AU2023202135A1 - Method for growing tomato in field with returned straw - Google Patents
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- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 240000003768 Solanum lycopersicum Species 0.000 title claims description 62
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 230000001502 supplementing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 47
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 47
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000013 Ammonium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000012538 ammonium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019982 sodium hexametaphosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009335 monocropping Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 4
- 241000227653 Lycopersicon Species 0.000 abstract 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006806 disease prevention Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037353 metabolic pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000008935 nutritious Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D7/00—Fertilisers producing carbon dioxide
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure relates to a method for growing tomato in a field with
returned straw, and belongs to the technical field of vegetable cultivation. The method
includes treating a straw-returned soil, top dressing, and supplementing carbon dioxide.
The method for growing tomato of the present disclosure may decrease the incidence of
blossom-end rot of harvested tomatoes to 1.45-1.77%. The method for growing tomato
of the present disclosure may alleviate the autotoxicosis due to continuous cropping
after straw return by crushing and burying, without reducing yields significantly. The
yields per 667m2 of the first, second and third year are 7298-7310 kg, 7155-7206 kg,
and 7298-7310 kg, respectively.
11
Description
Australian PatentsAct 1990
Invention Title
Method for growing tomato in field with returned straw
The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me/us:
[0001] The present disclosure relates to a method for growing tomato in a field with returned straw, and belongs to the technical field of vegetable cultivation.
[0002] There are five ways to return straw to thefield: straw crushing and burying, straw mulching, composting, burning, and rumen-based return, among which the most widely used is the straw crushing and burying, and it is the simplest and most effective method of returning straw to the field by mechanically crushing the straw after the crop has been harvested and then burying it directly into the soil.
[0003] As a nutritious and widely available vegetable, tomatoes are in high demand in the market. However, due to the backwardness of facility cultivation and management techniques, Long-time partial or over application of nitrogen fertilizer in the facilities by farmers as well as continuous cropping renders the deterioration of soil environment, imbalance of the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and serious salinization, with the concentration of soil salts in the facilities increasing year by year.
[0004] 80% of nitrate in the human body comes from vegetables. With the accumulation of soil salts, physiological drought occurs in tomato crops, i.e. the osmotic pressure around the root system rises, and the absorption capacity of the root system is hindered. Excess nitrate is enriched in tomatoes, which is then transformed into toxic nitrite in the human body through the action of microorganisms and cause serious damage to the human body.
[0005] Studies have shown that returned straw by crushing and burying may transform nitrate into nitrite, then ammonium, and finally protein via metabolism pathways, which reduces the content of nitrate in planted tomatoes.
[0006] However, decomposition of returned straw by crushing and burying gives rise to imbalance of nutrients. There are some requirements for the ratio between carbon and nitrogen during the fermentation of organic matter. Straw will consume some nitrogen in the soil during the decomposition due to its relatively high carbon content, where conventional management will cause an imbalance of nitrogen. Higher amount of nitrogen fertilizer is needed in the early stage after tomato planting is carried out. At the same time, straw fragments with big size will result in too loose soil with uneven pore size and too many large pores, which leads to water loss. Fine crushing or increase in the amount of fertilizer will add to farmers' reduced growing costs by straw return. Moreover, after continuous cropping, the harvested tomato fruit is of poor quality and prone to have autotoxicosis, yields in the following year are significantly reduced, and the incidence of blossom-end rot is high.
[0007] In summary, in the prior art, straw crushing and burying can reduce the nitrate content in tomatoes, but the cultivation requires more nitrogen fertilizer and more water for irrigation in the early stages. Tomatoes are prone to have autotoxicosis after continuous cropping, yields in the following year are significantly reduced, and the incidence of blossom-end rot is high.
la
[0008] The technical problem to be solved by the present disclosure is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, and the present disclosure aims to carry out tomato cultivation by treating the soil after straw return to thefield and supplementing carbon dioxide after top dressing, so as to achieve a reduction in the phenomenon of autotoxicosis of tomatoes and alleviate the decline in yield after continuous cropping, as well as to reduce the incidence of blossom-end rot.
