WO2024257743A1 - Lgps系固体電解質の製造方法 - Google Patents
Lgps系固体電解質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024257743A1 WO2024257743A1 PCT/JP2024/021115 JP2024021115W WO2024257743A1 WO 2024257743 A1 WO2024257743 A1 WO 2024257743A1 JP 2024021115 W JP2024021115 W JP 2024021115W WO 2024257743 A1 WO2024257743 A1 WO 2024257743A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/10—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances sulfides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention particularly relates to a method for producing an LGPS-based solid electrolyte containing Sn element.
- lithium-ion secondary batteries for use in mobile information terminals, portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and even stationary power storage systems.
- current lithium-ion secondary batteries use flammable organic solvents as the electrolyte, and require a strong exterior to prevent the organic solvent from leaking.
- structure of devices such as the need to have a structure in place to protect against the risk of electrolyte leaking, in the case of portable personal computers and the like.
- solid electrolyte in the all-solid-state lithium ion secondary battery for example, oxides, phosphate compounds, organic polymers, sulfides, and the like are being considered for use.
- oxides, phosphate compounds, organic polymers, sulfides, and the like are being considered for use.
- sulfides have the advantage of being high in ionic conductivity and relatively soft, making it easy to form solid-solid interfaces. They are also stable with respect to active materials, and their development as practical solid electrolytes is progressing.
- a useful sulfide-based solid electrolyte is the LGPS-based solid electrolyte, which has a specific crystal structure (Patent Document 1).
- the LGPS-based solid electrolyte has extremely high ionic conductivity and can operate stably from low temperatures of -30°C to high temperatures of 100°C, and there are high expectations for its practical application.
- LGPS-based solid electrolytes containing Sn elements have been attracting particular attention in recent years because they have good ionic conductivity and water resistance, and are also low cost (Non-Patent Document 1, Patent Document 2).
- the first compound is composed of the M1 ion or the ammonium ion and
- a method for producing an LGPS-based solid electrolyte [1-2] The method according to [1], wherein the metal atom M1 is selected from the group consisting of a Na atom, a K atom, a Rb atom, a Cs atom, a Ca atom, a Sr atom, and a Ba atom. [1-3] The method according to [1] or [1-2], wherein the anion containing S and Sn is selected from the group consisting of SnS 4 4 ⁇ , Sn 2 S 7 6 ⁇ , Sn 2 S 6 4 ⁇ , SnS 3 2 ⁇ and SnP 2 S 12 10 ⁇ .
- the first compound is Na 4 SnS 4 , Na 6 Sn 2 S 7 , Na 4 Sn 2 S 6 , Na 2 SnS 3 , Na 10 SnP 2 S 12 , Na 9.81 Sn 0.81 P 2.19 S 12 , Na 10 (Ge 0.5 Sn 0.5 ) P 2 S 12 , Na 10 (Si 0.5 Sn 0.5 ) P 2 S 12 , Na 3.45 [Sn 0.09 Si 0.36 ] P 0.55 S 4 , (NH 4 ) 4 SnS 4 , (NH 4 ) 4 Sn 2 S 6 and (NH 4 ) 2 The method according to any one of [1] to [1-3], wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of SnS 3 .
- the Li-containing crystal includes Li 4 SnS 4 , Li 6 Sn 2 S 7 , Li 4 Sn 2 S 6 , Li 2 SnS 3 , Li 10 SnP 2 S 12 , Li 3.8 Sn 0.8 Sb 0.2 S 4 , Li 3.27 Sn 0.27 P 0.73 S 4 , Li 10 (Ge 0.5 Sn 0.5 ) P 2 S 12 , Li 10 (Si 0.5 Sn 0.5 ) P 2 S 12 and Li 3.45 [Sn 0.09 Si 0.36 ]P 0.55 S The method according to any one of [1] to [3], selected from the group consisting of 4 .
- the LGPS-based solid electrolyte mainly has a crystal structure having an octahedron O composed of Li and S, a tetrahedron T 1 composed of S and one or more elements selected from the group consisting of P and Sn, and a tetrahedron T 2 composed of P and S, wherein the tetrahedron T 1 and the octahedron O share edges, and the tetrahedron T 2 and the octahedron O share vertices.
- the Li 3 PS 4 crystal is ⁇ -Li 3 PS 4 .
- [9-3] The method according to any one of [1] to [9-2], further comprising a step of atomizing the Li-containing crystals after the step of removing the solvent from the second solution.
- [9-4] The method according to [9-3], wherein the average particle size (D50) of the finely divided Li-containing crystals is 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the present invention provides a method for efficiently producing a Sn-containing LGPS-based solid electrolyte with excellent properties.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the crystal structure of a Sn-containing LGPS-based solid electrolyte according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an all-solid-state battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows the results of X-ray diffraction measurement of the solid electrolyte powders obtained in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 2 shows the results of Raman spectroscopy measurement of the solid electrolyte powders obtained in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1.
- a method for producing an LGPS-based solid electrolyte includes the steps of: a first solution in which a first compound having an ion of a monovalent or divalent metal atom M1 having an ionic radius larger than that of a Li atom or an ammonium ion as a counter ion is dissolved in a solvent is contacted with a cation exchange resin containing Li ions to exchange the M1 ion or the ammonium ion contained in the first compound for a Li ion, thereby obtaining a second solution in which a Li-containing compound is dissolved in the solvent; removing the solvent from the second solution to obtain Li-containing crystals; Mixing the Li-containing crystals with Li3PS4 crystals to obtain a precursor; and heat-treating the precursor.
- the first compound in the above method is composed of an M1 ion or an ammonium ion, and an anion containing an S element and an Sn element.
- an LGPS-based solid electrolyte with favorable characteristics (ionic conductivity, activation energy, etc.) especially when used in an all-solid-state battery.
- the LGPS phase which is a highly ion-conductive material, it shows excellent ionic conductivity.
- the fact that high-purity Li-containing crystals are obtained by the ion exchange method leads to excellent ionic conductivity.
- Sulfides such as SnS 2 and Li 2 S, which have been conventionally used as materials for solid electrolytes, react with oxygen and moisture in the atmosphere to cause deterioration of the material (by-production of oxides) and generation of toxic hydrogen sulfide, and therefore require storage and handling in a low dew point environment.
- inexpensive and easy-to-handle materials such as Na 2 S, SnCl 4 , and LiOH can be used as raw materials, rather than expensive and difficult-to-handle materials such as SnS 2 and Li 2 S.
- the method has the advantage that the LGPS-based solid electrolyte can be produced inexpensively and simply.
- the method can be carried out using a reaction vessel and an ion exchange tower without using a planetary ball mill, which is not suitable for large-scale production, and therefore the LGPS-based solid electrolyte can be mass-produced using a large-scale device. Therefore, according to the method, it is possible to produce the LGPS-based solid electrolyte more efficiently.
- Sn-containing sulfide solid electrolytes have high water resistance and are highly safe materials because hydrogen sulfide generation is suppressed. Therefore, in the production of Sn-containing LGPS-based solid electrolytes according to embodiments of the present invention, there is no need to prepare a low dew point environment, particularly in the stage leading up to obtaining Li-containing crystals, and in this respect, it can be said that LGPS-based solid electrolytes can be produced at low cost.
