ATE276771T1 - Verfahren zum quenchen von pathogen-inaktivatoren in biologischen materialien - Google Patents
Verfahren zum quenchen von pathogen-inaktivatoren in biologischen materialienInfo
- Publication number
- ATE276771T1 ATE276771T1 AT98933166T AT98933166T ATE276771T1 AT E276771 T1 ATE276771 T1 AT E276771T1 AT 98933166 T AT98933166 T AT 98933166T AT 98933166 T AT98933166 T AT 98933166T AT E276771 T1 ATE276771 T1 AT E276771T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- group
- pathogen inactivating
- inactivating compound
- red blood
- pathogen
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/0005—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts
- A61L2/0082—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts using chemical substances
- A61L2/0088—Liquid substances
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
- A61P7/08—Plasma substitutes; Perfusion solutions; Dialytics or haemodialytics; Drugs for electrolytic or acid-base disorders, e.g. hypovolemic shock
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Diabetes (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
- Immobilizing And Processing Of Enzymes And Microorganisms (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US7059798P | 1998-01-06 | 1998-01-06 | |
PCT/US1998/013931 WO1999034839A1 (en) | 1998-01-06 | 1998-07-06 | Methods for quenching pathogen inactivators in biological materials |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ATE276771T1 true ATE276771T1 (de) | 2004-10-15 |
Family
ID=22096274
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AT98933166T ATE276771T1 (de) | 1998-01-06 | 1998-07-06 | Verfahren zum quenchen von pathogen-inaktivatoren in biologischen materialien |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US6270952B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1045704B1 (de) |
JP (2) | JP4643004B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1203900C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE276771T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU745209B2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2317603A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE69826521T2 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2224415T3 (de) |
HK (1) | HK1034682A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1999034839A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (42)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040053208A1 (en) * | 1995-08-29 | 2004-03-18 | V. I. TECHNOLOGIES, Inc. | Methods to selectively inactivate parasites in biological compositions |
EP1045704B1 (de) * | 1998-01-06 | 2004-09-22 | Cerus Corporation | Verfahren zum quenchen von pathogen-inaktivatoren in biologischen materialien |
US7611831B2 (en) * | 1998-01-06 | 2009-11-03 | Cerus Corporation | Adsorbing pathogen-inactivating compounds with porous particles immobilized in a matrix |
US6369048B1 (en) | 1998-01-12 | 2002-04-09 | V.I. Technologies, Inc. | Methods and compositions for inactivating viruses |
US20030073650A1 (en) * | 1998-07-21 | 2003-04-17 | Heather Reddy | Method and apparatus for inactivation of biological contaminants using photosensitizers |
US6617100B2 (en) | 1998-09-25 | 2003-09-09 | V.I. Technologies, Inc. | Solid phase quenching systems |
US6403359B1 (en) | 1998-09-25 | 2002-06-11 | V. I. TECHNOLOGIES, Inc. | Solid phase quenching systems |
US7220747B2 (en) * | 1999-07-20 | 2007-05-22 | Gambro, Inc. | Method for preventing damage to or rejuvenating a cellular blood component using mitochondrial enhancer |
AU2001266683A1 (en) * | 2000-05-31 | 2001-12-11 | Cerus Corporation | Preparation of a pathogen inactivated solution of red blood cells having reduced immunogenicity |
US7648699B2 (en) | 2000-06-02 | 2010-01-19 | Caridianbct Biotechnologies, Llc | Preventing transfusion related complications in a recipient of a blood transfusion |
US7985588B2 (en) | 2000-06-02 | 2011-07-26 | Caridianbct Biotechnologies, Llc | Induction of and maintenance of nucleic acid damage in pathogens using riboflavin and light |
TW590780B (en) | 2000-06-02 | 2004-06-11 | Gambro Inc | Additive solutions containing riboflavin |
EP1365750A2 (de) * | 2000-12-21 | 2003-12-03 | Cerus Corporation | Methoden zur inaktivierung von pathogenen in biomaterialien |
US20030228564A1 (en) * | 2001-05-30 | 2003-12-11 | Edrich Richard Alan | Nitric oxide in a pathogen inactivation process |
US20030141260A1 (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2003-07-31 | Frank Corbin | Oxygen-enhanced pathogen inactivation |
US7172905B2 (en) | 2001-08-07 | 2007-02-06 | The University Of Chicago | Polypeptide immobilization |
US20030031584A1 (en) * | 2001-08-10 | 2003-02-13 | Wilson Burgess | Methods for sterilizing biological materials using dipeptide stabilizers |
US7235392B2 (en) * | 2001-12-07 | 2007-06-26 | The Ohio State University Research Foundation | Apoptotic EBV-transformed lymphocytes, a therapeutic agent for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder |
CA2492103A1 (en) * | 2002-05-10 | 2004-05-27 | The Ohio State University | Flavin n-oxides: new anti-cancer agents and pathogen eradication agents |
JP4839209B2 (ja) * | 2003-02-06 | 2011-12-21 | アンザ セラピューティクス,インコーポレイテッド | 改変された自由生活微生物、ワクチン組成物、およびそれらの使用方法 |
US7695725B2 (en) | 2003-02-06 | 2010-04-13 | Aduro Biotech | Modified free-living microbes, vaccine compositions and methods of use thereof |
PT1592441E (pt) | 2003-02-06 | 2012-05-21 | Aduro Biotech | Listeria atenuada relativamente à entrada em células não patogénicas, vacinas compreendendo a listeria e métodos para sua utilização |
US7842289B2 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2010-11-30 | Aduro Biotech | Recombinant nucleic acid molecules, expression cassettes, and bacteria, and methods of use thereof |
CA2585621C (en) | 2004-10-29 | 2015-12-15 | Cerus Corporation | Improved quenching methods for red blood cell inactivation process |
BRPI0911176B8 (pt) | 2008-04-09 | 2021-05-25 | Cerus Corp | método de tratar uma composição de célula vermelha sanguínea, composição de célula vermelha sanguínea, e método de reduzir a desidratação em uma composição de célula vermelha sanguínea |
JP2011523553A (ja) | 2008-05-19 | 2011-08-18 | アデュロ バイオテック | PrfA*変異株リステリアを含む組成物およびその使用法 |
CN102481385B (zh) * | 2009-06-30 | 2016-01-27 | 3M创新有限公司 | 光活化抗微生物制品及其使用方法 |
US7989593B1 (en) | 2010-05-27 | 2011-08-02 | Bing Lou Wong | Method for the preparation of a high-temperature stable oxygen-carrier-containing pharmaceutical composition and the use thereof |
US8048856B1 (en) | 2010-06-23 | 2011-11-01 | Billion King, Ltd. | Treatment methods using a heat stable oxygen carrier-containing pharmaceutical composition |
US7932356B1 (en) | 2010-06-23 | 2011-04-26 | Bing Lou Wong | Method for the preparation of a heat stable oxygen carrier-containing pharmaceutical composition |
US8084581B1 (en) | 2011-04-29 | 2011-12-27 | Bing Lou Wong | Method for removing unmodified hemoglobin from cross-linked hemoglobin solutions including polymeric hemoglobin with a high temperature short time heat treatment apparatus |
US20130052232A1 (en) | 2011-08-31 | 2013-02-28 | Bing Lou Wong | Method for the preparation of a heat stable oxygen carrier-containing composition facilating beta-beta cross-linking |
EA201790265A1 (ru) | 2014-07-23 | 2017-07-31 | Сирус Корпорейшн | Способы получения тромбоцит-содержащих продуктов |
PT3313418T (pt) | 2015-06-26 | 2024-06-06 | Cerus Corp | Composições de crioprecipitado e métodos de preparação das mesmas |
US10799533B2 (en) | 2015-10-23 | 2020-10-13 | Cerus Corporation | Plasma compositions and methods of use thereof |
EP3559665A1 (de) | 2016-12-23 | 2019-10-30 | Cerus Corporation | Systeme und verfahren für tests und screenings unter verwendung von substraten mit daran gebundenen verbindungen |
US20190321407A1 (en) | 2016-12-31 | 2019-10-24 | Cerus Corporation | Compositions and methods for preparation of red blood cells |
CN110573169A (zh) | 2017-03-03 | 2019-12-13 | 塞鲁斯公司 | 制备病原体灭活的血小板组合物的试剂盒和方法 |
CA3087253A1 (en) | 2017-12-29 | 2019-07-04 | Cerus Corporation | Systems and methods for treating biological fluids |
US20220031917A1 (en) * | 2018-09-20 | 2022-02-03 | Cerus Corporation | Methods and kits for preparing pathogen-inactivated whole blood |
EP3986499A2 (de) | 2019-06-22 | 2022-04-27 | Cerus Corporation | Biologische flüssigkeitsbehandlungssysteme |
CN114269394A (zh) | 2019-06-28 | 2022-04-01 | 塞鲁斯公司 | 用于实现生物流体处理装置的系统和方法 |
Family Cites Families (43)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US281579A (en) * | 1883-07-17 | Electric valve | ||
US2402665A (en) | 1942-11-12 | 1946-06-25 | Du Pont | Chemical process |
US2402655A (en) | 1943-09-22 | 1946-06-25 | Miller Pottery Engineering Co | Pottery slip-casting apparatus |
IT1093275B (it) | 1978-01-26 | 1985-07-19 | Snam Progetti | Composizione adatta alla purificazione del sangue e suoi impieghi |
US4337269A (en) | 1979-07-23 | 1982-06-29 | Sutton Laboratories, Inc. | Preservative compositions |
US4748120A (en) | 1983-05-02 | 1988-05-31 | Diamond Scientific Co. | Photochemical decontamination treatment of whole blood or blood components |
US4727027A (en) | 1983-05-02 | 1988-02-23 | Diamond Scientific Co. | Photochemical decontamination treatment of whole blood or blood components |
US5281579A (en) | 1984-03-23 | 1994-01-25 | Baxter International Inc. | Purified virus-free hemoglobin solutions and method for making same |
US4971760A (en) | 1986-03-10 | 1990-11-20 | University Of Southern California | Novel method for disinfecting red blood cells, blood platelets, blood plasma, and optical corneas and sclerae |
US4944920A (en) | 1986-08-01 | 1990-07-31 | University Of Southern California | Novel method to treat blood |
US4920143A (en) | 1987-04-23 | 1990-04-24 | University Of British Columbia | Hydro-monobenzoporphyrin wavelength-specific cytotoxic agents |
US5094960A (en) | 1988-10-07 | 1992-03-10 | New York Blood Center, Inc. | Removal of process chemicals from labile biological mixtures by hydrophobic interaction chromatography |
US5055485A (en) | 1988-12-02 | 1991-10-08 | New York Blood Center, Inc. | Inactivation of viruses in cell- and protein-containing compositions using aryl diol epoxides |
US5587490A (en) | 1990-04-16 | 1996-12-24 | Credit Managers Association Of California | Method of inactivation of viral and bacterial blood contaminants |
US5418130A (en) | 1990-04-16 | 1995-05-23 | Cryopharm Corporation | Method of inactivation of viral and bacterial blood contaminants |
US5120649A (en) | 1990-05-15 | 1992-06-09 | New York Blood Center, Inc. | Photodynamic inactivation of viruses in blood cell-containing compositions |
US5232844A (en) | 1990-05-15 | 1993-08-03 | New York Blood Center | Photodynamic inactivation of viruses in cell-containing compositions |
US5658722A (en) | 1990-05-15 | 1997-08-19 | New York Blood Center, Inc. | Process for the sterilization of biological compositions using UVA1 irradiation |
US5753258A (en) | 1990-10-19 | 1998-05-19 | University Of Florida | Artificial viral envelopes |
WO1993014791A2 (en) * | 1992-01-27 | 1993-08-05 | Cryopharm Corporation | Method of inactivation of viral and bacterial blood contaminants |
GB9218581D0 (en) | 1992-09-02 | 1992-10-14 | Pall Corp | Removal of unwanted fluids from processed blood products |
KR960703167A (ko) | 1993-06-23 | 1996-06-19 | 존 더블유. 아담슨 | 혈액내 바이러스 불활성화 시스템(system for viral inactivation of blood) |
US5591350A (en) | 1994-04-15 | 1997-01-07 | Pall Corporation | Iodine disinfection method using a gaseous iodine treated porous medium |
SE9402472L (sv) * | 1994-07-13 | 1996-01-14 | Forskarpatent I Linkoeping Ab | Modifierade ytor |