[0009] To solve the above technical problem, the present disclosure adopts the following technical solution.
[0010] A method for growing tomato in a field with returned straw includes treatment of soil with returned straw, top dressing and supplementation of carbon dioxide.
[0011] The following is an improvement of the above technical solution of the above.
[0012] A method for the treatment of soil with returned straw includes ploughing a soil at a depth of 45-55cm from a ground surface after straw return by crushing and burying, mixing the soil with phosphate-treated vermiculite particles, with 4.0-4.5m3 of the phosphate-treated vermiculite particles per 667m 2 of the soil, backfilling a mixed soil, and transplanting tomato seedlings 4-6 days after the backfilling.
[0013] A method for preparing the phosphate-treated vermiculite particles includes activation and swelling, and phosphate treatment.
[0014] A method for the activation and swelling includes mixing 45-55 kg of the vermiculite particles and 1.5-2.5 kg of sodium carbonate well to obtain a mixture, putting the mixture into a grinder to grind until all the mixture can pass through a 400-600 mesh sieve to obtain a mixed powder, putting the mixed powder into a calciner, and performing calcination at 505-515 °C for 150-170 min to obtain activated and expanded vermiculite particles.
[0015] A method for the phosphate treatment includes mixing and stirring 1.3-1.7 kg of the activated and expanded vermiculite particles and 4.5-5.5 kg of citric acid solution for 4.5-5.5 h, conducting filtering, rinsing and drying to obtain citric acid-treated expanded vermiculite, then mixing and stirring 1.3-1.7 kg of the citric acid-treated expanded vermiculite and 10-15 kg of phosphate solution for 9-12 h, and conducting filtering, rinsing and drying to obtain the phosphate-treated vermiculite particles; where
[0016] the citric acid solution has a pH of 4.6-4.8;
[0017] the phosphate solution includes sodium hexametaphosphate with a concentration of 0.03-0.06 g/L, sodium tripolyphosphate with a concentration of 0.05-0.07 g/L and deionised water.
[0018] A method for the top dressing includes transplanting a tomato seedling to a facility for settlement after the treatment of soil with returned straw, and top dressing the tomato at a flowering stage of the tomato at 13.2-13.8 kg per 667 m2 by nitrogen, 6.1-6.5 kg per 667 m 2 by phosphate, and 10.2-10.9 kg per 667 m 2 by potassium.
[0019] The supplementation of carbon dioxide includes a first stage supplementation and a second stage supplementation.
[0020] A method for the first stage supplementation includes supplementing carbon dioxide to the facility at 13:00-14:00 every day 4-6 days after the top dressing by generating gas with dilute sulfuric acid and ammonium bicarbonate until a concentration of the carbon oxide reaches 1050-1150 ppm, with the supplementing continued for 5 days
[0021] A method for the second stage supplementation includes supplementing carbon dioxide to the facility at 13:00-14:00 every day at the start of an expanding period of the tomato by generating gas with dilute sulfuric acid and ammonium bicarbonate until a concentration of the carbon dioxide reaches 1200-1300 ppm, with the supplementing continued for 7 days.
[0022] Compared with the prior art, the embodiments of the present disclosure have the following beneficial effects.
[0023] The method for growing tomato of the present disclosure may reduce the content of nitrate in harvested tomatoes to 115.6-120.4 mg/kg.
[0024] The method for growing tomato of the present disclosure may decrease the incidence of blossom-end rot of harvested tomatoes to 1.45-1.77%.
[0025] The method for growing tomato of the present disclosure may alleviate the autotoxicosis due to continuous cropping after straw return by crushing and burying, without reducing yields significantly. The yields of the first, second and third year are 7298-7310 kg per 667m 2 , 7155-7206 kg per 667m 2 , and 7298-7310 kg per 667m 2
, respectively.
[0026] The method for growing tomato of the present disclosure may decrease the hollow ratio of harvested tomatoes to 0.68-1.17%.
