CN100386246C - 用于飞机的电动辅助动力系统结构 - Google Patents

用于飞机的电动辅助动力系统结构 Download PDF

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CN100386246C
CN100386246C CNB200380101725XA CN200380101725A CN100386246C CN 100386246 C CN100386246 C CN 100386246C CN B200380101725X A CNB200380101725X A CN B200380101725XA CN 200380101725 A CN200380101725 A CN 200380101725A CN 100386246 C CN100386246 C CN 100386246C
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aircraft
electrical generator
wing
jet engine
electric energy
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沃伦·A·阿特基
艾伦·T·伯尼尔
迈克尔·D·鲍曼
托马斯·A·坎贝尔
乔纳森·M·克鲁斯
查尔斯·J·菲特曼
查尔斯·S·迈斯
凯西·Y·K·恩格
法哈德·诺扎里
爱德华·齐林斯基
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
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    • B64D13/06Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft the air being conditioned
    • B64D13/08Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft the air being conditioned the air being heated or cooled
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D13/00Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft
    • B64D13/06Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft the air being conditioned
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D41/00Power installations for auxiliary purposes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D13/00Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft
    • B64D13/06Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft the air being conditioned
    • B64D2013/0603Environmental Control Systems
    • B64D2013/0611Environmental Control Systems combined with auxiliary power units (APU's)
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D13/00Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft
    • B64D13/06Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft the air being conditioned
    • B64D2013/0603Environmental Control Systems
