CA1141049A - Control of biological fouling of reverse osmosis permeators - Google Patents
Control of biological fouling of reverse osmosis permeatorsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1141049A CA1141049A CA000358593A CA358593A CA1141049A CA 1141049 A CA1141049 A CA 1141049A CA 000358593 A CA000358593 A CA 000358593A CA 358593 A CA358593 A CA 358593A CA 1141049 A CA1141049 A CA 1141049A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- reverse osmosis
- hydrogen peroxide
- iodine
- parts per
- per million
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CN=C1OC1=CC=C(F)C=C1F LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960001922 sodium perborate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- YKLJGMBLPUQQOI-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;oxidooxy(oxo)borane Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]OB=O YKLJGMBLPUQQOI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 abstract description 10
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 33
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 10
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229940001584 sodium metabisulfite Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 235000010262 sodium metabisulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium disulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 3
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012510 hollow fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003830 anthracite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000332 continued effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006298 dechlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WBZKQQHYRPRKNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L disulfite Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O WBZKQQHYRPRKNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012667 polymer degradation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- -1 sodium meta-bisulfite ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
- A61L2/18—Liquid substances or solutions comprising solids or dissolved gases
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/04—Feed pretreatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/08—Prevention of membrane fouling or of concentration polarisation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/40—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. salts, amides, imides, nitriles, anhydrides, esters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/04—Specific process operations in the feed stream; Feed pretreatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2321/00—Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
- B01D2321/16—Use of chemical agents
- B01D2321/168—Use of other chemical agents
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US068,079 | 1979-08-20 | ||
| US06/068,079 US4278548A (en) | 1979-08-20 | 1979-08-20 | Control of biological growth in reverse osmosis permeators |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1141049A true CA1141049A (en) | 1983-02-08 |
Family
ID=22080293
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000358593A Expired CA1141049A (en) | 1979-08-20 | 1980-08-19 | Control of biological fouling of reverse osmosis permeators |
Country Status (12)
Families Citing this family (36)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5687402A (en) * | 1979-12-14 | 1981-07-16 | Ebara Infilco Co Ltd | Membrane separation method |
| US4485064A (en) * | 1982-04-06 | 1984-11-27 | Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. | Antibacterial seal |
| JPS63100998A (ja) * | 1986-10-17 | 1988-05-06 | Toray Ind Inc | 超純水の製造方法 |
| US4879043A (en) * | 1988-07-20 | 1989-11-07 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Manufacture of high purity hydrogen peroxide by using reverse osmosis osmosis |
| US4988444A (en) * | 1989-05-12 | 1991-01-29 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Prevention of biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes |
| ZA913506B (en) * | 1990-05-22 | 1992-02-26 | Alcon Lab Inc | Double redox system for disinfecting contact lenses |
| US5507949A (en) * | 1992-03-20 | 1996-04-16 | Monsanto Company | Supported liquid membrane and separation process employing same |
| EP0561760B1 (en) * | 1992-03-20 | 1998-08-26 | Monsanto Company | Extracting organic compounds from aqueous solutions |
| US5437287A (en) * | 1992-08-17 | 1995-08-01 | Carbomedics, Inc. | Sterilization of tissue implants using iodine |
| GB2303316B (en) * | 1995-07-19 | 1999-06-16 | Baker Hughes Ltd | Biofouling reduction |
| CA2335055A1 (en) | 1998-06-19 | 1999-12-23 | Jack Fellman | Medical device having anti-infective and contraceptive properties |
| EP1183212B1 (en) | 1999-02-18 | 2007-10-10 | Next-RO, Inc | Reverse osmosis system with biological contamination prevention |
| US6838050B1 (en) | 1999-06-04 | 2005-01-04 | Oxibio, Inc. | Methods and devices for providing anti-infective activity to a medical device |
| DE19937300A1 (de) * | 1999-08-06 | 2001-02-22 | Henkel Ecolab Gmbh & Co Ohg | Biofilmvermeidung |
| WO2001026768A2 (en) * | 1999-10-12 | 2001-04-19 | Pitts M Michael Jr | Electrostatic enhancement for membrane-separation systems |
| US6482309B1 (en) | 1999-10-20 | 2002-11-19 | Oxibio, Inc. | Electrolytic generation of nascent iodine as a method of treatment and for the prevention of infections associated with medical implant devices |
| ATE339389T1 (de) * | 2000-07-11 | 2006-10-15 | E On Engineering Gmbh | Verfahren zur reinigung von kerzenfiltern und membrananlagen |