Example 1
[0027] (1) Treatment of soil with returned straw
[0028] The soil at a depth of 50 cm from the ground surface was ploughed after straw return by crushing and burying and mixed with phosphate-treated vermiculite particles, with 4.2 m3 of the phosphate-treated vermiculite particles per 667 m2 of the soil. The mixed soil was backfilled, and the tomato seedlings were transplanted 5 days after the backfill of the mixed soil.
[0029] The method for preparing the phosphate treated vermiculite particles was as follows.
[0030] a. Activation and swelling
[0031] 50 kg of vermiculite and 2 kg of sodium carbonate were mixed evenly and put into a grinder for grinding until they could pass through a 500 mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder. The mixed powder was put into a calciner for calcination at 510 °C for 160 min. Activated and expanded vermiculite particles were obtained after the calcination.
[0032] b. Treatment with phosphate.
[0033] 1.5 kg of activated and expanded vermiculite particles and 5 kg of citric acid solution were mixed and stirred for 5h. After the stir, filtering, rinsing, and drying were conducted to obtain the citric acid-treated expanded vermiculite. Then, 1.5 kg of the citric acid-treated expanded vermiculite and 12 kg of phosphate solution were mixed and stirred for 10 h. Filtering, rinsing, and drying were then performed to obtain the phosphate treated vermiculite particles, where
[0034] the citric acid solution had a pH of 4.7;
[0035] the phosphate solution included sodium hexametaphosphate with a concentration of 0.04 g/L, sodium tripolyphosphate with a concentration of 0.06 g/L and deionised water.
[0036] (2) Top dressing
[0037] The tomato seedlings was transplanted to a facility for settlement after the treatment of the soil with returned straw, and the tomato at a flowering stage of the tomato was top-dressed at 13.5 kg per 667 m2 by nitrogen, 6.3 kg per 667 m 2 by phosphate, and 10.7 kg per 667 m 2 by potassium.
[0038] (3) Supplementation of carbon dioxide.
[0039] a. First stage supplementation
[0040] Five days after the top dressing, carbon dioxide was supplemented to the facility at 13:30 every day by generating gas with dilute sulfuric acid and ammonium bicarbonate until the concentration of the carbon dioxide reached 1100 ppm. The supplementation was conducted for 5 consecutive days.
[0041] b. First stage supplementation
[0042] At the start of the expanding period of tomato, carbon dioxide was supplemented to the facility at 13:00 every day by generating gas with dilute sulfuric acid and ammonium bicarbonate until a concentration of the carbon dioxide reached 1250 ppm. The supplementation was conducted for 7 consecutive days.
Example 2
[0043] (1) Treatment of soil with returned straw
[0044] The soil at a depth of 45 from the ground surface was ploughed after straw return by crushing and burying and mixed with phosphate-treated vermiculite particles, with 4.0 m3 of the phosphate-treated vermiculite particles per 667 m 2 of the soil. The mixed soil was backfilled, and the tomato seedlings were transplanted 4 days after the backfill of the mixed soil.
[0045] The method for preparing the phosphate treated vermiculite particles was as follows.
[0046] a. Activation and swelling
[0047] 45 kg of vermiculite and 1.5 kg of sodium carbonate were mixed evenly and put into a grinder for grinding until they could pass through a 400-mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder. The mixed powder was put into a calciner for calcination at 505 °C for 170 min. Activated and expanded vermiculite particles were obtained after the calcination.
[0048] b. Treatment with phosphate.
[0049] 1.3 kg of activated and expanded vermiculite particles and 4.5 kg of citric acid solution were mixed and stirred for 4.5 h. After the stir, filtering, rinsing, and drying were conducted to obtain the citric acid-treated expanded vermiculite. Then, 1.3 kg of the citric acid-treated expanded vermiculite and 10 kg of phosphate solution were mixed and stirred for 9 h. Filtering, rinsing, and drying were then performed to obtain the phosphate treated vermiculite particles, where
[0050] the citric acid solution had a pH of 4.6;
[0051] the phosphate solution included sodium hexametaphosphate with a concentration of 0.06 g/L, sodium tripolyphosphate with a concentration of 0.05 g/L and deionised water.