    • B64D2013/064Environmental Control Systems comprising more than one system, e.g. dual systems
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B64D13/06Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft the air being conditioned
    • B64D2013/0603Environmental Control Systems
    • B64D2013/0644Environmental Control Systems including electric motors or generators
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B64D2041/005Fuel cells
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D2221/00Electric power distribution systems onboard aircraft
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

用于飞机系统提供辅助动力的方法和系统。在一个实施例中,用于向环境控制系统(340a,340b)提供动力的飞机系统结构(300)包括一个可操作地连接到喷气发动机(310a,310b)上的发电机(316a,316b)。喷气发动机(310a,310b)可构成为用于向飞机提供推进的推力,并且发电机(316a,316b)可构成为用于接收喷气发动机(310a,310b)的轴功。环境控制系统(340a,340b)可构成为用于在没有喷气发动机的引气时向飞机的客舱(320)提供外部空气。

Description

用于飞机的电动辅助动力系统结构
技术领域
下面公开的内容总体上涉及一种用于飞机的辅助动力系统,更具体地说,涉及飞机的电动辅助动力系统。
本申请要求申请日为2002年10月22日的共同待批美国临时专利申请60/420,637的优先权。并且将该文献全文作为本申请的参考文献。本申请将美国专利US 6,526,775的全文作为参考文献。
背景技术
传统的运输机通常在飞行期间利用主发动机的气动、液压和电动等动力支持各种飞机系统。此外,传统的运输机通常在地面操作过程中利用机载的辅助动力单元(APUs)的气动和电动动力支持飞机系统。在商业运输飞机中,飞机的空调系统通常是最大的辅助动力使用源。在传统的运输机中,这些系统使用从发动机的压缩机级抽出的高温/高压空气(“引气”)。空气在进入机身前先通过空调机组,以满足温度、通风和增压的需要。然后,调节后的空气通过出流阀或通过正常的机舱泄漏从机身中排出。在地面操作期间,APU能从独立的轴传动式负载压缩机或从动力段压缩机中提供引气。与从主发动机中引气类似,APU中的高温和高压空气在进入机身前先通过空调机组。
图1是示意地表示出按现有技术构成的传统的气动辅助动力系统结构100的视图。该系统结构100可包括用于向飞机提供推力的喷气发动机110(图中以第一发动机110a和第二发动机110b示出)。除了推力外,发动机110还能通过引气口112(分别标为第一引气口112a和第二引气口112b)向引气集管120提供高温/高压空气。引气口112接收来自发动机110的压缩机级的空气,并使空气通过热交换器114(如预冷却器),该热交换器在空气流到引气集管120之前将其冷却。
来自引气集管120的高压空气支持飞机的大多数辅助动力需求。例如,该空气的一部分流到空调机组140(图中以第一空调机组140a和第二空调机组140b示出),空调机组向机身104中的客舱102提供经过调节的空气。空调机组140包括一组热交换器、调节阀和空气循环机,它们将空气调节到满足客舱102的温度、通风和增压的要求。空气的另一部分从引气集管120流到用于驱动高容量液压泵168的涡轮160。液压泵168向飞机的起落架和其它液压系统提供液压动力。另外还有一部分高压空气被引向发动机罩防结冰系统152和机翼防结冰系统150。
机翼防结冰系统150包括一个阀(图中未示出),它控制向机翼的前缘的引气流动,及均匀地沿机翼前缘的保护区分配热空气的“短笛(piccolo)”型管(图中未示出)。如果前缘板条需要结冰保护,则可采用伸缩管来向扩展位置的板条提供热的引气。防结冰的引气通过机翼或板条下表面的孔排出。
除了发动机110外,系统结构100还可包括周作替代压力源的APU 130。APU 130通常靠使用电池136的起动电动机134发动。APU 130驱动压缩机138,该压缩机向引气集管120提供用于发动机起动和其它地面操作的高压空气。为了发动机的起动,使高压空气从引气集管120流向可操作地连接到各发动机110的起动涡轮154。作为APU的一种选择,来自其中运行的一台发动机110的引气可用于重新起动另一台发动机110。作为另一种选择,外部空气罐车(图1中未示出)可提供用于在地面起动发动机的高压空气。
系统结构100还可包括可操作地连接到发动机110上的发动机驱动发电机116和可操作地连接到APU 130上的APU驱动发电机132。在飞行时,发动机驱动发电机116可支持传统的电气系统负载,如燃料泵108、电机驱动液压泵178和各种风扇、厨房系统、机内娱乐系统、照明系统、航空电子系统及类似系统。在地面操作和在飞行过程中,APU驱动发电机132可按需要支持这些功能。发动机驱动发电机116和APU驱动发电机132一般额定在90-120kVA,并产生115Vac的电压。它们能给变压-整流装置提供动力,该变压-整流装置可将115Vac转变为28Vdc以用于许多上述电气负载。通过在很大程度上依赖于热断路器和继电器的电气系统进行动力分配。
系统结构100还可包括可操作地与发动机110相连的发动机驱动液压泵118。液压泵118提供液压动力,以在飞行中操纵面致动器(surface actuator)和其它飞机系统。电机驱动泵178可提供后备液压动力,用以维持在地面上的活动。
图2是示意地表示包括图1的辅助动力系统结构100的现有技术的飞机202的顶视图。飞机202包括一个前部电子设备隔舱210,它将电能分配给多个与上述系统结构100相连的电气负载220。在飞行中,电子设备隔舱210可接收来自发动机发电机116,以及APU 130的电能。在地面时,电子设备隔舱210可接收来自APU 130的电能,或通过一个插座213接受来自外部电源212的电能。
上述辅助动力系统结构100的一个缺陷在于,它是以最差的条件(通常为巡航速度、高飞行负载、热天气及其中一个发动机引气系统失效)确定尺寸的,以确保有足够的空气流动来满足在任何时间的需求。因此,在通常的操作条件下,发动机110提供的引气的压力和温度远高于空调机组140和其它飞机系统所要求的压力和温度。为了进行补偿,预冷却器114和空调机组140按需要将压力和温度调节到较低的值,以满足机身增压、通风和温度控制的需要。这样,在调节过程中,大量的能源就被预冷却器和调节阀浪费了。即使在最佳的条件下,从发动机110抽取的大量能源也以热的形式和在管、阀及其它与引气集管120和空调机组140相连的部件内发生的压力降的形式浪费掉了。
发明内容
本发明总体上涉及飞机的辅助动力系统及用于向飞机系统提供辅助动力的方法。在一个实施例中,按照本发明一个方面构成的飞机包括一个机身和一个用于向飞机提供推进的推力的喷气发动机。飞机还包括一个可操作地连接到喷气发动机上的发电机,及一个环境控制系统。该环境控制系统可包括至少一个用于接收来自发电机的电能、以在没有喷气发动机的引气的情况下向机身提供外部空气的压缩机电机。
在该实施例的另一个方面中,飞机可包括从机身向外延伸的机翼和一个电热机翼防结冰系统。电热机翼防结冰系统可构成为接收所述发电机的电能,以在没有喷气发动机的引气的情况下,至少减少在机翼的一部分上形成的冰。在该实施例的再一个方面中,发电机可以是第一发电机,并且飞机还可包括一个辅助动力单元和第二发电机。第二发电机可操作地连接到辅助动力单元上并用于接收辅助动力单元的轴功。在这方面,至少一个环境控制系统的压缩机电机构成为接收第二发电机发出的电能,以在没有来自辅助动力单元的压缩空气的情况下,向客舱提供外部空气。
在另一个实施例中,用于向飞机的机身提供空调空气的方法包括设置一个与机身流体连通的压缩机风扇,并可操作地将电机连接到压缩机风扇上,以驱动该压缩机风扇。该方法还包括可操作地将发电机连接到飞机的喷气发动机上,并将发电机的电能提供给电机,以驱动压缩机风扇。在该实施例的一个方面中,在没有喷气发动机的引气的情况下,可驱动压缩机风扇,使空气从机身外流入机身。
附图说明
图1是表示出按现有技术构成的传统的气动辅助动力系统结构的示意图;
图2是示意地表示具有图1的系统结构的现有技术的飞机的顶视图;
图3是表示按照本发明一个实施例构成的电动辅助动力系统的示意图;
图4是按照本发明一个实施例构成的具有图3的系统结构的飞机的示意顶视图;
图5是按照本发明一个实施例构成的飞机电能分配系统的示意图;
图6是按照本发明另一个实施例构成的飞机电能分配系统的示意图;