- a first solution in which a first compound having an ion of a monovalent or divalent metal atom M1 having an ionic radius larger than that of a Li atom or an ammonium ion as a counter ion is dissolved in a solvent is contacted with a cation exchange resin containing Li ions to exchange the M1 ion or the ammonium ion contained in the first compound for a Li ion, thereby obtaining a second solution in which a Li-containing compound is dissolved in the solvent (ion exchange step); Removing the solvent from the second solution to obtain Li-containing crystals (solvent removal step); Mixing the Li-containing crystals with Li3PS4 crystals to obtain a precursor (mixing step); Heat-treating the precursor (heating step); Including, The first compound is composed of the M1 ion
- the LGPS-based solid electrolyte refers to a solid electrolyte containing the elements Li, P and S, and the present invention particularly relates to a method for producing an LGPS-based solid electrolyte further containing the element Sn.
- Ion exchange step a first solution is prepared by dissolving a first compound having a counter ion of a monovalent or divalent metal atom M1 or an ammonium ion having an ionic radius larger than that of a Li atom in a solvent. Since the M1 atom has an ionic radius larger than that of a Li atom, ion exchange between the M1 ion and the Li ion is successfully performed.
- the first solution used in the ion exchange step is a solution in which the first compound, which is an M1 atom-containing compound or an ammonium salt, is dissolved in a solvent.
- the M1 atom include Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, and Ba atoms. Among these, Na atoms are preferred from the viewpoint of versatility.
- the first compound is mainly composed of M1 ions or ammonium ions and anions containing S and Sn elements, but the first compound may further contain other elements.
- Examples of the other elements include silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), phosphorus (P), antimony (Sb), halogen elements (fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I)), and oxygen (O). These other elements may be contained alone or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of anions containing S and Sn include SnS 4 4- , Sn 2 S 7 6- , Sn 2 S 6 4- , SnS 3 2- , SnP 2 S 12 10- and the like, with SnS 4 4- or Sn 2 S 6 4- being preferred, and SnS 4 4- being more preferred.
- the first compound containing such an anion examples include Na4SnS4 , Na6Sn2S7 , Na4Sn2S6 , Na2SnS3 , Na10SnP2S12 , Na9.81Sn0.81P2.19S12 , Na10 ( Ge0.5Sn0.5 ) P2S12 , Na10 ( Si0.5Sn0.5 ) P2S12 , Na3.45 [ Sn0.09Si0.36 ] P0.55S4 , ( NH4 ) 4SnS4 , ( NH4 ) 4Sn2S6 , ( NH4 ) 2 SnS 3, etc. Among these, Na 4 SnS 4 and Na 4 Sn 2 S 6 are preferred, and Na 4 SnS 4 is more preferred.
- Na 4 SnS 4 can be produced and used by the following reaction.
- Synthesis of Na4SnS4 2Na 2 S + SnCl 4 ⁇ SnS 2 + 4NaCl (reaction formula 1)
- SnS2 + 2Na2S ⁇ Na4SnS4 Reaction formula 2
- Na 4 SnS 4 can be produced using inexpensive and easy-to-handle raw materials such as Na 2 S and SnCl 4 , it is advantageous to use it as the first compound.
- the raw material for producing the first compound is not limited to the above, and other examples include magnesium sulfide (MgS), strontium sulfide (SrS), elemental sulfur, tin sulfide (SnS), tin (Sn), and the like.
- MgS magnesium sulfide
- SrS strontium sulfide
- SnS elemental sulfur
- SnS tin sulfide
- Sn tin
- a raw material containing the other element can be used.
- a raw material containing an Si element such as silicon sulfide (SiS 2 ), silicon (Si), or silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ); a raw material containing a Ge element such as germanium sulfide (GeS 2 ), germanium (Ge), or germanium dioxide (GeO 2 ); a raw material containing an Sb element such as antimony sulfide (Sb 2 S 3 ), antimony (Sb), or antimony oxide (Sb 2 O 3 ); a raw material containing phosphorus (P), diphosphorus trisulfide (P 2 S 3 ), diphosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 ), phosphorus pentachloride (PCl 5 ), phosphorus tribromide (PBr 3 ), or phosphorus pentabromide (PBr 5 ), etc.
- Si element such as silicon sulfide (SiS 2 ), silicon (Si), or silicon dioxide (SiO 2 )
- halogen element-containing raw materials such as lithium bromide (LiBr), sodium bromide (NaBr), lithium iodide (LiI), sodium iodide (NaI), magnesium iodide ( MgI2 ), phosphorus pentachloride ( PCl5 ), phosphorus tribromide ( PBr3 ), and phosphorus pentabromide ( PBr5 ); and O element-containing raw materials such as lithium oxide ( Li2O ), lithium oxide ( Na2O ), phosphorus pentoxide ( P2O5 ), silicon dioxide ( SiO2 ), germanium dioxide ( GeO2 ), tin(II) oxide (SnO), tin(IV) oxide ( SnO2 ), and tin(IV) oxide ( SnO3 ). These raw materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
- the solvent in the first solution is not particularly limited as long as the first compound dissolves therein, but examples thereof include water, alcohols, thiols, acetone, etc., preferably water or alcohols, more preferably alcohols.
- examples of alcohols include methanol, ethanol, propanol, etc. Among these, it is preferable to use water, methanol, or ethanol, more preferably water or methanol, and particularly preferably methanol.
- the content of the first compound in the first solution is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 to 1 mol/L, more preferably 0.001 to 0.5 mol/L, and even more preferably 0.01 to 0.1 mol/L, in order to efficiently proceed with the ion exchange process.
- the cation exchange resin may be either a strong acid cation exchange resin or a weak acid cation exchange resin, but it is preferable to use a strong acid cation exchange resin because it has a small amount of H-type residue or a small volume change and is easy to handle.
- the strong acid cation exchange resin for example, one having -SO 3 Li or -[(SO 3 ) 2 Li 2 ] as an exchange group is preferable.
- a chelate resin can also be used.
- the base structure of the cation exchange resin is not particularly limited, but can be styrene-based, methacrylic-based, or the like.
- the average pore size and specific surface area of the cation exchange resin are also not particularly limited.
- the specific operation of the ion exchange step is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known method can be applied. That is, by supplying and passing the first solution through an ion exchange tower loaded with a cation exchange resin, the M1 ions or ammonium ions in the first compound are exchanged for Li ions, and a second solution containing a Li-containing compound can be obtained as a distillate.
- the temperature at which the ion exchange step is performed is not particularly limited, and is preferably 10°C to 50°C.
- the SV value space velocity: the amount of the first solution passed divided by the volume of the cation exchange resin
- the ion exchange process exchanges the M1 ion or ammonium ion in the first compound with the Li ion on the ion exchange resin.
- the ion exchange occurs by the following reaction. Na 4 SnS 4 +4R-SO 3 Li ⁇ Li 4 SnS 4 +4R-SO 3 Na
- the ion exchange step provides a second solution in which the Li-containing compound is dissolved in the solvent of the first solution.
- the solvent can be removed by freeze-drying (a method in which the second solution is first frozen, and then the boiling point of the dried product frozen in a vacuum is lowered to sublimate the moisture of the dried product), vacuum drying (a method in which the boiling point is lowered by reducing the pressure inside a heating device to promote the removal of the solvent from the second solution), spray drying (a method in which the second solution is sprayed into a gas and rapidly dried to obtain a dry powder), or the like.
