US10656330B2 - Use of variable beam parameters to control solidification of a material - Google Patents
Use of variable beam parameters to control solidification of a material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US10656330B2 US10656330B2 US15/885,563 US201815885563A US10656330B2 US 10656330 B2 US10656330 B2 US 10656330B2 US 201815885563 A US201815885563 A US 201815885563A US 10656330 B2 US10656330 B2 US 10656330B2
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- fiber
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- optical
- property
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Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/011—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour in optical waveguides, not otherwise provided for in this subclass
- G02F1/0115—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour in optical waveguides, not otherwise provided for in this subclass in optical fibres
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- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K26/032—Observing, e.g. monitoring, the workpiece using optical means
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- B23K26/067—Dividing the beam into multiple beams, e.g. multifocusing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K26/073—Shaping the laser spot
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K26/342—Build-up welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K26/38—Removing material by boring or cutting
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/70—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B23K26/702—Auxiliary equipment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
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- B29C48/08—Flat, e.g. panels flexible, e.g. films
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- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
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- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Lasers (AREA)
- Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
- Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
- Mechanical Light Control Or Optical Switches (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
- 1. The term “beam characteristics” refers to one or more of the following terms used to describe an optical beam. In general, the beam characteristics of most interest depend on the specifics of the application or optical system.
- 2. The term “beam diameter” is defined as the distance across the center of the beam along an axis for which the irradiance (intensity) equals 1/e2 of the maximum irradiance. While examples disclosed herein generally use beams that propagate in azimuthally symmetric modes, elliptical or other beam shapes can be used, and beam diameter can be different along different axes. Circular beams are characterized by a single beam diameter. Other beam shapes can have different beam diameters along different axes.
- 3. The term “spot size” is the radial distance (radius) from the center point of maximum irradiance to the 1/e2 point.
- 4. The term “beam divergence distribution” is the power vs the full cone angle. This quantity is sometimes called the “angular distribution” or “NA distribution.”
- 5. The term “beam parameter product” (BPP) of a laser beam is defined as the product of the beam radius (measured at the beam waist) and the beam divergence half-angle (measured in the far field). The units of BPP are typically mm-mrad.
- 6. A “confinement fiber” is defined to be a fiber that possesses one or more confinement regions, wherein a confinement region comprises a higher-index region (core region) surrounded by a lower-index region (cladding region). The RIP of a confinement fiber may include one or more higher-index regions (core regions) surrounded by lower-index regions (cladding regions), wherein light is guided in the higher-index regions. Each confinement region and each cladding region can have any RIP, including but not limited to step-index and graded-index. The confinement regions may or may not be concentric and may be a variety of shapes such as circular, annular, polygonal, arcuate, elliptical, or irregular, or the like or any combination thereof. The confinement regions in a particular confinement fiber may all have the same shape or may be different shapes. Moreover, confinement regions may be co-axial or may have offset axes with respect to one another. Confinement regions may be of uniform thickness about a central axis in the longitudinal direction, or the thicknesses may vary about the central axis in the longitudinal direction.
- 7. The term “intensity distribution” refers to optical intensity as a function of position along a line (1D profile) or on a plane (2D profile). The line or plane is usually taken perpendicular to the propagation direction of the light. It is a quantitative property.
- 8. “Luminance” is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
- 9. “M2 factor” (also called “beam quality factor” or “beam propagation factor”) is a dimensionless parameter for quantifying the beam quality of laser beams, with M2=1 being a diffraction-limited beam, and larger M2 values corresponding to lower beam quality. M2 is equal to the BPP divided by λ/Π, where λ is the wavelength of the beam in microns (if BPP is expressed in units of mm-mrad).
- 10. The term “numerical aperture” or “NA” of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light.
- 11. The term “optical intensity” is not an official (SI) unit, but is used to denote incident power per unit area on a surface or passing through a plane.
- 12. The term “power density” refers to optical power per unit area, although this is also referred to as “optical intensity.”
- 13. The term “radial beam position” refers to the position of a beam in a fiber measured with respect to the center of the fiber core in a direction perpendicular to the fiber axis.
- 14. “Radiance” is the radiation emitted per unit solid angle in a given direction by a unit area of an optical source (e.g., a laser). Radiance may be altered by changing the beam intensity distribution and/or beam divergence profile or distribution. The ability to vary the power density (also referred to as the radiance profile) of a laser beam implies the ability to vary the BPP.
- 15. The term “refractive-index profile” or “RIP” refers to the refractive index as a function of position along a line (1D) or in a plane (2D) perpendicular to the fiber axis. Many fibers are azimuthally symmetric, in which case the 1D RIP is identical for any azimuthal angle.
- 16. A “step-index fiber” has a RIP that is flat (refractive index independent of position) within the fiber core.
- 17. A “graded-index fiber” has a RIP in which the refractive index decreases with increasing radial position (i.e., with increasing distance from the center of the fiber core).
- 18. A “parabolic-index fiber” is a specific case of a graded-index fiber in which the refractive index decreases quadratically with increasing distance from the center of the fiber core.
Fiber for Varying Beam Characteristics
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