[0052] (2) Top dressing
[0053] The tomato seedlings was transplanted to a facility for settlement after the treatment of the soil with returned straw, and the tomato at a flowering stage of the tomato was top-dressed at 13.2 kg per 667 m2 by nitrogen, 6.1 kg per 667 m 2 by phosphate, and 10.2 kg per 667 m 2 by potassium.
[0054] (3) Supplementation of carbon dioxide.
[0055] a. First stage supplementation
[0056] Four days after the top dressing, carbon dioxide was supplemented to the facility at 13:00 every day by generating gas with dilute sulfuric acid and ammonium bicarbonate until the concentration of the carbon dioxide reached 1050 ppm. The supplementation was conducted for 5 consecutive days.
[0057] b. First stage supplementation
[0058] At the start of the expanding period of tomato, carbon dioxide was supplemented to the facility at 12:30 every day by generating gas with dilute sulfuric acid and ammonium bicarbonate until a concentration of the carbon dioxide reached 1200 ppm. The supplementation was conducted for 7 consecutive days.
Example 3
[0059] (1) Treatment of soil with returned straw
[0060] The soil at a depth of 55 from the ground surface was ploughed after straw return by crushing and burying and mixed with phosphate-treated vermiculite particles, with 4.5 m3 of the phosphate-treated vermiculite particles per 667 m 2 of the soil. The mixed soil was backfilled, and the tomato seedlings were transplanted 6 days after the backfill of the mixed soil.
[0061] The method for preparing the phosphate treated vermiculite particles was as follows.
[0062] a. Activation and swelling
[0063] 55 kg of vermiculite and 2.5 kg of sodium carbonate were mixed evenly and put into a grinder for grinding until they could pass through a 600-mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder. The mixed powder was put into a calciner for calcination at 515 °C for 150 min. Activated and expanded vermiculite particles were obtained after the calcination.
[0064] b. Treatment with phosphate.
[0065] 1.7 kg of activated and expanded vermiculite particles and 5.5 kg of citric acid solution were mixed and stirred for 5.5 h. After the stir, filtering, rinsing, and drying were conducted to obtain the citric acid-treated expanded vermiculite. Then, 1.7 kg of the citric acid-treated expanded vermiculite and 15 kg of phosphate solution were mixed and stirred for 12 h. Filtering, rinsing, and drying were then performed to obtain the phosphate treated vermiculite particles, where
[0066] the citric acid solution had a pH of 4.8;
[0067] the phosphate solution included sodium hexametaphosphate with a concentration of 0.03 g/L, sodium tripolyphosphate with a concentration of 0.07 g/L and deionised water.
[0068] (2) Top dressing
[0069] The tomato seedlings was transplanted to a facility for settlement after the treatment of the soil with returned straw, and the tomato at a flowering stage of the tomato was top-dressed at 13.8 kg per 667 m2 by nitrogen, 6.5 kg per 667 m 2 by phosphate, and 10.9 kg per 667 m 2 by potassium.
[0070] (3) Supplementation of carbon dioxide.
[0071] a. First stage supplementation
[0072] Six days after the top dressing, carbon dioxide was supplemented to the facility at 14:00 every day by generating gas with dilute sulfuric acid and ammonium bicarbonate until the concentration of the carbon dioxide reached 1150 ppm. The supplementation was conducted for 5 consecutive days.
[0073] b. First stage supplementation
[0074] At the start of the expanding period of tomato, carbon dioxide was supplemented to the facility at 13:30 every day by generating gas with dilute sulfuric acid and ammonium bicarbonate until a concentration of the carbon dioxide reached 1300 ppm. The supplementation was conducted for 7 consecutive days
Comparative Example 1
[0075] The steps of cultivation were the same with Example 1 except that the vermiculite particles were treated with activated and expanded vermiculite particles instead of phosphate in the step of soil treatment.
Comparative Example 2
[0076] The steps of cultivation were the same with Example 1 except that the carbon dioxide was supplemented for 2 consecutive days in the first stage supplementation and for 3 consecutive days in the second stage supplementation without changing the time point and amount of supplementation.
[0077] Example 4. Determination of the nitrate content in tomatoes
[0078] The amount of returned straw to the field by crushing and burying was 500 kg per 667 in 2 , the water content of the straw was 13.5 weight percent (wt.%), and the proportion of straw fragments with a length less than 3.5 cm was 72.6 wt.%. Tomato cultivar Zhaoyan KT-10 was cultivated as in the Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 after returning the straw to the filed. Conventional methods for fertilization, temperature and moisture management, prevention of diseases and insects were adopted. The nitrate content was determined for harvested tomatoes, and the results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Group Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Comparative Comparative Example 1 Example 2 Nitrate 117.6 120.4 115.6 156.5 132.9 content
(mg/kg)
[0079] Example 5. Detection of blossom-end rot in tomatoes
[0080] The amount of returned straw to the field by crushing and burying was 500 kg per 667 m2 , the water content of the straw was 13.5 weight percent (wt.%), and the proportion of straw fragments with a length less than 3.5 cm was 72.6 wt.%. Tomato cultivar Zhaoyan KT-10 was cultivated as in the Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 after returning the straw to the filed. Conventional methods for fertilization, temperature and moisture management, prevention of diseases and insects were adopted. The incidence of blossom-end rot was detected for harvested tomatoes, and the results are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Group Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Comparative Comparative Example 1 Example 2 Incidence of 1.56 1.77 1.45 6.36 4.61 blossom-end rot (%)
Example 6. Detection of blossom-end rot in tomatoes
[0081] The amount of returned straw to the field by crushing and burying was 500 kg per 667 m2 , the water content of the straw was 13.5 weight percent (wt.%), and the proportion of straw fragments with a length less than 3.5 cm was 72.6 wt.%. Tomato cultivar Zhaoyan KT-10 was cultivated as in the Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 after returning the straw to the filed. Conventional methods for fertilization, temperature and moisture management, prevention of diseases and insects were adopted. The yield of harvested tomatoes was recorded, and the results are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Group Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Comparative Comparative Example 1 Example 2 First year 7,255 7,208 7,310 7,238 7,192 yield (kg) Second year 7,186 7,155 7,206 6,884 7,044 yield (kg) Third year 7,152 7,098 7,168 6,387 6,535 yield (kg)
[0082] Example 7. Detection of blossom-end rot in tomatoes
[0083] The amount of returned straw to the field by crushing and burying was 500 kg per 667 m2 , the water content of the straw was 13.5 weight percent (wt.%), and the proportion of straw fragments with a length less than 3.5 cm was 72.6 wt.%. Tomato cultivar Zhaoyan KT-10 was cultivated as in the Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 after returning the straw to thefiled. Conventional methods for fertilization, temperature and moisture management, prevention of diseases and insects were adopted. The hollow ratio was determined for harvested tomatoes, and the results are shown in Table 4. Table 4 Group Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Comparative Comparative Example 1 Example 2 Hollow rate 0.89 1.17 0.68 2.54 1.87 (% ) I I I 1 1
[0084] Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.
[0085] The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavor to which this specification relates.
Claims (4)
1. A method for growing tomato in a field with returned straw, comprising treating a straw-returned soil, top dressing and supplementing carbon dioxide, wherein the treating comprises ploughing a soil at a depth of 45-55cm from a ground surface after straw return by crushing and burying, mixing the soil with phosphate-treated vermiculite particles, with 4.0-4.5m3 of the phosphate-treated vermiculite particles per 667m 2 of the soil, backfilling a mixed soil, and transplanting tomato seedlings 4-6 days after the backfilling; a method for preparing the phosphate-treated vermiculite particles comprises steps of activation and swelling, and phosphate treatment. a method for the activation and swelling comprises mixing 45-55 kg of the vermiculite particles and 1.5-2.5 kg of sodium carbonate for grinding to obtain a mixed powder, putting the mixed powder into a calciner for calcination at 505-515 °C for 150-170 min to obtain activated and expanded vermiculite particles. a method for the phosphate treatment comprises mixing and stirring 1.3-1.7 kg of the activated and expanded vermiculite particles and 4.5-5.5 kg of citric acid solution for 4.5-5.5 h, conducting filtering, rinsing and drying to obtain citric acid-treated expanded vermiculite, then mixing and stirring 1.3-1.7 kg of the citric acid-treated expanded vermiculite and 10-15 kg of phosphate solution for 9-12 h, and conducting filtering, rinsing and drying to obtain the phosphate-treated vermiculite particles; the top dressing comprises transplanting a tomato seedling to a facility for settlement after the straw return, and top dressing the tomato at a flowering stage of the tomato at 13.2-13.8 kg per 667 m2 by nitrogen, 6.1-6.5 kg per 667 m 2 by phosphate, and 10.2-10.9 kg per 667 m 2 by potassium; the supplementing comprises a first stage supplementation and a second stage supplementation; a method for thefirst stage supplementation comprises supplementing the carbon dioxide to the facility at 13:00-14:00 every day 4-6 days after the top dressing until a concentration of the carbon oxide reaches 1050-1150 ppm, wherein the first stage supplementation lasts for 5 consecutive days; a method for the second stage supplementation comprises supplementing the carbon dioxide to the facility at 13:00-14:00 every day at the start of an expanding period of the tomato until a concentration of the carbon dioxide reaches 1200-1300 ppm, wherein the first stage supplementation lasts for 7 consecutive days.
2. The method for growing tomato in a field with returned straw according to claim 1, wherein the grinding is conducted until all the mixed powder can pass through a 400-600 mesh sieve in the step of activation and swelling.
3. The method for growing tomato in a field with returned straw according to claim 1, wherein the citric acid solution has a pH of 4.6-4.8; the phosphate solution includes sodium hexametaphosphate with a concentration of 0.03-0.06 g/L, sodium tripolyphosphate with a concentration of 0.05-0.07 g/L and deionized water
4. The method for growing tomato in a field with returned straw according to claim 1, wherein the carbon dioxide is generated with dilute sulfuric acid and ammonium bicarbonate when the carbon dioxide is supplemented.
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| CN202211432263.0A CN115500221B (en) | 2022-11-16 | 2022-11-16 | Method for planting tomatoes after returning straws to field |
| CN2022114322630 | 2022-11-16 |
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| AU2023202135A1 true AU2023202135A1 (en) | 2024-05-30 |
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| JPH10194882A (en) * | 1996-12-27 | 1998-07-28 | Co-Op Chem Co Ltd | Granular fertilizer composition, liquid fertilizer composition, pasty fertilizer composition and their production |
| CN103766097A (en) * | 2012-10-18 | 2014-05-07 | 吴燕 | Greenhouse pepper planting method |
| CN108440133A (en) * | 2018-05-24 | 2018-08-24 | 合肥卓畅农业科技有限公司 | A kind of soil activating agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN108901675A (en) * | 2018-07-17 | 2018-11-30 | 和县中禾农业科技有限公司 | A kind of implantation methods of high yield, disease-resistant tomato |
| CN108929121A (en) * | 2018-08-09 | 2018-12-04 | 宁夏农林科学院种质资源研究所（宁夏设施农业工程技术研究中心） | A method of During High-Temperature Composting is carried out using tomato stalk |
| CN113402311A (en) * | 2021-07-01 | 2021-09-17 | 宁夏农林科学院园艺研究所(宁夏设施农业工程技术研究中心) | Sunlight greenhouse tomato straw in-situ treatment ecological recycling method |
| CN114391438B (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2023-06-20 | 山东省寿光蔬菜产业集团有限公司 | Cultivation method of high-quality tomatoes |
| CN115136766A (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2022-10-04 | 山西正道良田农业股份有限公司 | Method for improving soil quality by returning straw to field |
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