- the solvent may also be removed by heat drying, and the heating temperature in that case can be appropriately set depending on the type of solvent, for example, 50 to 300 ° C, more preferably 100 ° C to 180 ° C.
- vacuum drying may be performed together with heat drying. In any case where any method is adopted, it is preferable to set appropriate conditions depending on the type of solvent contained in the second solution.
- the constituent elements of the Li-containing crystal obtained by the above process vary depending on the composition of the first compound, which is the raw material, but examples include a crystal consisting of Li, Sn, and S, a crystal consisting of Li, Sn, Si, and S, a crystal consisting of Li, Sn, Sb, and S, a crystal consisting of Li, Sn, P, and S, a crystal consisting of Li, Sn, F, and S, a crystal consisting of Li, Sn, Cl, and S, a crystal consisting of Li, Sn, Br, and S, a crystal consisting of Li, Sn, O, and S, a crystal consisting of Li, Sn, Si, P, and S, and a crystal consisting of Li, Ge, Sn, P, and S.
- crystals consisting of Li, Sn, and S elements crystals consisting of Li, Sn, P, and S elements, crystals consisting of Li, Sn, Si, P, and S elements, and crystals consisting of Li, Ge, Sn, P, and S elements are preferred, and crystals consisting of Li, Sn, and S elements are more preferred.
- the composition of the Li - containing crystal is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include Li4SnS4 , Li6Sn2S7 , Li4Sn2S6 , Li2SnS3 , Li10SnP2S12 , Li3.8Sn0.8Sb0.2S4 , Li3.27Sn0.27P0.73S4 , Li10 ( Ge0.5Sn0.5 ) P2S12 , Li10 ( Si0.5Sn0.5 ) P2S12 , Li3.45 [ Sn0.09Si0.36 ] P0.55S4 , and the like . Of these, Li 4 SnS 4 and Li 4 Sn 2 S 6 are preferred, with Li 4 SnS 4 being more preferred.
- the Li-containing crystals are mainly composed of Li-containing compounds obtained by subjecting the first solution to an ion exchange process, but depending on the processing conditions in the ion exchange process, M1 atom-containing components or ammonium salts derived from the first compound contained in the first solution may be present.
- the content of these impurities in the Li-containing crystals is preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or less.
- an optional atomization process of the Li-containing crystals may be performed.
- the finer the crystal particles of the solid electrolyte the lower the interface resistance between the solid electrolyte layer and the electrode layer, and the higher energy density and higher output of the all-solid-state battery are expected.
- the smaller the particles the easier the reaction will occur in the subsequent heating process, and the generation of by-products can be suppressed.
- the average particle size (D50) of the finely divided Li-containing crystals obtained by the fine particle forming step is preferably 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.1 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the method of fine particle forming is not particularly limited, but for example, a method of finely dividing the Li-containing crystals by contacting the resulting good solvent solution with a poor solvent is mentioned. This method is preferably carried out under an inert gas atmosphere such as argon.
- Good solvents include, but are not limited to, alcohol solvents, carboxylic acid solvents, lactam solvents, water, etc.
- Alcohol solvents include, for example, methanol (boiling point: 64.7°C), ethanol (boiling point: 78.4°C), propanol (boiling point: 97°C), isopropyl alcohol (boiling point: 82.5°C), 1-butanol (boiling point: 117.7°C), etc.
- Carboxylic acid solvents include, for example, formic acid (boiling point: 100.8°C), acetic acid (boiling point: 118°C), etc.
- Lactam solvents include, for example, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (boiling point: 202°C), etc.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the good solvent is preferably an alcohol solvent, and particularly preferably methanol. These good solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of Li-containing crystals in the good solvent solution is preferably 1 to 30 mass% relative to the total mass of the good solvent, more preferably 5 to 30 mass%, and even more preferably 15 to 30 mass%.
- a content of Li-containing crystals of 1 mass% or more is preferable from the viewpoints of reducing the amount of solvent used and obtaining finer crystals.
- a content of Li-containing crystals of 30 mass% or less is preferable since it reduces the amount of undissolved crystals.
- Poor solvents include, but are not limited to, aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, ketone solvents, ether solvents, ester solvents, nitrile solvents, halogen solvents, amide solvents, sulfoxide solvents, etc.
- Aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents include hexane (boiling point: 69°C), heptane (boiling point: 98.4°C), octane (boiling point: 125.6°C), etc.
- Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents include benzene (boiling point: 80.1°C), toluene (boiling point: 110.6°C), xylene (boiling point: 139°C), etc.
- Ketone solvents include acetone (boiling point: 56°C), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (boiling point: 79.6°C), etc.
- Ether solvents include diethyl ether (boiling point: 34.6°C), tetrahydrofuran (THF) (boiling point: 66°C), 1,4-dioxane (boiling point: 101°C), etc.
- ester solvents include methyl acetate (boiling point: 57.1°C), ethyl acetate (boiling point: 77.1°C), propyl acetate (boiling point: 102°C), methyl propionate (boiling point: 79.8°C), and ethyl propionate (boiling point: 99°C).
- nitrile solvents include acetonitrile (boiling point: 82°C), isobutyronitrile (boiling point: 108°C), and benzonitrile (boiling point: 191°C).
- halogen-based solvents include methylene chloride (boiling point: 39.6°C) and chloroform (boiling point: 61.2°C).
- amide solvents include N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (boiling point: 153°C).
- sulfoxide solvents include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (boiling point: 189°C).
- the poor solvent preferably contains at least one of a nitrile solvent and an ester solvent, more preferably a nitrile solvent, and even more preferably acetonitrile.
- the poor solvent may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
- the boiling point of the poor solvent is preferably higher than that of the good solvent. As described below, if the boiling point of the poor solvent is higher than that of the good solvent, the temperature of the poor solvent at the time of contact can be made higher than the boiling point of the good solvent. This causes part or all of the good solvent to volatilize immediately when the good solvent solution comes into contact with the poor solvent, further increasing the chance of contact between the crystals and the poor solvent and further increasing the rate of crystal precipitation. This results in finer crystals with a smaller average particle size.
- the good solvent solution is brought into contact with the poor solvent to precipitate fine Li-containing crystals.
- the contact method is not particularly limited, but includes a method of adding a poor solvent to a good solvent solution and a method of adding a good solvent solution to a poor solvent.
- the addition method is not particularly limited, and may be dropwise or added all at once.
- a drying step is performed to remove the remaining poor solvent and good solvent to obtain fine Li-containing crystals.
- the drying temperature is not particularly limited as long as it is a temperature at which the remaining solvent can be removed, but is preferably 100° C. or higher, more preferably 120 to 300° C., and even more preferably 150 to 250° C.
- the pressure during drying is not particularly limited, but is preferably 500 hPa or less, more preferably 0.1 to 200 hPa, and even more preferably 1 to 50 hPa.
- the second solution can be directly subjected to the atomization step without removing the solvent from the second solution.
- the above-mentioned solvent removal step can be omitted.
- the solvent in the second solution is methanol and the Li-containing crystals are dissolved in methanol as a good solvent in the subsequent atomization step, there is no need to carry out the solvent removal step. Using the same solvent in both steps is preferable from the viewpoint of simplifying the manufacturing method.
- the Li-containing crystal obtained as described above is then mixed with Li 3 PS 4 crystal to obtain a precursor.