| US7731954B2 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2010-06-08 | Insense Limited | Wound dressings comprising hydrated hydrogels and enzymes |
| US7182858B2 (en) * | 2003-03-04 | 2007-02-27 | Kinetico Incorporated | Multiple barrier filter apparatus |
| GB0313217D0 (en) | 2003-06-09 | 2003-07-16 | Insense Ltd | Improvements in or relating to skin dressings |
| US20050181026A1 (en) * | 2003-06-09 | 2005-08-18 | Insense Limited | Skin dressings |
| AU2003903507A0 (en) | 2003-07-08 | 2003-07-24 | U. S. Filter Wastewater Group, Inc. | Membrane post-treatment |
| EP1725272A1 (en) * | 2004-01-30 | 2006-11-29 | Insense Limited | Wound dressings comprising hydrated hydrogels and enzymes |
| US8524794B2 (en) * | 2004-07-05 | 2013-09-03 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Hydrophilic membranes |
| GB0505035D0 (en) * | 2005-03-11 | 2005-04-20 | Insense Ltd | Improvements relating to skin dressings |
| NZ564968A (en) * | 2005-07-14 | 2011-11-25 | Siemens Water Tech Corp | Monopersulfate treatment of membranes |
| US20070227966A1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-04 | Koo Ja-Young | Composite polyamide reverse osmosis membrane showing high boron rejection and method of producing the same |
| CN101511456B (zh) * | 2006-07-14 | 2012-06-13 | 西门子工业公司 | 改进的单过硫酸盐膜处理法 |
| GB0614278D0 (en) * | 2006-07-19 | 2006-08-30 | Insense Ltd | Hydrogen peroxide delivery system |
| CN100478056C (zh) * | 2006-08-25 | 2009-04-15 | 贵阳时代汇通膜科技有限公司 | 耐氧化复合反渗透膜 |
| WO2011079062A1 (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2011-06-30 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Charged porous polymeric membranes and their preparation |
| AU2013315547A1 (en) | 2012-09-14 | 2015-02-26 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | A polymer blend for membranes |
| EP3322511B1 (en) | 2015-07-14 | 2022-09-07 | Rohm & Haas Electronic Materials Singapore Pte. Ltd | Aeration device for filtration system |
| JP7367181B2 (ja) * | 2020-03-24 | 2023-10-23 | オルガノ株式会社 | 水回収システムおよび水回収方法 |
| WO2021192582A1 (ja) * | 2020-03-24 | 2021-09-30 | オルガノ株式会社 | 水処理方法、水処理装置、および膜用のスライム抑制剤 |
| US20240139682A1 (en) | 2021-03-05 | 2024-05-02 | Organo Corporation | Water treatment method and water treatment agent composition |
Family Cites Families (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2443429A (en) * | 1947-09-26 | 1948-06-15 | Wallace & Tiernan Inc | Procedure for disinfecting aqueous liquid |
| US3215627A (en) * | 1962-11-26 | 1965-11-02 | Alto Chemical Lab Inc | Pool sterilization |
| US3360459A (en) * | 1965-12-08 | 1967-12-26 | Aerojet General Co | Process for removing water from solutions, using osmotic membranes treated with stabilizing agents |
| US3456802A (en) * | 1966-11-22 | 1969-07-22 | Marc Cole | Desalination by submerged reverse osmosis |
| US3567632A (en) * | 1968-09-04 | 1971-03-02 | Du Pont | Permselective,aromatic,nitrogen-containing polymeric membranes |
| US3690860A (en) * | 1970-03-17 | 1972-09-12 | Chemed Corp | Method for controlling slime in aqueous systems |
| US3589998A (en) * | 1970-05-08 | 1971-06-29 | Milchem Inc | Process for inhibiting scale formation on the surface of memberanes in reverse osmosis apparatuses |
| JPS5037268A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1973-08-06 | 1975-04-07 | ||
| US3992301A (en) * | 1973-11-19 | 1976-11-16 | Raypak, Inc. | Automatic flushing system for membrane separation machines such as reverse osmosis machines |
| JPS5113391A (ja) * | 1974-07-23 | 1976-02-02 | Ebara Infilco | Gyakushintomakumojuuruno senjohoho |
| JPS5143848A (en) * | 1974-10-01 | 1976-04-14 | Toray Industries | Hantomaku nyoru haisuishoriho |
| GB1513406A (en) * | 1975-09-24 | 1978-06-07 | Uop Inc | Cleaning of membrane surfaces |
| JPS602081B2 (ja) * | 1976-06-25 | 1985-01-19 | ダイセル化学工業株式会社 | 膜分離特性の回復法 |
| JPS6022946B2 (ja) * | 1976-09-24 | 1985-06-05 | 東レ株式会社 | 生体用透析装置の滅菌法 |
| JPS53124176A (en) * | 1976-12-29 | 1978-10-30 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Sterilizing method for osmotic separation |
-
1979
- 1979-08-20 US US06/068,079 patent/US4278548A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1980
- 1980-08-18 AU AU61529/80A patent/AU534310B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1980-08-18 JP JP11278280A patent/JPS5633009A/ja active Pending
- 1980-08-19 ES ES494364A patent/ES8103986A1/es not_active Expired
- 1980-08-19 EP EP80302868A patent/EP0024875B1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-08-19 DE DE8080302868T patent/DE3071232D1/de not_active Expired
- 1980-08-19 IL IL8060870A patent/IL60870A/xx unknown
- 1980-08-19 AT AT80302868T patent/ATE16461T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-08-19 ZA ZA00805084A patent/ZA805084B/xx unknown
- 1980-08-19 CA CA000358593A patent/CA1141049A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-08-19 PT PT71714A patent/PT71714B/pt unknown
- 1980-08-20 GR GR62699A patent/GR69913B/el unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GR69913B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1982-07-21 |
| US4278548A (en) | 1981-07-14 |
| ZA805084B (en) | 1982-03-31 |
| ATE16461T1 (de) | 1985-11-15 |
| AU6152980A (en) | 1981-03-05 |
| AU534310B2 (en) | 1984-01-19 |
| EP0024875B1 (en) | 1985-11-13 |
| IL60870A (en) | 1983-12-30 |
| PT71714B (en) | 1981-06-17 |
| EP0024875A3 (en) | 1981-08-19 |
| JPS5633009A (en) | 1981-04-03 |
| PT71714A (en) | 1980-09-01 |
| IL60870A0 (en) | 1980-10-26 |
| ES494364A0 (es) | 1981-04-16 |
| EP0024875A2 (en) | 1981-03-11 |
| ES8103986A1 (es) | 1981-04-16 |
| DE3071232D1 (en) | 1985-12-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |