CA1302205C - Control apparatus for hydraulic continuously variable speed transmission - Google Patents

Control apparatus for hydraulic continuously variable speed transmission

Info

Publication number
CA1302205C
CA1302205C CA000580910A CA580910A CA1302205C CA 1302205 C CA1302205 C CA 1302205C CA 000580910 A CA000580910 A CA 000580910A CA 580910 A CA580910 A CA 580910A CA 1302205 C CA1302205 C CA 1302205C
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
hydraulic
line
pressure
slip
control apparatus
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
CA000580910A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Kouji Yamaguchi
Kazuya Maki
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Honda Motor Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Honda Motor Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Honda Motor Co Ltd filed Critical Honda Motor Co Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA1302205C publication Critical patent/CA1302205C/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/38—Control of exclusively fluid gearing
    • F16H61/40—Control of exclusively fluid gearing hydrostatic
    • F16H61/46—Automatic regulation in accordance with output requirements
    • F16H61/461—Automatic regulation in accordance with output requirements not involving a variation of the output capacity of the main pumps or motors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
    • F15B11/02—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member
    • F15B11/04—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member for controlling the speed
    • F15B11/044—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member for controlling the speed by means in the return line, i.e. "meter out"
    • F15B11/0445—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member for controlling the speed by means in the return line, i.e. "meter out" with counterbalance valves, e.g. to prevent overrunning or for braking
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/38—Control of exclusively fluid gearing
    • F16H61/40—Control of exclusively fluid gearing hydrostatic
    • F16H61/4043—Control of a bypass valve
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K28/00—Safety devices for propulsion-unit control, specially adapted for, or arranged in, vehicles, e.g. preventing fuel supply or ignition in the event of potentially dangerous conditions
    • B60K28/10—Safety devices for propulsion-unit control, specially adapted for, or arranged in, vehicles, e.g. preventing fuel supply or ignition in the event of potentially dangerous conditions responsive to conditions relating to the vehicle 
    • B60K28/16—Safety devices for propulsion-unit control, specially adapted for, or arranged in, vehicles, e.g. preventing fuel supply or ignition in the event of potentially dangerous conditions responsive to conditions relating to the vehicle  responsive to, or preventing, spinning or skidding of wheels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2520/00—Input parameters relating to overall vehicle dynamics
    • B60W2520/26—Wheel slip
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/20—Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
    • F15B2211/205—Systems with pumps
    • F15B2211/2053—Type of pump
    • F15B2211/20538—Type of pump constant capacity
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/20—Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
    • F15B2211/205—Systems with pumps
    • F15B2211/20576—Systems with pumps with multiple pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/405—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve
    • F15B2211/40515—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve with variable throttles or orifices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/415—Flow control characterised by the connections of the flow control means in the circuit
    • F15B2211/41527—Flow control characterised by the connections of the flow control means in the circuit being connected to an output member and a directional control valve
    • F15B2211/41536—Flow control characterised by the connections of the flow control means in the circuit being connected to an output member and a directional control valve being connected to multiple ports of an output member
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/42—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation
    • F15B2211/426—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation electrically or electronically
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/42—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation
    • F15B2211/428—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation actuated by fluid pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/45—Control of bleed-off flow, e.g. control of bypass flow to the return line
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/505—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50509—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50536—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means using unloading valves controlling the supply pressure by diverting fluid to the return line
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/61—Secondary circuits
    • F15B2211/613—Feeding circuits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/63—Electronic controllers
    • F15B2211/6303—Electronic controllers using input signals
    • F15B2211/6336—Electronic controllers using input signals representing a state of the output member, e.g. position, speed or acceleration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/665—Methods of control using electronic components
    • F15B2211/6653—Pressure control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/705—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor characterised by the type of output members or actuators
    • F15B2211/7058—Rotary output members
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H59/00—Control inputs to control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion
    • F16H59/50—Inputs being a function of the status of the machine, e.g. position of doors or safety belts
    • F16H2059/506—Wheel slip
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/38—Control of exclusively fluid gearing
    • F16H61/40—Control of exclusively fluid gearing hydrostatic
    • F16H61/42—Control of exclusively fluid gearing hydrostatic involving adjustment of a pump or motor with adjustable output or capacity
    • F16H61/421—Motor capacity control by electro-hydraulic control means, e.g. using solenoid valves

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Control Of Fluid Gearings (AREA)
  • Control Of Transmission Device (AREA)
  • Auxiliary Drives, Propulsion Controls, And Safety Devices (AREA)
  • Motor Power Transmission Devices (AREA)
  • Control Of Driving Devices And Active Controlling Of Vehicle (AREA)
CA000580910A 1987-10-22 1988-10-21 Control apparatus for hydraulic continuously variable speed transmission Expired - Lifetime CA1302205C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP62267436A JPH01108467A (ja) 1987-10-22 1987-10-22 車両用油圧式無段変速機の制御装置
JPP62-267436 1987-10-22

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA1302205C true CA1302205C (en) 1992-06-02

Family

ID=17444816

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CA000580910A Expired - Lifetime CA1302205C (en) 1987-10-22 1988-10-21 Control apparatus for hydraulic continuously variable speed transmission

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4995470A (en, 2012)
EP (1) EP0313415B1 (en, 2012)
JP (1) JPH01108467A (en, 2012)
CA (1) CA1302205C (en, 2012)
DE (1) DE3882889T2 (en, 2012)

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2636520B2 (ja) * 1991-01-23 1997-07-30 日産自動車株式会社 無段変速機の制御装置
FR2674193A1 (fr) * 1991-03-19 1992-09-25 Poclain Hydraulics Sa Vehicule muni d'un systeme anti-patinage.
FR2677843B1 (fr) * 1991-06-21 1996-08-23 Naud Expl Charrues Motorisation auxiliaire pour machines de travail du sol et en particulier pour charrues ou ensembles de labour.
NL9401465A (nl) * 1994-09-08 1996-04-01 Boa Maschf Bv Heftruck met een hydraulische aandrijving.
JP3453986B2 (ja) * 1996-02-08 2003-10-06 日産自動車株式会社 無段自動変速機の変速制御装置
US6135231A (en) * 1998-04-27 2000-10-24 Sauer Inc. Method and means for providing a steer-assist and anti-spin system for hydrostatically propelled vehicles
US6408972B1 (en) * 2000-11-17 2002-06-25 Sauer-Danfoss Inc. Electronic traction control system
DE10391611D2 (en) * 2002-04-10 2005-01-27 Luk Lamellen & Kupplungsbau Verfahren zum bestimmen der drehzahl eines bauteils, zum feststellen des rutschens eines cvt-getriebes und zur steuerung eines cvt-getriebes sowie kegelscheibenumschlingungsgetriebe
JP2008095710A (ja) * 2006-10-05 2008-04-24 Yanmar Co Ltd 作業車両
US8540048B2 (en) * 2011-12-28 2013-09-24 Caterpillar Inc. System and method for controlling transmission based on variable pressure limit
DE102013114040A1 (de) * 2013-12-13 2015-06-18 Linde Hydraulics Gmbh & Co. Kg Hydrostatischer Antrieb mit Energiespeicherung

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US3496803A (en) * 1968-07-16 1970-02-24 Arco Corp Control apparatus for double differential transmissions coupled to a free power turbine
GB1272971A (en) * 1969-03-13 1972-05-03 Nat Res Dev Hdyrostatic vehicle transmission
US3913697A (en) * 1973-03-16 1975-10-21 Clarence Kirk Greene Vehicle having a power take-off and a hydraulic motor, and method of driving same
FR2282073A1 (fr) * 1974-08-12 1976-03-12 Cessna Aircraft Co Dispositif de transmission hydrostatique commandant les quatre roues d'un vehicule
DE2547670A1 (de) * 1975-10-24 1977-04-28 Weidemann Oswald Hydrostatischer fahrantrieb fuer einen radlader
US4122732A (en) * 1977-01-17 1978-10-31 General Motors Corporation Hydromechanical mechanical continuously variable transmission
US4091617A (en) * 1977-05-11 1978-05-30 Eaton Corporation Hydraulic controller
DE2752226C3 (de) * 1977-11-23 1981-02-26 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen Ag, 7990 Friedrichshafen Lenkventil für einen hydrostatischen Antrieb
US4340126A (en) * 1979-02-08 1982-07-20 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Overspeed control for a vehicle drive system
JPS5847328Y2 (ja) * 1979-04-27 1983-10-28 株式会社小松製作所 油圧駆動車の制御装置
JPS6059465B2 (ja) * 1979-05-15 1985-12-25 本田技研工業株式会社 車両用油圧式無段変速機のクラツチ装置
US4236595A (en) * 1979-08-17 1980-12-02 Parno Corp. Auxiliary drive system
JPS5695722A (en) * 1979-12-28 1981-08-03 Honda Motor Co Ltd Automatic clutch controller for hydraulic transmission for vehicle
US4337587A (en) * 1980-04-14 1982-07-06 Presley Glen T Vehicle power control system
US4484655A (en) * 1980-07-01 1984-11-27 Sheppard Sr Darrel J Gearless hydraulic transmission and vehicle drive system
JPS5776358A (en) * 1980-10-30 1982-05-13 Komatsu Ltd Automatic speed change valve
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FR2495231A1 (fr) * 1980-11-28 1982-06-04 Sulzer Ag Moteur hydraulique et transmission hydrostatique de puissance faisant appel a ce moteur
US4399886A (en) * 1980-12-09 1983-08-23 Sundstrand Corporation Controls for variable displacement motor and motors
JPS58149459A (ja) * 1982-02-26 1983-09-05 Hitachi Constr Mach Co Ltd 油圧閉回路の圧力制御装置
JPS5993560A (ja) * 1982-11-17 1984-05-30 Komatsu Ltd スリップ防止装置
GB8302458D0 (en) * 1983-01-28 1983-03-02 Lucas Ind Plc Hydraulic anti-skid braking systems
JPS6137540A (ja) * 1984-07-30 1986-02-22 Kubota Ltd 走行用伝動装置
US4745748A (en) * 1985-06-28 1988-05-24 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Clutch valve system for static hydraulic continuously variable transmission
JPS6229420A (ja) * 1985-07-31 1987-02-07 Honda Motor Co Ltd 車両用伝動装置
DE3543073A1 (de) * 1985-12-05 1987-06-11 Hydromatik Gmbh Hydrostatischer fahrantrieb fuer kraftfahrzeuge, mit wenigstens zwei hydromotoren mit ausgleichs-regeleinrichtung
JPS62137466A (ja) * 1985-12-05 1987-06-20 Honda Motor Co Ltd 車両用油圧式変速機のクラッチ装置
JPH0749824B2 (ja) * 1986-03-06 1995-05-31 本田技研工業株式会社 車両用無段変速機の変速制御方法
JPS62258822A (ja) * 1986-05-06 1987-11-11 Takayuki Miyao ４輪駆動装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH0555747B2 (en, 2012) 1993-08-17
JPH01108467A (ja) 1989-04-25
EP0313415B1 (en) 1993-08-04
DE3882889D1 (de) 1993-09-09
DE3882889T2 (de) 1993-11-18
EP0313415A1 (en) 1989-04-26
US4995470A (en) 1991-02-26

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