CA2372601A1 - Hybrid membrane electrode assemblies - Google Patents
Hybrid membrane electrode assemblies Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2372601A1 CA2372601A1 CA002372601A CA2372601A CA2372601A1 CA 2372601 A1 CA2372601 A1 CA 2372601A1 CA 002372601 A CA002372601 A CA 002372601A CA 2372601 A CA2372601 A CA 2372601A CA 2372601 A1 CA2372601 A1 CA 2372601A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- layer
- mea
- catalyst material
- nanostructured
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 title abstract description 3
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 title abstract description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 165
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 94
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 55
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 28
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 28
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 25
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 17
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 9
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 7
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002336 sorption--desorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- ZZSIDSMUTXFKNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N perylene red Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC(C(C)C)=C1N(C(=O)C=1C2=C3C4=C(OC=5C=CC=CC=5)C=1)C(=O)C2=CC(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)=C3C(C(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)=CC1=C2C(C(N(C=3C(=CC=CC=3C(C)C)C(C)C)C1=O)=O)=C1)=C2C4=C1OC1=CC=CC=C1 ZZSIDSMUTXFKNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 3
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000034964 establishment of cell polarity Effects 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012860 organic pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000002207 thermal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241001618883 Euphorbia uralensis Species 0.000 description 1
- WLLGXSLBOPFWQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N MGK 264 Chemical compound C1=CC2CC1C1C2C(=O)N(CC(CC)CCCC)C1=O WLLGXSLBOPFWQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GLLRIXZGBQOFLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Xanthorin Natural products C1=C(C)C=C2C(=O)C3=C(O)C(OC)=CC(O)=C3C(=O)C2=C1O GLLRIXZGBQOFLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002120 nanofilm Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004441 surface measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010396 two-hybrid screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001075 voltammogram Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/312,514 | 1999-05-14 | ||
| US09/312,514 US6238534B1 (en) | 1999-05-14 | 1999-05-14 | Hybrid membrane electrode assembly |
| PCT/US1999/028508 WO2000070700A1 (en) | 1999-05-14 | 1999-12-02 | Hybrid membrane electrode assemblies |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2372601A1 true CA2372601A1 (en) | 2000-11-23 |
Family
ID=23211803
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002372601A Abandoned CA2372601A1 (en) | 1999-05-14 | 1999-12-02 | Hybrid membrane electrode assemblies |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6238534B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP4896298B2 (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR100781946B1 (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU2162100A (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA2372601A1 (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2000070700A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (30)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7098163B2 (en) * | 1998-08-27 | 2006-08-29 | Cabot Corporation | Method of producing membrane electrode assemblies for use in proton exchange membrane and direct methanol fuel cells |
| JP2001035510A (ja) * | 1999-07-21 | 2001-02-09 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | 固体高分子電解質型燃料電池 |
| US6447943B1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2002-09-10 | Ramot University Authority For Applied Research & Industrial Development Ltd. | Fuel cell with proton conducting membrane with a pore size less than 30 nm |
| AU2001227022A1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2001-07-31 | Ramot University Authority For Applied Research And Industrial Development Ltd. | Fuel cell with proton conducting membrane |
| WO2002009214A1 (en) * | 2000-07-25 | 2002-01-31 | Apollo Energy Systems, Incorporated | Electrodes for alkaline fuel cells with circulating electrolyte |
| EP1348241A1 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2003-10-01 | MicroCoating Technologies, Inc. | Fuel cell having improved catalytic layer |
| US20020068213A1 (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2002-06-06 | Honeywell International, Inc. Law Dept. Ab2 | Multiple layer electrode for improved performance |
| US20040036394A1 (en) * | 2002-08-21 | 2004-02-26 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Process for preparing multi-layer proton exchange membranes and membrane electrode assemblies |
| CN100449829C (zh) * | 2004-06-30 | 2009-01-07 | Tdk株式会社 | 直接醇型燃料电池及其制造方法 |
| JP5022707B2 (ja) * | 2004-07-13 | 2012-09-12 | パナソニック株式会社 | 固体高分子電解質型燃料電池 |
| US7790304B2 (en) | 2005-09-13 | 2010-09-07 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Catalyst layers to enhance uniformity of current density in membrane electrode assemblies |
