethane dispersion layer |
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FR2866828B1 (fr) | 2006-07-07 |
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US7858016B2 (en) | 2010-12-28 |
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