- Li 4 SnS 4 : Li 3 PS 4 about 1:2
- an LGPS-based solid electrolyte of Li 10 SnP 2 S 12 is obtained
- Li 4 SnS 4 : Li 3 PS 4 about 1:2.7
- Li 3.27 Sn 0.27 P 0.73 S 4 with the highest ionic conductivity is obtained.
- any of ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ can be used, but ⁇ -Li 3 PS 4 is more preferable. This is because ⁇ -Li 3 PS 4 exists relatively stably in the LGPS synthesis system.
- the Li 3 PS 4 crystal may be a commercially available product, but it can also be synthesized from Li 2 S and P 2 S 5 under an inert gas atmosphere such as argon, as described in the examples below.
- the method of mixing the Li-containing crystals and the Li 3 PS 4 crystals is not limited, and they can be mixed in the solid phase or in the presence of a solvent.
- the mixing method using a solvent is suitable for large-scale synthesis because it can be mixed uniformly.
- ether-based solvents, ester-based solvents, hydrocarbon-based solvents, nitrile-based solvents, etc. can be mentioned.
- tetrahydrofuran, cyclopentyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, diethyl ether, dimethyl ether, dioxane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetonitrile, etc. can be mentioned.
- the moisture is preferably 100 ppm or less, more preferably 50 ppm or less.
- the inert gas nitrogen, helium, argon, etc.
- the oxygen and moisture concentrations in the inert gas are both preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or less, and particularly preferably 10 ppm or less.
- the substrate When mixing, the substrate may be in a uniformly dispersed slurry state, but more preferably, a part of the raw material (regardless of type) is dissolved. In the case of a slurry, it is preferable to disintegrate the aggregated particles by stirring. Furthermore, a bead mill, a homogenizer, or an ultrasonic disperser may be used. When mixing in the solid phase, a mortar mixer, a mortar mill, a ball mill, etc. can be used. In these methods, the crystals are not usually amorphized. Mixing is preferably performed in a vacuum or in an inert gas atmosphere, and the conditions are the same as when a solvent is used.
- the temperature during mixing does not need to be heated, but when a solvent is used, heating can be used to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of the substrate. When heating, it is sufficient to perform the process at or below the boiling point of the solvent. However, it is also possible to perform the process under pressure using an autoclave or the like. Note that, if mixing is performed at a high temperature, the reaction will proceed before the raw materials are thoroughly mixed together, making it easier for by-products to be produced, so it is preferable to perform the process at around room temperature.
- the mixing time is sufficient if it is long enough to make the mixture homogenous. This time often depends on the scale of production, but homogenization can be achieved by mixing for, for example, 0.1 to 24 hours.
- the precursor is obtained by removing the solvent.
- Solvent removal is performed by heat drying or vacuum drying, and the optimal temperature varies depending on the type of solvent. It is possible to shorten the solvent removal time by applying a temperature sufficiently higher than the boiling point.
- the temperature when removing the solvent is preferably in the range of 60 to 280°C, and more preferably 100 to 250°C. Note that by removing the solvent under reduced pressure, such as by vacuum drying, the temperature when removing the solvent can be lowered and the required time can be shortened.
- the time required for solvent removal can also be shortened by flowing an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon that has a sufficiently low moisture content. Note that it is also possible to perform the subsequent heating process and solvent removal simultaneously.
- Heating step The precursor obtained in the mixing step is heat-treated to obtain a LGPS-based solid electrolyte having a small particle size.
- the heating temperature is in the range of 300 to 700°C, preferably in the range of 350 to 650°C, and particularly preferably in the range of 450 to 600°C. By heating at a temperature in the above range, the desired crystals can be obtained with high purity.
- Heating time varies slightly depending on the heating temperature, a heating time in the range of 0.1 to 24 hours is usually sufficient for crystallization. Heating for a short period of time is preferable because it is less likely to cause deterioration of the LGPS-based solid electrolyte. Heating can be performed in vacuum or in an inert gas atmosphere, but is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the inert gas nitrogen, helium, argon, etc. can be used, among which argon is preferred. It is preferable that the concentration of oxygen and moisture is low, and the conditions are the same as those of the mixing step for precursor synthesis.
- the LGPS-based solid electrolyte obtained by the method according to the embodiment preferably mainly contains a crystal structure having an octahedron O composed of Li and S, a tetrahedron T1 composed of one or more elements selected from the group consisting of P and Sn and S, and a tetrahedron T2 composed of P and S, in which the tetrahedron T1 and the octahedron O share edges, and the tetrahedron T2 and the octahedron O share vertices, as shown in Fig. 1. It is presumed that higher ionic conductivity can be obtained by the crystal having such a structure.
- the LGPS-based solid electrolyte obtained by the method according to the embodiment can be suitably used as a solid electrolyte material for, for example, lithium-ion secondary batteries.
- the LGPS-based solid electrolyte preferably has a viscosity of 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm or more (e.g., 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm, 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 3.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm), preferably 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm or more (e.g., 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm, 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 3.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm, 1.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 3.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm), and more preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm or more (e.g., 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm, 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 to 3.0 ⁇
- the activation energy of the LGPS-based solid electrolyte is preferably 35.0 kJ/mol or less, and more preferably 30.0 kJ/mol or less.
- the activation energy is the energy required for lithium ion diffusion calculated by the Arrhenius equation from the lithium ion conductivity at each measurement temperature, and is an index of the ease of diffusion of lithium ions.
- the composition of the LGPS-based solid electrolyte obtained by the method according to the embodiment is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include Li3.27Sn0.27P0.73S4 , Li3.33Sn0.33P0.67S4 , Li10SnP2S12 , Li10 ( Ge0.5Sn0.5 ) P2S12 , Li10 ( Si0.5Sn0.5 ) P2S12 , and Li3.45 [ Sn0.09Si0.36 ] P0.55S4 .
- 3.33Sn0.33P0.67S4 is preferred , with Li3.27Sn0.27P0.73S4 and Li10SnP2S12 being particularly preferred .
- the LGPS-based solid electrolyte obtained by the method according to the embodiment can be formed into a desired molded body by various means and used in various applications including the all-solid-state battery described below.
- the molding method is not particularly limited. For example, a molding method similar to the molding method for each layer constituting the all-solid-state battery described in the all-solid-state battery described later can be used.
- All-solid-state battery The LGPS-based solid electrolyte obtained by the method according to the embodiment can be used, for example, in a lithium ion secondary battery, particularly an all-solid-state lithium ion secondary battery.
- the "all-solid-state battery” refers to an all-solid-state lithium ion secondary battery.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an all-solid-state battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the all-solid-state battery 10 has a structure in which a solid electrolyte layer 2 is disposed between a positive electrode layer 1 and a negative electrode layer 3.
- the all-solid-state battery 10 can be used in various devices including mobile phones, personal computers, automobiles, and the like.
- the LGPS-based solid electrolyte obtained by the method according to the embodiment may be contained as a solid electrolyte in at least one of the positive electrode layer 1, the negative electrode layer 3, and the solid electrolyte layer 2.
- the LGPS-based solid electrolyte according to the embodiment is contained in the positive electrode layer 1 or the negative electrode layer 3, the LGPS-based solid electrolyte is used in combination with a known positive electrode active material or negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the quantitative ratio of the LGPS-based solid electrolyte to other materials contained in the positive electrode layer 1 or the negative electrode layer 3 is not particularly limited.