| US8652705B2 (en) | 2005-09-26 | 2014-02-18 | W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. | Solid polymer electrolyte and process for making same |
| US7727358B2 (en) * | 2005-12-21 | 2010-06-01 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Pulp comprising polypyridobisimidazole and other polymers and methods of making same |
| RU2386194C1 (ru) * | 2006-02-15 | 2010-04-10 | 3М Инновейтив Пропертиз Компани | Избирательное окисление окиси углерода относительно водорода с помощью каталитически активного золота |
| US8137750B2 (en) * | 2006-02-15 | 2012-03-20 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Catalytically active gold supported on thermally treated nanoporous supports |
| US8252485B2 (en) * | 2007-03-13 | 2012-08-28 | Cabot Corporation | Electrocatalyst compositions and processes for making and using same |
| CN101657921B (zh) | 2007-04-12 | 2013-06-12 | 3M创新有限公司 | 高性能、高耐用非贵重金属燃料电池催化剂 |
| US20080299431A1 (en) * | 2007-06-01 | 2008-12-04 | Cabot Corporation | Membrane electrode assembly for fuel cell |
| KR100957302B1 (ko) * | 2007-09-07 | 2010-05-12 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 연료전지용 막-전극 접합체의 제조방법 |
| JP5196988B2 (ja) | 2007-12-21 | 2013-05-15 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | インク組成物、その製造方法、そのインク組成物を用いて形成した電極触媒層及びこれらの用途 |
| US20100035124A1 (en) * | 2008-08-11 | 2010-02-11 | Gm Clobal Technology Operations, Inc. | Hybrid particle and core-shell electrode structure |
| US8507152B2 (en) * | 2009-05-14 | 2013-08-13 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Fabrication of electrodes with multiple nanostructured thin catalytic layers |
| US8512908B2 (en) * | 2009-05-14 | 2013-08-20 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Fabrication of catalyst coated diffusion media layers containing nanostructured thin catalytic layers |
| US8481231B2 (en) * | 2009-05-14 | 2013-07-09 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Preparation of nanostructured thin catalytic layer-based electrode ink |
| US8802329B2 (en) * | 2009-05-14 | 2014-08-12 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Electrode containing nanostructured thin catalytic layers and method of making |
| US9570756B2 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2017-02-14 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Fuel cell electrode with nanostructured catalyst and dispersed catalyst sublayer |
| US8445164B2 (en) * | 2010-05-27 | 2013-05-21 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Electrode containing nanostructured thin catalytic layers and method of making |
| EP3534445B1 (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2022-05-18 | Toppan Printing Co., Ltd. | Electrode catalyst layer and solid polymer fuel cell |
| EP3856956A4 (en) | 2018-09-28 | 2022-08-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | HYDROGEN REFUELING SYSTEM |
| US20250305168A1 (en) * | 2024-03-27 | 2025-10-02 | Ohmium International, Inc. | Membranes for use in electrolyzers and processes for making the same |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5039561A (en) | 1986-08-25 | 1991-08-13 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Method for preparing an article having surface layer of uniformly oriented, crystalline, organic microstructures |
| US4812352A (en) | 1986-08-25 | 1989-03-14 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Article having surface layer of uniformly oriented, crystalline, organic microstructures |
| US5176786A (en) | 1988-07-13 | 1993-01-05 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Organic thin film controlled molecular epitaxy |
| US5238729A (en) | 1991-04-05 | 1993-08-24 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Sensors based on nanosstructured composite films |
| US5336558A (en) | 1991-06-24 | 1994-08-09 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Composite article comprising oriented microstructures |
| US5338430A (en) | 1992-12-23 | 1994-08-16 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Nanostructured electrode membranes |
| DE19544323A1 (de) * | 1995-11-28 | 1997-06-05 | Magnet Motor Gmbh | Gasdiffusionselektrode für Polymerelektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzellen |
| US5879827A (en) | 1997-10-10 | 1999-03-09 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Catalyst for membrane electrode assembly and method of making |
| US5879828A (en) | 1997-10-10 | 1999-03-09 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Membrane electrode assembly |
| US6277513B1 (en) * | 1999-04-12 | 2001-08-21 | General Motors Corporation | Layered electrode for electrochemical cells |
-
1999
- 1999-05-14 US US09/312,514 patent/US6238534B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-02 CA CA002372601A patent/CA2372601A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-12-02 WO PCT/US1999/028508 patent/WO2000070700A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-12-02 JP JP2000619049A patent/JP4896298B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-02 AU AU21621/00A patent/AU2162100A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-12-02 KR KR1020017014524A patent/KR100781946B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US6238534B1 (en) | 2001-05-29 |
| JP2003500803A (ja) | 2003-01-07 |
| WO2000070700A1 (en) | 2000-11-23 |
| JP4896298B2 (ja) | 2012-03-14 |
| KR100781946B1 (ko) | 2007-12-05 |
| AU2162100A (en) | 2000-12-05 |
| KR20020009612A (ko) | 2002-02-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Dead |