US5522385A (en) | 1994-09-27 | 1996-06-04 | Aradigm Corporation | Dynamic particle size control for aerosolized drug delivery |
US5660731A (en) | 1994-11-08 | 1997-08-26 | Pall Corporation | Filter for separating photoactive agent |
US5691132A (en) * | 1994-11-14 | 1997-11-25 | Cerus Corporation | Method for inactivating pathogens in red cell compositions using quinacrine mustard |
US5637451A (en) | 1995-03-29 | 1997-06-10 | New York Blood Center, Inc. | Photodynamic treatment of red blood cells with phthalocyanines and red light at higher light fluence rates is protective of red blood cells |
US6177441B1 (en) * | 1995-06-05 | 2001-01-23 | Cerus Corporation | Treating red blood cell solutions with anti-viral agents |
WO1996039818A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | Cerus Corporation | Treating red blood cell solutions with anti-viral agents |
CA2221733A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | Baxter International Inc. | Method of inactivation of viral and bacterial blood contaminants |
WO1996040857A1 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | Cerus Corporation | Methods and devices for the removal of psoralens from blood products |
CA2198085A1 (en) | 1995-06-29 | 1997-01-23 | Hemasure, Inc. | Inactivation of pathogens using hydroxymethylamines |
US6114108A (en) | 1995-08-29 | 2000-09-05 | V.I. Technologies, Inc. | Methods and compositions for the selective modification of viral nucleic acids |
US6136586A (en) | 1995-08-29 | 2000-10-24 | Vi Technologies, Inc. | Methods for the selective modification of viral nucleic acids |
DE69627202T2 (de) | 1995-11-06 | 2003-11-13 | New York Blood Center, Inc. | Behandlung von roten blutzellen zur inaktivierung von virien durch verwendung von pathalocyanine und rotlicht |
AU1085697A (en) | 1995-11-21 | 1997-06-11 | Pall Corporation | Inactivation method and system in biological fluids |
US6350467B1 (en) * | 1996-12-31 | 2002-02-26 | Antioxidant Pharmaceuticals Corp. | Pharmaceutical preparations of glutathione and methods of administration thereof |
US6093725A (en) * | 1997-01-06 | 2000-07-25 | Cerus Corporation | Frangible compounds for pathogen inactivation |
AU744089C (en) * | 1997-01-06 | 2003-07-31 | Cerus Corporation | Frangible compounds for pathogen inactivation |
EP1045704B1 (de) * | 1998-01-06 | 2004-09-22 | Cerus Corporation | Verfahren zum quenchen von pathogen-inaktivatoren in biologischen materialien |
US6150109A (en) | 1999-01-25 | 2000-11-21 | V. I. TECHNOLOGIES, Inc. | Lipophilic quenching of viral inactivating agents |
CA2585621C (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2015-12-15 | Cerus Corporation | Improved quenching methods for red blood cell inactivation process |
-
1998
- 1998-07-06 EP EP98933166A patent/EP1045704B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-06 AT AT98933166T patent/ATE276771T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-07-06 CN CNB988137739A patent/CN1203900C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-06 ES ES98933166T patent/ES2224415T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-06 DE DE69826521T patent/DE69826521T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-06 AU AU82891/98A patent/AU745209B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-07-06 CA CA002317603A patent/CA2317603A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-07-06 US US09/110,776 patent/US6270952B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-06 JP JP2000527286A patent/JP4643004B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-06 WO PCT/US1998/013931 patent/WO1999034839A1/en active IP Right Grant
-
2001
- 2001-07-23 US US09/912,031 patent/US6709810B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-06 HK HK01105429A patent/HK1034682A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2004
- 2004-03-17 US US10/803,109 patent/US7293985B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-07-29 JP JP2010171219A patent/JP2010248245A/ja not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1999034839A1 (en) | 1999-07-15 |