- the solid electrolyte layer 2 may be composed of only the LGPS-based solid electrolyte according to the embodiment, or may be appropriately combined with an oxide solid electrolyte (e.g., Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 ), a sulfide solid electrolyte (e.g., Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 ), or other complex hydride solid electrolytes (e.g., LiBH 4 , 3LiBH 4 —LiI), as necessary.
- oxide solid electrolyte e.g., Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12
- a sulfide solid electrolyte e.g., Li 2 S—P 2 S 5
- other complex hydride solid electrolytes e.g., LiBH 4 , 3LiBH 4 —LiI
- the all-solid-state battery is produced by forming and laminating each of the layers described above, but there are no particular limitations on the method for forming and laminating each layer.
- a method in which a solid electrolyte and/or an electrode active material is dispersed in a solvent to form a slurry, which is then applied by a doctor blade or spin coating, and then rolled to form a film a gas phase method in which a film is formed and laminated using a vacuum deposition method, an ion plating method, a sputtering method, a laser ablation method, or the like; and a pressure molding method in which a powder is molded by a hot press or a cold press without applying heat, and then the formed film is laminated.
- LGPS-based solid electrolyte obtained by the method according to the embodiment is relatively soft, it is particularly preferable to fabricate an all-solid-state battery by forming and stacking each layer by pressure molding.
- Pressure molding methods include hot pressing, which is performed with heating, and cold pressing, which is not performed with heating, but cold pressing can also be used to sufficiently form the electrolyte.
- Example 1 (1) Synthesis of Li 4 SnS 4 9 mmol of SnCl 4 ⁇ 5H 2 O (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd.) and 18 mmol of Na 2 S ⁇ 9H 2 O (manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were dissolved in 10 mL of ion-exchanged water. The SnCl 4 ⁇ 5H 2 O aqueous solution was gradually dropped into the above Na 2 S ⁇ 9H 2 O aqueous solution to generate SnS 2.
- This aqueous solution was passed through an ion-exchange resin tower filled with a cation-exchange resin (strong acid cation-exchange resin manufactured by Organo Corporation) that had been previously exchanged with Li ions using a LiOH aqueous solution, and a Li 4 SnS 4 aqueous solution was obtained from the distillation part.
- Water was removed from the Li 4 SnS 4 aqueous solution obtained by this method using an evaporator at 40 ° C., and then the solution was dried at 240 ° C. for 1 hour using a glass tube oven to obtain Li 4 SnS 4 powder. This is referred to as bulk Li4SnS4 .
- the obtained suspension was subjected to vacuum drying at 50°C for 4 hours to remove the solvent.
- ⁇ -Li 3 PS 4 was obtained by vacuum drying at 180°C for 4 hours.
- ⁇ -Li 3 PS 4 was added to acetonitrile (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, ultra-dehydrated grade) so that the concentration was 6 wt%, and the mixture was mixed at room temperature to obtain a slurry.
- the obtained slurry was subjected to vacuum heating at 50°C to remove acetonitrile, and the obtained powder was dried at 180°C for 4 hours to remove the solvent, and a finely granulated ⁇ -Li 3 PS 4 powder was obtained.
- a series of operations was carried out in a glove box under an argon atmosphere.
- Example 2 (1) Synthesis of Li 4 SnS 4 A SnS 2 paste was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that after washing with ion-exchanged water, it was further washed three times with methanol. To the obtained 9 mmol SnS 2 paste, 18 mmol anhydrous Na 2 S and 20 mL of ultra-dehydrated methanol were added, and then the mixture was stirred at room temperature to obtain a uniform methanol solution containing 9 mmol Na 4 SnS 4. A small amount of precipitate derived from hydrate was removed with a membrane filter.
- Li 4 SnS 4 methanol solution was exchanged for Li ions in advance with a LiOH aqueous solution, and then passed through an ion exchange resin tower filled with a cation exchange resin (the same as in Example 1) substituted with methanol, and a Li 4 SnS 4 methanol solution was obtained from the distillation part.
- the concentration of the obtained Li 4 SnS 4 methanol solution was about 1.7 wt%.
- Methanol was removed from the obtained homogeneous solution under reduced pressure at 50° C., thereby precipitating Li 4 SnS 4 in acetonitrile. Then, the acetonitrile was removed under reduced pressure at 50° C. to obtain a powder. The solvent was removed while stirring the homogeneous solution. The powder obtained above was dried under vacuum at 180° C. for 4 hours to obtain finely divided Li 4 SnS 4 powder.
- the crystals of Examples 1 and 2 showed peaks at positions similar to those of the crystals of Comparative Example 1 using Li 4 SnS 4 produced by mechanical milling. According to the method of the embodiment, it was possible to obtain an LGPS-based solid electrolyte having preferable properties (ionic conductivity, activation energy, etc.) particularly when used in an all-solid-state battery. In addition, since the above-mentioned excellent LGPS-based solid electrolyte can be obtained without using a planetary ball mill, it is possible to mass-produce the excellent LGPS-based solid electrolyte using a large-scale device.
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Abstract
Description
これらの固体電解質の中で、硫化物はイオン伝導度が高く、比較的やわらかいため固体-固体間の界面を形成しやすいという特徴がある。また、活物質に対しても安定であり、実用的な固体電解質として開発が進んでいる。
本発明は、例えば以下のとおりである。
[1] Li原子よりイオン半径が大きい1価もしくは2価の金属原子M1のイオンまたはアンモニウムイオンを対イオンに備える第1化合物が、溶媒に溶解されてなる第1溶液を、Liイオンを備える陽イオン交換樹脂に接触させて、前記第1化合物に含まれる前記M1イオンまたは前記アンモニウムイオンをLiイオンに交換し、Li含有化合物が前記溶媒に溶解されてなる第2溶液を得ることと、
前記第2溶液から前記溶媒を除去して、Li含有結晶を得ることと、
前記Li含有結晶をLi3PS4結晶と混合して前駆体を得ることと、
前記前駆体を加熱処理することと
を含み、
前記第1化合物は、前記M1イオンまたは前記アンモニウムイオンと、S元素およびSn元素を含む陰イオンとからなる、
LGPS系固体電解質の製造方法。
[1-2] 前記金属原子M1は、Na原子、K原子、Rb原子、Cs原子、Ca原子、Sr原子およびBa原子からなる群より選択される、[1]に記載の方法。
[1-3] 前記S元素およびSn元素を含む陰イオンは、SnS4 4-、Sn2S7 6-、Sn2S6 4-、SnS3 2-およびSnP2S12 10-からなる群より選択される、[1]または[1-2]に記載の方法。
[1-4] 前記第1化合物は、Na4SnS4、Na6Sn2S7、Na4Sn2S6、Na2SnS3、Na10SnP2S12、Na9.81Sn0.81P2.19S12、Na10(Ge0.5Sn0.5)P2S12、Na10(Si0.5Sn0.5)P2S12、Na3.45[Sn0.09Si0.36]P0.55S4、(NH4)4SnS4、(NH4)4Sn2S6および(NH4)2SnS3からなる群より選択される、[1]~[1-3]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[2] 前記溶媒は水またはメタノールである、[1]~[1-4]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[3] 前記溶媒はメタノールである、[2]に記載の方法。
[3-1] 前記Li含有結晶は、Li4SnS4、Li6Sn2S7、Li4Sn2S6、Li2SnS3、Li10SnP2S12、Li3.8Sn0.8Sb0.2S4、Li3.27Sn0.27P0.73S4、Li10(Ge0.5Sn0.5)P2S12、Li10(Si0.5Sn0.5)P2S12およびLi3.45[Sn0.09Si0.36]P0.55S4からなる群より選択される、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[4] 前記加熱処理は300~700℃の温度で行われる、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[5] 前記加熱処理は不活性ガス雰囲気下で行われる、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[6] 前記LGPS系固体電解質は、X線回折(CuKα:λ=1.5405Å)において、少なくとも、2θ=20.18°±0.50°、20.44°±0.50°、26.96°±0.50°および29.58°±0.50°にピークを有する、[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[7] 前記LGPS系固体電解質は、Li元素およびS元素から構成される八面体Oと、P及びSnからなる群より選ばれる一種以上の元素およびS元素から構成される四面体T1と、P元素およびS元素から構成される四面体T2とを有し、前記四面体T1および前記八面体Oは稜を共有し、前記四面体T2および前記八面体Oは頂点を共有する結晶構造を主体として含有する、[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[8] 前記Li3PS4結晶はβ-Li3PS4である、[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[9] 前記Li含有結晶は、Li4SnS4の組成を有する結晶である、[1]~[8]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[9-1] 前記LGPS系固体電解質の組成は、Li3.27Sn0.27P0.73S4、Li3.33Sn0.33P0.67S4、Li10SnP2S12、Li10(Ge0.5Sn0.5)P2S12、Li10(Si0.5Sn0.5)P2S12およびLi3.45[Sn0.09Si0.36]P0.55S4からなる群より選択される、[1]~[9]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[9-2] 前記Li含有結晶をLi3PS4結晶と混合する工程において、Li4SnS4:Li3PS4=1:x(x=1~3)のモル比で混合される、[1]~[9-1]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[9-3] 前記第2溶液から前記溶媒を除去する工程の後に、Li含有結晶の微粒化工程をさらに含む、[1]~[9-2]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[9-4] 微粒化されたLi含有結晶の平均粒径(D50)は0.1~10μmである、[9-3]に記載の方法。
Li原子よりイオン半径が大きい1価もしくは2価の金属原子M1のイオンまたはアンモニウムイオンを対イオンに備える第1化合物が、溶媒に溶解されてなる第1溶液を、Liイオンを備える陽イオン交換樹脂に接触させて、前記第1化合物に含まれる前記M1イオン又は前記アンモニウムイオンをLiイオンに交換し、Li含有化合物が前記溶媒に溶解されてなる第2溶液を得ることと、
前記第2溶液から前記溶媒を除去して、Li含有結晶を得ることと、
前記Li含有結晶をLi3PS4結晶と混合して前駆体を得ることと、
前記前駆体を加熱処理することと
を含む。ここで、上記方法における第1化合物は、M1イオンまたはアンモニウムイオンと、S元素およびSn元素を含む陰イオンとからなる。
1.Sn含有LGPS系固体電解質の製造方法
本発明の一実施形態によると、
Li原子よりイオン半径が大きい1価もしくは2価の金属原子M1のイオンまたはアンモニウムイオンを対イオンに備える第1化合物が、溶媒に溶解されてなる第1溶液を、Liイオンを備える陽イオン交換樹脂に接触させて、前記第1化合物に含まれる前記M1イオン又は前記アンモニウムイオンをLiイオンに交換し、Li含有化合物が前記溶媒に溶解されてなる第2溶液を得ることと(イオン交換工程)、
前記第2溶液から前記溶媒を除去して、Li含有結晶を得ることと(溶媒除去工程)、
前記Li含有結晶をLi3PS4結晶と混合して前駆体を得ることと(混合工程)、
前記前駆体を加熱処理することと(加熱工程)
を含み、
前記第1化合物は、前記M1イオンまたは前記アンモニウムイオンと、S元素およびSn元素を含む陰イオンとからなる、
LGPS系固体電解質の製造方法が提供される。
本明細書において、LGPS系固体電解質とは、Li元素、P元素およびS元素を含む固体電解質をいい、本発明は特にSn元素をさらに含有するLGPS系固体電解質の製造方法に関する。
イオン交換工程においては、まず、Li原子よりイオン半径が大きい1価もしくは2価の金属原子M1のイオンまたはアンモニウムイオンを対イオンに備える第1化合物が、溶媒に溶解されてなる第1溶液を調製する。M1原子がLi原子よりも大きいイオン半径を有することにより、M1イオンとLiイオンとの間でイオン交換が首尾よく行われる。
(Na4SnS4の合成)
2Na2S+SnCl4→SnS2+4NaCl(反応式1)
SnS2+2Na2S→Na4SnS4(反応式2)
このように、Na4SnS4は、Na2S、SnCl4といった安価で取り扱いが容易な原料を使用して製造することができるため、これを第1化合物として使用することは有利である。
これらの原料は単独で用いても、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
陽イオン交換樹脂は、強酸性陽イオン交換樹脂および弱酸性陽イオン交換樹脂のいずれを用いてもよいが、H型の残存量あるいは体積変化が少なく、ハンドリングしやすいことから、強酸性陽イオン交換樹脂を用いることが好ましい。強酸性陽イオン交換樹脂としては、例えば、交換基に-SO3Li、-[(SO3)2Li2]を有するものが好ましい。また、場合によってはキレート樹脂も使用できる。陽イオン交換樹脂の母体構造は、特に限定されないが、スチレン系、メタクリル系等とすることができる。陽イオン交換樹脂の平均細孔径及び比表面積も、特に限定されない。
Na4SnS4+4R-SO3Li→Li4SnS4+4R-SO3Na
上記イオン交換工程により、Li含有化合物が第1溶液の溶媒に溶解されてなる第2溶液が得られる。
イオン交換工程に次いで、溶媒除去工程を行う。イオン交換工程と溶媒除去工程との間には、任意に他の工程を含んでいてもよい。溶媒除去工程により、第2溶液から溶媒を除去して、Li含有結晶を得る。溶媒除去工程の具体的操作は、特に限定されず、従来公知の方法を適用することができる。例えば、凍結乾燥(初めに第2溶液を凍結させ、次いで、真空中で凍結した乾燥物の沸点を下げて、乾燥物の水分を昇華させる方法)、減圧乾燥(加熱装置内を減圧して沸点を下げることで、第2溶液からの溶媒除去を促進させる方法)、噴霧乾燥(第2溶液を気体中に噴霧して急速に乾燥させ、乾燥粉体を得る方法)等により溶媒を除去することができる。また、加熱乾燥によって溶媒を除去してもよく、その場合の加熱温度は、溶媒の種類によって適宜設定することが可能であるが、例えば50~300℃、より好ましくは100℃~180℃である。また、加熱乾燥とともに減圧乾燥を行ってもよい。いずれの方法を採用する場合も、第2溶液に含まれる溶媒の種類に応じて、適切な条件を設定することが好ましい。
溶媒除去工程の後、任意にLi含有結晶の微粒化工程を行ってもよい。全固体電池においては、固体電解質の結晶粒子が細かいほど、固体電解質層と電極層との間の界面抵抗が低減され、全固体電池の高エネルギー密度化、高出力化等が期待される。また、粒子が小さいことで、この後の加熱工程において反応が起こりやすくなり、副生成物の生成が抑制できる。
例えば、微粒化工程により得られる微粒化Li含有結晶の平均粒径(D50)は、好ましくは0.1~10μm、より好ましくは0.1~1μmである。微粒化の方法は、特に限定されないが、例えば、Li含有結晶を良溶媒に溶解させて得られる良溶媒溶液を、貧溶媒に接触させて微粒化する方法が挙げられる。この方法は、アルゴン等の不活性ガス雰囲気下で行われることが好ましい。
最後に乾燥工程を行うことにより、残存する貧溶媒および良溶媒を除去して、微粒化Li含有結晶を得る。乾燥温度は、残存する溶媒を除去できる温度であれば特に制限されないが、100℃以上であることが好ましく、120~300℃であることがより好ましく、150~250℃であることがさらに好ましい。乾燥時の圧力は、特に限定されないが、500hPa以下であることが好ましく、0.1~200hPaであることがより好ましく、1~50hPaであることがさらに好ましい。
続いて、上記のように得られたLi含有結晶を、Li3PS4結晶と混合して、前駆体を得る。Li含有結晶とLi3PS4結晶の混合モル比は、目的とするLGPS系固体電解質が得られるような元素比となるように調整すればよい。例えば、Li4SnS4:Li3PS4=1:x(モル比)とした場合、x=1~3であることが好ましく、x=2~2.8であることがより好ましい。Li4SnS4:Li3PS4=約1:2である場合に、Li10SnP2S12のLGPS系固体電解質が得られ、Li4SnS4:Li3PS4=約1:2.7である場合に、最もイオン伝導度の高いLi3.27Sn0.27P0.73S4が得られる。
固相で混合する場合は、乳鉢混合、ライカイ機、ボールミル等を使用することができる。これらの方法の場合は、通常は結晶がアモルファス化されることは無い。混合は、真空もしくは不活性ガス雰囲気下で合成することが好ましく、その条件は溶媒を用いた場合と同様である。
混合における温度は、加熱する必要もないが、溶媒を用いた場合は基質の溶解度や溶解速度を上げるために加熱することもできる。加熱する場合には、溶媒の沸点以下で行うことで十分である。しかし、オートクレーブ等を用いて加圧状態で行うことも可能である。なお、高い温度で混合を行うと、原料がよく混じり合う前に反応が進行し、副生成物が生成しやくなることから、室温付近で行うことが好ましい。
上記混合工程で得られた前駆体を加熱処理することによって、粒径の小さなLGPS系固体電解質を得る。加熱温度は、300~700℃の範囲であり、好ましくは350~650℃の範囲であり、特に好ましくは450~600℃の範囲である。上記範囲の温度で加熱することにより、目的とする結晶を高純度で得ることができる。
加熱は、真空もしくは不活性ガス雰囲気下で行うことができるが、好ましくは不活性ガス雰囲気下である。不活性ガスとしては、窒素、ヘリウム、アルゴンなどを使用することができるが、中でもアルゴンが好ましい。酸素や水分の濃度が低いことが好ましく、その条件は前駆体合成のための混合工程と同じである。
上述した方法で得られるLGPS系固体電解質は、X線回折(CuKα:λ=1.5405Å)において、少なくとも、2θ=20.18°±0.50°、20.44°±0.50°、26.96°±0.50°および29.58°±0.50°にピークを有する。好ましくは、LGPS系固体電解質は、X線回折(CuKα:λ=1.5405Å)において、少なくとも、2θ=20.18°±0.40°、20.44°±0.40°、26.96°±0.40°および29.58°±0.40°にピークを有する。より好ましくは、LGPS系固体電解質は、X線回折(CuKα:λ=1.5405Å)において、少なくとも、2θ=20.18°±0.30°、20.44°±0.30°、26.96°±0.30°および29.58°±0.30°にピークを有する。
実施形態に係る方法によって得られるLGPS系固体電解質は、例えばリチウムイオン二次電池、特に全固体リチウムイオン二次電池において使用することができる。ここで「全固体電池」とは、全固体リチウムイオン二次電池である。図2は、本発明の一実施形態に係る全固体電池の概略断面図である。全固体電池10は、正極層1と負極層3との間に固体電解質層2が配置された構造を有する。全固体電池10は、携帯電話、パソコン、自動車等をはじめとする各種機器において使用することができる。
例えば、固体電解質および/または電極活物質を溶媒に分散させてスラリー状としたものをドクターブレードまたはスピンコート等により塗布し、それを圧延することにより製膜する方法;真空蒸着法、イオンプレーティング法、スパッタリング法、レーザーアブレーション法等を用いて製膜および積層を行う気相法;ホットプレスまたは温度をかけないコールドプレスによって粉末を成形し、それを積層していく加圧成形法等がある。
(実施例1)
(1)Li4SnS4の合成
9mmolのSnCl4・5H2O(シグマ・アルドリッチ社製)と、18mmolのNa2S・9H2O(富士フィルム和光純薬株式会社製)とを、それぞれイオン交換水10mLに溶解させた。上記Na2S・9H2O水溶液にSnCl4・5H2O水溶液を徐々に滴下してSnS2を生成させた。滴下終了後、直ちにスラリーを遠心分離して、上澄み液を除去した。イオン交換水による洗浄を3回以上繰り返し、副生したNaClを取り除き、SnS2ペーストを得た。
アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で、上記操作で得られたバルクLi4SnS4(400mg)に、5mLの良溶媒としてのメタノール(超脱水グレード、富士フィルム和光純薬株式会社製)を加えて、室温(25℃)で24時間混合した。粉末は徐々に溶解した。得られた溶液に含まれる不溶物をメンブレンフィルターを用いてろ過し、Li4SnS4が均一に溶解したメタノール溶液を得た。本溶液に、貧溶媒である100mLのアセトニトリル(超脱水グレード、富士フィルム和光純薬株式会社製)を加えた後、エバポレーターを用いて減圧しながら、40℃で溶媒を除去した。その後、180℃、4時間、真空乾燥を行うことにより、微粒化されたLi4SnS4粉末を得た。これを、微粒化Li4SnS4と称する。
アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で、Li2S(シグマ・アルドリッチ社製、純度99.8%)およびP2S5(シグマ・アルドリッチ社製、純度99%)を、Li2S:P2S5=1.5:1のモル比となるように量り取った。次に、(Li2S+P2S5)の濃度が10wt%となるようにテトラヒドロフラン(超脱水グレード、富士フィルム和光純薬株式会社製)に対して、Li2S、P2S5の順に加え、室温で12時間混合した。混合物は徐々に溶解し、わずかな不溶物を含むほぼ均一な溶液を得た。
アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で、上記で得られた微粒化β-Li3PS4および微粒化Li4SnS4をβ-Li3PS4:Li4SnS4=2.7:1のモル比となるように量り取り、メノウ乳鉢にて混合した。これをアルゴン雰囲気下で焼成して(550℃、2時間)、Li3.27Sn0.27P0.73S4結晶(LGPS系固体電解質)を得た。
(1)Li4SnS4の合成
イオン交換水で洗浄後に、さらにメタノールで3回洗浄したことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法でSnS2ペーストを得た。
得られた9mmolのSnS2ペーストに、18mmolの無水Na2Sと超脱水メタノール20mLを加えた後、室温で撹拌することで9mmolのNa4SnS4を含む均一メタノール溶液を得た。少量の水和物に由来する沈殿はメンブレンフィルターで取り除いた。続いて、約50mLのNa4SnS4メタノール溶液を、あらかじめLiOH水溶液によりLiイオンに交換したのち、メタノールで置換した陽イオン交換樹脂(実施例1と同じもの)を充填したイオン交換樹脂塔に通液し、留出部よりLi4SnS4メタノール溶液を得た。得られたLi4SnS4メタノール溶液の濃度は約1.7wt%であった。
アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で、上記操作で得られたLi4SnS4メタノール溶液5mLに、貧溶媒である100mLのアセトニトリル(超脱水グレード、富士フィルム和光純薬株式会社製)を加えた。その後、エバポレーターを用いて減圧しながら、40℃で溶媒を除去した。さらに、180℃で4時間、真空乾燥を行うことにより、微粒化Li4SnS4粉末を得た。
上記で得られた微粒化Li4SnS4粉末および実施例1で合成したβ-Li3PS4を用いて、実施例1と同様にLi3.27Sn0.27P0.73S4結晶(LGPS系固体電解質)を得た。
(1)Li4SnS4の合成
Li2S(シグマ・アルドリッチ社製、純度99.8%)およびSnS2(高純度化学社製、99.9%)を原料として用いた。これらを、アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内でLi4SnS4の化学量論比となるように秤量し、15分間メノウ乳鉢を用いて混合した。得られた粉体1.0gとφ10mmのジルコニアボール15個を45mLのジルコニアポットに入れて密閉した。このジルコニアポットを遊星型ボールミル装置(フリッチュジャパン社製)に固定し、500rpmにて10時間メカニカルミリング処理を行った。メカニカルミリング処理によって得られた前駆体粉末を450℃で8時間焼成することで、Li4SnS4を得た。
アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で、上記操作で得られたLi4SnS4を1g秤量した。次に、秤量したLi4SnS4を10mLのメタノール(和光純薬工業社製、超脱水グレード)に加え、室温で6時間混合した。混合物は徐々に溶解し、不溶物を含むスラリーを得た。得られたスラリーを、メンブレンフィルターを用いて濾過することでLi4SnS4の均一溶液を得た。
上記で得られたLi4SnS4溶液と200mLのアセトニトリル(和光純薬工業社製、超脱水グレード)とを混合し、メタノール-アセトニトリル均一溶液を得た。
得られた均一溶液を、減圧下、50℃でメタノールを除去することで、アセトニトリル中にLi4SnS4を析出させた。その後、減圧下、50℃の状態を保ち、アセトニトリルを除去して粉末を得た。溶媒の除去は均一溶液を撹拌しながら行った。
上記で得られた粉末を真空下、180℃で4時間乾燥させることで、微粒化Li4SnS4粉末を得た。
上記で得られた微粒化Li4SnS4粉末および実施例1で合成したβ-Li3PS4を用いて、実施例1と同様にLi3.27Sn0.27P0.73S4結晶(LGPS系固体電解質)を得た。
実施例1および2で得られたLGPS系固体電解質を一軸成型(380MPa)に供し、厚さ約1mm、直径10mmのディスクを得た。全固体電池評価セル(宝泉株式会社製)を用い、室温(25℃)において、四端子法による交流インピーダンス測定(Solartron社製「SI1260 IMPEDANCE/GAIN-PHASE ANALYZER」)を行い、リチウムイオン伝導度を算出した。
具体的には、サンプルを25℃に設定した恒温槽に入れて30分間保持した後に、リチウムイオン伝導度を測定した。測定周波数範囲は0.1Hz~1MHz、振幅は50mVとした。
上述したとおり25℃でのイオン伝導度を測定した後、続いて30℃~90℃まで10℃ずつ恒温槽を昇温し、各温度で25分間保持した後にイオン伝導度を測定した。得られたイオン伝導度の自然対数を絶対温度の逆数に対してプロットした際の傾きから、アレニウス式を用いてリチウムイオン伝導の活性化エネルギーを得た。
イオン伝導度および活性化エネルギーの結果を表1に示す。
実施例1、2、および比較例1で得られた固体電解質粉末について、Ar雰囲気下、室温(25℃)にて、X線回折測定(PANalytical社製「X’Pert3 Powder」、CuKα:λ=1.5405Å)を実施した。X線回折測定の結果を図3に示す。
実施例1、2、および比較例1で得られた固体電解質粉末、ならびに上部に石英ガラス(φ60mm、厚さ1mm)を光学窓として有する密閉容器を用いて、ラマン分光測定のための試料を調製した。アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス内にて、固体電解質粉末を石英ガラスに密着させた後、容器を密閉してグローブボックス外に取り出し、ラマン分光測定を行った。
レーザーラマン分光光度計NRS-5100(日本分光株式会社製)を使用し、励起波長532.15nm、露光時間60秒(実施例1)、30秒(実施例2)、50秒(比較例1)にて測定を行った。
ラマン分光測定の結果を図4に示す。
実施例の方法によると、特に全固体電池において使用する場合に好ましい特性(イオン伝導度、活性化エネルギー等)を備えたLGPS系固体電解質を得ることができた。また、遊星型ボールミルを使用せずに上記のような優れたLGPS系固体電解質が得られるため、大型装置を用いて優れたLGPS系固体電解質を大量生産することができる。
Claims (9)
- Li原子よりイオン半径が大きい1価もしくは2価の金属原子M1のイオンまたはアンモニウムイオンを対イオンに備える第1化合物が、溶媒に溶解されてなる第1溶液を、Liイオンを備える陽イオン交換樹脂に接触させて、前記第1化合物に含まれる前記M1イオンまたは前記アンモニウムイオンをLiイオンに交換し、Li含有化合物が前記溶媒に溶解されてなる第2溶液を得ることと、
前記第2溶液から前記溶媒を除去して、Li含有結晶を得ることと、
前記Li含有結晶をLi3PS4結晶と混合して前駆体を得ることと、
前記前駆体を加熱処理することと
を含み、
前記第1化合物は、前記M1イオンまたは前記アンモニウムイオンと、S元素およびSn元素を含む陰イオンとからなる、
LGPS系固体電解質の製造方法。 - 前記溶媒は水またはメタノールである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記溶媒はメタノールである、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記加熱処理は300~700℃の温度で行われる、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記加熱処理は不活性ガス雰囲気下で行われる、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記LGPS系固体電解質は、X線回折(CuKα:λ=1.5405Å)において、少なくとも、2θ=20.18°±0.50°、20.44°±0.50°、26.96°±0.50°および29.58°±0.50°にピークを有する、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記LGPS系固体電解質は、Li元素およびS元素から構成される八面体Oと、P及びSnからなる群より選ばれる一種以上の元素およびS元素から構成される四面体T1と、P元素およびS元素から構成される四面体T2とを有し、前記四面体T1および前記八面体Oは稜を共有し、前記四面体T2および前記八面体Oは頂点を共有する結晶構造を主体として含有する、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記Li3PS4結晶はβ-Li3PS4である、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記Li含有結晶は、Li4SnS4の組成を有する結晶である、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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| JP2020035676A (ja) * | 2018-08-30 | 2020-03-05 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 対象物に硫化物固体電解質溶液を含浸させる方法 |
| JP6996553B2 (ja) | 2017-03-22 | 2022-02-04 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | Lgps系固体電解質の製造方法 |
| WO2022215518A1 (ja) * | 2021-04-07 | 2022-10-13 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | Lgps系固体電解質の製造方法 |
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