图7是按照本发明再一个实施例的只具有AC发电机的飞机电能分配系统的示意图;
图8A-8C是表示按照本发明一个实施例构成的具有发动机起动电路的电能分配系统的示意图。
具体实施方式
下面公开的内容描述了向飞机系统提供动力的系统和方法。在下面的说明及在图3-7中给出了某些细节,以便对本发明的各个实施例提供充分的理解。描述与飞机和/或飞机辅助动力系统相关的已知结构和系统的其它细节在下面的内容中将不再描述,以避免对本发明的各个实施例的描述造成不必要的模糊理解。
图中示出的许多细节、尺寸、角度和其它特征只是对本发明特定实施例的举例说明。因此,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,其它实施例可具有其它细节、尺寸和特征。此外,在不具有下述几个细节的本发明的其它实施例也是可行的。
在图中,相同的附图标记代表相同或至少大体上相似的部件。为了有助于对任何特定部件的讨论,任何附图标记的第一位阿拉伯数字表示部件第一次被引入的相应的图号。例如,部件310首先在图3中被引入和被论述。
图3是表示按照本发明一个实施例构成的电动辅助动力系统结构300的示意图。在该实施例的一个方面中,系统结构300包括向飞机(图中未示出)提供推力的第一发动机310a和第二发动机310b。正如下面更详细地描述的那样,第一起动器/发电机316a和第二起动器/发电机316b可操作地连接到各发动机310上,以按需要向多个飞机系统提供电能。起动器/发电机316支持由图1中所示的引气系统进行的绝大多数传统功能。这些功能中可包括机身空调和增压、发动机起动及机翼防结冰。
在该实施例的另一个方面中,系统结构300还包括一个APU 330,它用于在地面操作或在飞行中按需要向飞机系统提供动力。起动APU 330的动力可由飞机电池336、外部地面电源(图中未示出),或一个或多个发动机驱动起动器/发电机316提供。APU 330的动力由第一APU起动器/发电机332a和第二APU起动器/发电机332b提供,它们分别可操作地与APU 330相连。
与上面参照图1描述的传统APU 130相反,APU 330只向各飞机系统提供电能。因此,由于与气动传递相关的所有部件都被取消,所以它比APU 130更简单。这一特征可大大提高APU的可靠性并减少所需的维修。
在该实施例的另一个方面中,系统结构300包括一个环境控制系统,它具有第一空调机组340a和第二空调机组340b。空调机组340用于向机身304中的客舱302提供经调节的空气,以满足温度、压力和空调的需要。在一个实施例中,空调机组340可至少大体上与美国专利US 6,526,775描述的一个或多个空调系统相似,该专利文献的全文作为本申请的参考文献。在另一个实施例中,空调机组340可包括可调速电压缩机电机380,其构成为在飞行过程中接收发动机310的电能,并在地面操作中接收APU 330的电能。压缩机电机380驱动压缩机(图中未示出),压缩机通过冲压空气入口342接收外部新鲜空气。新鲜空气被压缩并从空调机组340流入机身304,以满足客舱302的增压和温度控制的需要。在一个实施例中,系统结构300可包括一个或多个可变速风扇(图中未示出),以将空气以不同的流量分配给机身304的各个部分,从而可在任何给定的时间满足机身304的特定需求。以这种方式改变从发动机310中提取的动力可进一步提高燃油效率。
可调速压缩机电机380根据客舱容积、乘坐人数,和/或所需的客舱气压高度改变客舱的空气压力和空气流量。例如,如果所需较低的容舱高度(较高的气压),则本发明的电气ECS系统可通过利用可调速压缩机电机380来提高进入流和/或降低机身304的出流来适应这种情况。一般来说,传统的气动系统不具有将客舱高度降低到比设计点(例如8000英尺)低得多的能力,这是因为这些系统一般是以设计点来确定尺寸的。空调的电气方法与传统的气动方法相比的另一个优越之处在于:由用于电气方法的发动机中抽取的能量不会被空调机组340中的预冷却器和调节阀浪费掉。取而代之的是,压缩机电机380按照需要由调速压缩机只从发动机310中抽取足够的电能,以满足客舱302的即时的增压的需要。这种实时的能量优化可在整个飞机平台延伸到其它电能用户,从而提高了燃油效率。如下文所述,例如,这些用户可包括再循环风扇、厕所和厨房通风风扇、货物加热、机翼防结冰及液压致动。由于只抽取需要的能量,所以提高了燃油的经济性。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,系统结构300还包括一个机翼防结冰系统350,它利用发动机310的电能。机翼防结冰系统350可根据本发明的至少两个实施例构成,以防止或至少减小在机翼352的一部分上形成的冰。在电热防结冰实施例中,加热元件,如电热薄层(图中未示出)可结合到机翼前缘内部或设置在接近该内部的位置。对于机翼防结冰来说,可向加热薄层供能从而加热机翼前缘,使结的任何冰都会融化和/或从机翼前缘上脱离。这种方法比传统的引气系统的效率明显提高,这是因为只对机翼前缘的所需部分加热而不是实时加热。因此,用于防结冰的抽出能量明显减少。此外,与引气系统相反,在机翼上没有引气排放孔。因而与传统的系统相比,减小了飞机阻力和公共噪声。
机翼防结冰系统350还作为本发明另一个实施例的电动机械系统运行。在该实施例中,在机翼前缘内部的机电致动器(图中未示出)可用于使机翼前缘进行短暂的振动,以使任何结冰脱离并落下。该实施例比上述的电热实施例所需的电能要小得多。在其中一个实施例中,机翼防结冰系统350可分成应用于机翼或条板前缘的不同区域的不同的部分。这样,如果机翼前缘的一部分不需要防止结冰,则机翼防结冰系统350的该部分可关掉,从而可进一步减小对发动机的动力需求。另外,防结冰系统可根据不同的时期按照需要周期地运行,以充分减少结冰而优化动力的使用。
在该实施例的另一个方面中,起动器/发电机316可以是双功能装置,当作为发电机运行时,它向飞机系统提供电能,当作为起动器运行时,它为发动机的起动提供轴功。在正常飞行过程中万一有一个或多个主发动机310关闭的情况下,这种电起动能力可增强发动机310的机内起动的结果。例如,由于飞行中的风车效应(windmill effect)可能提供不了足够的力矩,所以一般的高绕流率的发动机在所有飞行状态下都会发生起动困难。相反,本发明的起动器/发电机316构造成接收来自飞机上任何数量的电源的电能,以便在飞行中的起动期间,通过提供附加起动力矩,来给发动机310提供帮助。
为了起动发动机310,起动器/发电机316可作为同步起动电机运行,同时起动过程由发动机起动转换器(图中未示出)控制。发动机起动转换器可在起动过程中,向起动器/发电机316提供经调节的电源(例如可调电压和频率)以优化起动性能。发动机起动转换器还可起电机控制器的功能,用于控制客舱增压压缩机电机380和/或其它在飞机上的可调速电机。类似地,APU起动转换器(图中未示出)可起一个电机控制器的功能,用于控制飞机上的,例如机舱惰性气体发生系统(OBIGGS)309的其它可调速电机。用于发动机起动的起动器/发电机316所必须提供的动力可来自于飞机电池336、APU 330、冲压空气涡轮(RAT)367、燃料电池(图中未示出)或其它能源。起动器/发电机316的双功能方面不由上面参照图1描述的空气涡轮起动器154提供。与起动器/发电机316不同,空气涡轮发动机起动器154在发动机110运行过程中不起作用。
在该实施例的另一个方面中,起动器发电机316可直接连接到发动机310的齿轮箱上,这样它们就以与发动机速度成正比的频率(例如,360-700Hz)运行。这种发电机可以是最简单和最有效的方法,这是由于发动机不包括复杂的恒速驱动。因此,在该实施例中,起动器/发电机316更加可靠并比传统的具有复杂恒速驱动的发电机能节省更多的成本。但是在其它实施例中,也可采用其它种类的发电机。例如,在一个需要恒速的其它实施例中,可采用恒速发电机。
在该实施例的另一个方面中,系统结构300包括一个液压系统,它具有左、右和中央通道。左右通道的液压动力可由发动机驱动的液压泵318提供,该泵与各发动机310可操作地连接。此外,较小的电机驱动液压泵319也能向地面操作的左右通道提供液压动力,以弥补发动机驱动泵318的不足。发动机驱动泵318能为飞行控制致动器、稳定器配平致动机构及其它功能提供液压动力。中央通道的液压动力由两个大容量电机驱动液压泵368提供。与参照图1描述的由发动机引气驱动的,以满足峰值液压需求的液压泵168相反,液压泵368由发动机310的电源驱动。液压泵368可为起落架系统369和其它系统,包括飞行控制执行、反推力装置、制动、前/尾缘副翼及前起落架操纵系统(图中未示出)提供液压动力。在该实施例的另一个方面中,在整个飞行过程中,只有一个液压泵368运行,而其它泵只在起飞和着陆时运行。
在该实施例的另一个方面中,系统结构300可包括多个调速燃油泵308,它将燃料从燃料箱390输送到一个或多个发动机310或输送到另一个燃料箱(图中未示出)。一般商用飞机使用燃料泵将燃料从一个机翼区输送到另一个机翼区。这使飞机能保持其重心,以使飞机性能最优化。在上面参照图1描述的传统的气动系统结构100中,通常包括恒速燃料泵,用于将燃料从一个箱输送到下一个箱或输送到发动机110。这些恒速燃料泵一般在任何时间都以最大压力运行,即使在燃料箱之间或燃料箱传送的燃料与发动机110之间很少需要输送对应于该最大压力的流量时也是如此。为此,这些燃料系统一般包括用于简单地释放过量的燃料压力的压力调节器。过量的燃料压力等于浪费发动机能量。相反,在图3的电动结构300中,燃料泵的速度可改变,以按照需要输送的燃料量及输送需要的流率,将燃料从一个燃料箱输送到另一个燃料箱,以在正常飞行状态下,优化飞机的总重心。通过在任何给定时间由燃料泵只抽取实际需要的能量的方式,在整个飞行阶段中保持重心最优化的能力,可进一步提高飞机的航程和燃料效率。
可将许多其它系统装到系统结构300中,以进一步减小从发动机310中抽取的能量。例如,在一个实施例中,在空调机组340中可使用可调速或可变速风扇,以根据风扇转速改变从发动机310中抽取的能量。在另一个实施例中,可用加热电阻丝加热货舱(图中未示出),以取代在传统系统中使用的引气。这些加热电阻丝可具有脉冲宽度调制能力,以便更好地控制温度和进一步减小能量的耗费。类似地,货物空调系统可构成为较少依赖于外部空气,而是更多地依赖于循环空气来冷却隔舱。按这种方式,消除了与外部空气相关的能量损失,并只需耗费冷却循环空气的能量。
正如上面参照图1所讨论的那样,在传统系统结构100中,发动机110提供主要的以引气的气动形式的辅助飞行动力。相反,在本发明的系统结构300中,发动机310提供主要由起动器/发电机316构成的电动形式的辅助飞行动力。由于取消了发动机310的压缩机部分的气动引气口,所以通过减小了需要的压缩机容量并改进了工作循环,使发动机的设计更有效。此外,取消了维持强化引气系统,可期望减小飞机的维持需求并提高飞机的可靠性,这是由于发动机的部件,及在分配系统中的气动管道、预冷却器和阀更少的缘故。此外,对于电动系统结构300来说,也不必采取措施来防止出现管道破裂和过热的温度状态。
电动系统结构300的另一个优点在于它能利用电机控制器来调整单个负载,以便在任何工作状态下只从发动机310抽取必要的最小量的能量。由于这些负载是可调整的,而不是简单的开或关,所以从发动机310中抽取的能量较少。调整任何电能负载的动力消耗的能力可直接提高飞机的燃料效率。与电动系统结构300相关的其它优点如下:实时能量抽取最优化,并消除了与发动机引气相关的浪费;提高了空气质量;潜在地减少了与多级发动机引气系统的认证相关的非重复性工程。
虽然上面参照图3描述的系统结构300包括两台发动机,每台发动机具有两个起动器/发电机,在另一个实施例中,根据特殊应用的需要,按照本发明构成的系统结构可包括或多或少的发动机,发动机具有或多或少的单个起动器/发电机。例如,在一个另外的实施例中,按照本发明构成的系统结构可包括四台喷气发动机,每台具有单个起动器/发电机。在另一个实施例中,按照本发明构成的系统结构可只包括一台发动机,它具有两个或多个发电机或起动器/发电机。因此,本发明不局限于具有特定数量的发动机或起动器/发电机的飞机。
图4是按照本发明一个实施例构成的具有图3的系统结构300的飞机的示意顶视图。飞机402可包括四个与两台发动机310相连的起动器/发电机316和两个与安装在飞机尾部的APU 330相连的起动器/发电机332。在该实施例的一个方面中,飞机402还可包括两个地面插座413(标为第一地面插座413a和第二地面插座413b),它们分别用于接收外部电源412a和412b的115Vac或230Vac的电源。
在该实施例的另一个方面中,飞机402可包括一个前部电气设备舱410a和一个尾部电气设备舱410b。四个远程(remote)电源分配单元(RPDUs)424a-d可将电源从设备舱410分配到多个与系统结构300相连的系统负载420。RPDUs 424a可主要依赖于固态动力控制器,而不是传统热电断路器和继电器。
图5是按照本发明一个实施例构成的飞机电能分配系统500的示意图。在该实施例的一个方面中,电能分配系统500包括可操作地与飞机发动机510相连的第一发电机516a和第二发电机516b。在一个实施例中,第一发电机516a和第二发电机516b可以是高压AC发电机(例如230 Vac发电机)。在另一个实施例中,两个发电机516中的一个可以是高压DC发电机(如±270Vdc发电机)。该AC发电机516a可向不受电源频率影响的飞机设备提供电能。该DC发电机516b可向包括可调速电机这样的飞机系统的部件提供电源。在其它实施例中,发电机516可以是其它类型的发电机。例如,在一个其它的实施例中,两个发电机516都可以是AC发电机。在该实施例中,系统的DC电源需求可用适当的交流-直流转换装置来满足。在另一个实施例中,两个发电机516都可以是DC发电机,而且系统的AC电源需求可用适当的直流-交流转换装置来满足。
在该实施例的另一个方面中,电能分配系统500还包括用于接收第一发电机516a的电能的第一总线515a和用于接收第二发电机516b的电能的第二总线515b。在一个实施例中,第一总线515a可以是高压AC总线,如230Vac总线,用于直接向多个大额定AC负载550提供电能。这些负载可与机翼防结冰设备、液压泵、燃料泵、厨房系统或类似设备相关联。此外,第一总线515a还可通过一个降压变压器522直接向第三总线515c提供电能。在一个实施例中,第三总线515c可以是低压AC总线,如115Vac总线。第三总线515c可通过多个RPDUs(标为一个第一RPDU 524a和至少一个第二RPDU 524b)向多个小额定AC设备负载544提供电能。这种小额定负载544可与机内的娱乐系统、内外照明系统、传感加热器或类似设备相关联。
在该实施例的再一个方面中,第二总线515b可向多个飞机上的可调速电机552提供电能。这些电机可包括用于客舱增压的压缩机、环境控制系统风扇、蒸气或空气循环ECS机组、大液压泵、飞行执行器或类似设备的电机。使用高压DC系统可避免潜在的常与电机控制器有关的谐波失真问题,并能提供一个装置,用于接纳常与电动液压致动器相关的再生能源。此外,通过采用重量轻的DC发电机和取消谐波失真处理装置和再生能源吸收装置,使用高压DC系统还可而大大减轻重量。
图6是按照本发明另一个实施例构成的飞机电能分配系统600的示意图。在该实施例的一个方面中,电能分配系统600包括第一飞机发动机610a、第二飞机发动机610b和一个APU 630。该电能分配系统600还可包括三个AC发电机616(分别标为第一AC发电机616a、第二AC发电机616b和第三AC发电机616c),和三个DC发电机618(分别标为第一DC发电机618a、第二DC发电机618b和第三DC发电机618c)。第一AC发电机616a和第一DC发电机618a可操作地连接到第一发动机610a。同样,第二AC发电机616b和第二DC发电机618b可操作地连接到第二发动机610b。第三AC发电机616c和第三DC发电机618c可操作地连接到APU630。第三AC发电机616c可将电能从APU 630提供给两条AC总线615a,以在地面操作期间和飞行期间按需要服务于AC负载(图中未示出)。可操作地连接到APU 630的第三DC发电机618c可向两条DC总线615b提供电能,以在地面操作期间和飞行期间按需要服务于可调速电机(图中未示出)。此外,第三AC发电机616c也可通过一个交流-直流转换装置624向两条DC总线615b提供电能。两条DC总线615b分别可操作地连接到对应的电机控制器660上(分别标为第一电机控制器660a和第二电机控制器660b)。电机控制器660可用于有选择地向客舱增压压缩机680(分别标为第一压缩机680a和第二压缩机680b)或发动机起动电路662(分别标为第一起动电路662a和第二起动电路662b)。在该实施例的另一个方面中,电能分配系统600可包括第二电能插座613a和第二电能插座613b,用于接收外部地面电源的电能。在一个实施例中,第一插座613a可用于接收地面电源的115Vac电能,第二插座613b可用于接收外部地面电源的230Vac的电能。
在一个实施例中,通过第二插座613b接收的高压(例如230Vac)地面电源可用于起动发动机610。在该实施例中,电机控制器660进行转换,使电能从DC总线615b被引向对应的发动机起动电路662。电能被引向对应的AC发电机616并用于运行作为同步电机的AC发电机616,以转动的对应发动机610,以便起动。一旦发动机610起动,电机控制器660转回,以向客舱增压的压缩机680提供电能。
图7是按照本发明再一个实施例的只具有AC发电机的飞机电能分配系统700的示意图。电能分配系统700包括第一发动机710a、第二发动机710b和APU 730。在该实施例的一个方面中,第一和第二AC发电机716a和716b可操作地连接到第一发动机710a,第三和第四发电机716c和716d可操作地连接到第二发动机710b,第五和第六AC发电机716e和716f可操作地连接到APU 730。为了满足DC电压的需求,可利用一个或多个交流-直流转换装置,例如自动变压整流单元(ATRUs)724将发动机710和APU 730的高压AC电能转变成高压DC电能,以接收AC总线715的AC电能。使用ATRUs724使电能分配系统700提供高压AC和DC电能,以支持传统的115Vac和28Vdc的总线结构。此外,也可利用未稳压变压整流单元725和稳压变压整流单元726将来自一个或多个AC发电机716的AC电能转变成28Vdc总线719的DC电能。在该实施例的另一个方面中,具有两个分别连接到各发电机710的AC发电机716使两个AC发电机716用作同步起动电机,以在需要时增加发动机起动能量。正如上面参照图3所描述的那样,上面参照图5-7描述的本发明的实施例不局限于图中示出的发动机和/或起动器/发电机的特定数量,而是在不同的结构中可扩展到发动机和起动器/发电机的其它数量。
图8A-8C是表示按照本发明一个实施例构成的具有发动机起动电路的电能分配系统800的示意图。首先参照图8A,在该实施例的一个方面中,电能分配系统800包括一个可操作地与发动机810连接的发电机816和一个可操作地与环境控制系统840连接的压缩机电机880。发电机816可通过AC总线815a、交流-直流转换装置824和高压DC总线815b向电机控制器860提供电能。在正常运行期间,如图8A所示,电机控制器860可有选择地将电能引向压缩机电机880,以供ECS 840运行。
图8B表示电能分配系统800的发动机起动结构。由于发动机810初始时不以这种结构运行,电能由一个替代的AC电源830而不是由发电机816提供给电机控制器860。在一个实施例中,替代的电源830可包括一个APU或一个外部电源。在该实施例的一个方面中,电机控制器860有选择地将电能从替代的电源830引向发动机起动电路862。发动机起动电路862向发电机816提供电能,发电机816作为同步电机来起动发动机810。
图8C表示电能分配系统800的另一个发动机起动结构。这里,用于起动发动机810的电能由电池836提供。在该实施例的一个方面中,电机控制器860可选择地将电路接通到高电压DC总线815b,以使它能从电池836接收电能。在连接到电池836之后,电机控制器将电能通过上述的发动机起动电路862引入发电机816。
根据上述内容可理解到,上面描述的本发明的特定实施例仅用于举例说明,而在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可进行各种变换。因此,除了由权利要求书进行限定以外,本发明是不受限制的。

Claims (8)

1.一种飞机,包括:
一个机身,它具有客舱;
一个喷气发动机,它构成为给飞机提供推进的推力;
一个发电机,它可操作地连接到喷气发动机上并构成为接收喷气发动机的轴功;
一个环境控制系统,它包括至少一个构成为接收所述发电机的电能的压缩机电机,以在没有喷气发动机的引气时,将外部空气提供给客舱;其中压缩机电机是可调速电机,用以根据机身的增压需求的变化改变压缩机转速。
2.按照权利要求1的飞机,还包括:
机翼,它从机身向外延伸;及
一个电热机翼防结冰系统,它构成为在没有喷气发动机的引气时,至少减少在机翼的一部分上形成的冰,该电热机翼防结冰系统接收所述发电机的电能。
3.按照权利要求1的飞机,还包括:
机翼,它从机身向外延伸;及
一个电动机械机翼防结冰系统,它构成为在没有喷气发动机的引气时,至少减少在机翼的一部分上形成的冰,该电动机械机翼防结冰系统接收所述发电机的电能。
4.按照权利要求1的飞机,还包括:
机翼,它从机身向外延伸;及
一个机翼防结冰系统,它构成为没有在喷气发动机的引气时,至少减少在机翼的一部分上形成的冰,该机翼防结冰系统以周期运行方式接收所述发电机的电能。
5.按照权利要求1的飞机,还包括:
一个可从飞机向下延伸的液压致动起落架;
一个液压泵,其构成为向起落架提供液压动力;及
一个电机,它可操作地连接到液压泵并构成为接收所述发电机的电能,以在没有喷气发动机的气动动力时,驱动所述液压泵。
6.按照权利要求1的飞机,其中发电机是可作为同步电机操作的起动器/发电机,以在没有气动动力时,起动所述喷气发动机。
7.按照权利要求1的飞机,其中发电机是可作为同步电机操作的起动器/发电机,以发动喷气发动机,其中在没有气动操作的起动器涡轮时,喷气发动机由起动器/发电机起动。
8.按照权利要求1的飞机,其中可操作地连接到喷气发动机上的发电机是第一发电机,其中飞机还包括:
一个辅助动力单元;及
一个第二发电机,它可操作地连接到该辅助动力单元上,并构成为接收辅助动力单元的轴功,其中至少一个环境控制系统的压缩机电机构成为接收第二发电机的电能,以在没有从所述辅助动力单元得到压缩空气时,向客舱提供外部空气。
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