EP1045704B1 (de) | 2004-09-22 |
HK1034682A1 (en) | 2001-11-02 |
AU745209B2 (en) | 2002-03-14 |
JP2002500204A (ja) | 2002-01-08 |
ES2224415T3 (es) | 2005-03-01 |
US6270952B1 (en) | 2001-08-07 |
JP2010248245A (ja) | 2010-11-04 |
US20040180321A1 (en) | 2004-09-16 |
DE69826521T2 (de) | 2005-09-29 |
CN1284886A (zh) | 2001-02-21 |
US7293985B2 (en) | 2007-11-13 |
US6709810B2 (en) | 2004-03-23 |
US20020028432A1 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
AU8289198A (en) | 1999-07-26 |
DE69826521D1 (de) | 2004-10-28 |
JP4643004B2 (ja) | 2011-03-02 |
CN1203900C (zh) | 2005-06-01 |
CA2317603A1 (en) | 1999-07-15 |
EP1045704A1 (de) | 2000-10-25 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
ATE276771T1 (de) | Verfahren zum quenchen von pathogen-inaktivatoren in biologischen materialien | |
HK1109594A1 (en) | Improved quenching methods for red blood cell inactivation process | |
ATE210192T1 (de) | VERFAHREN ZUR DIREKTEN SEQUENZIERUNG WÄHREND ßTEMPLATEß-AMPLIFIKATION | |
EP0668777A4 (de) | Prostata-spezifisches membranantigen. | |
ATE191515T1 (de) | Verfahren und zusammensetzungen zum analysieren von nukleinsäuremolekulen mittels bemessungstechniken | |
ES2180416A1 (es) | Procedimiento para la preparacion de mezclas de reaccion estabilizadas, total o parcialmente desecadas, que comprenden, al menos, una enzima, mezclas de reaccion y kits que las contienen. | |
ES2182297T3 (es) | Deteccion y modulacion de lo inhibidores de las proteinas de la apoptosis (iaps) y de los polipeptidos anti-apoptoticos afines (naip) para la diagnosis y tratamiento de enfermedades proliferativas. | |
EP1961826A3 (de) | Verfahren zur direkten Sequenzierung von Nukleinsäuren | |
DE69607830D1 (de) | Verfahren zur isothermer amplifikation von nukleinsäure molekülen | |
DE59800705D1 (de) | Vorrichtung zum automatischen durchführen von chemischen bzw. biologischen verfahren | |
ATE260988T1 (de) | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur durchführung und überwachung von polymerase kettenreaktionen | |
DE69636122D1 (de) | Verfahren zur einführung von genen in zielzellen mit hilfe von retroviren | |
DE69524083D1 (de) | Stoffen und verfahren zum nachweis von mycobakterium tuberculosis | |
DE602004031152D1 (de) | Verfahren und system zum analysieren von reaktione | |
FI953990A (fi) | Menetelmä nukleiinihappomonistusreaktiotuotteen tekemiseksi kykenemät-tömäksi olemaan lisämonistuksen kohteena, diagnostinen määritysmenetelmä, jossa tätä menetelmää käytetään, ja menetelmän tai määrityksen toteutukseen sopiva testipakkaus ja säiliö | |
NO870794L (no) | Fremgangsmte til kvantitativ bestemmelse av nukleinsyremolekyler og reagenspakke til bruk ved utfelse av fremgang smten. | |
DE69531487D1 (de) | Methode zur eliminierung von sequenzierartefakten | |
DE59606129D1 (de) | Verfahren und verbindungen zur detektion von analyten mittels remanenzmessung und deren verwendung | |
ATE357516T1 (de) | Modulation molekularer wechselwirkungspositionen in rns und anderen biomolekülen | |
AU5423600A (en) | Apparatus, system and method for automated execution and analysis of biological and chemical reactions | |
Kolpashchikov et al. | Sensitized photomodification of mammalian DNA polymerase β. A new approach for highly selective affinity labeling of polymerases | |
WO2001030986A3 (en) | Human pif1 dna helicase and uses thereof | |
WO2001026536A3 (en) | Methods of diagnosing and treating hepatic cell proliferative disorders | |
WO2002087606A3 (en) | Modulators of the hypocretin system and methods of screening therefor | |
ATE280839T1 (de) | Oligonukleotid primer zur effizienten reversen transkription von hepatitis c virus (hcv) rns und verfahren zu deren verwendung |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
RER | Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties |