WO2024025991A1 - Méthodes de diagnostic et de traitement de l'hypertension pulmonaire - Google Patents

Méthodes de diagnostic et de traitement de l'hypertension pulmonaire Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2024025991A1
WO2024025991A1 PCT/US2023/028790 US2023028790W WO2024025991A1 WO 2024025991 A1 WO2024025991 A1 WO 2024025991A1 US 2023028790 W US2023028790 W US 2023028790W WO 2024025991 A1 WO2024025991 A1 WO 2024025991A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pulmonary
compound
alkyl
group
subject
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2023/028790
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Zheng Li
Feng Li
Ashrith GUHA
Original Assignee
The Methodist Hospital System
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The Methodist Hospital System filed Critical The Methodist Hospital System
Publication of WO2024025991A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024025991A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/001—Preparation for luminescence or biological staining
    • A61K49/0013—Luminescence
    • A61K49/0017—Fluorescence in vivo
    • A61K49/0019—Fluorescence in vivo characterised by the fluorescent group, e.g. oligomeric, polymeric or dendritic molecules
    • A61K49/0021—Fluorescence in vivo characterised by the fluorescent group, e.g. oligomeric, polymeric or dendritic molecules the fluorescent group being a small organic molecule
    • A61K49/0032—Methine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/041—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K51/044—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins
    • A61K51/0459—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins having six-membered rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. piperazine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/0497—Organic compounds conjugates with a carrier being an organic compounds

Definitions

  • TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure relates to methods for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension and, more particularly, to the use of PET imaging agents that bind to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension.
  • BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension PH is defined by increased pressure in the pulmonary vasculature that includes the pulmonary arterial and venous system.
  • Pulmonary hypertension when present with chronic heart and lung disease, increases the mortality of those patients by 4-5 fold.
  • One of the subtypes of PH, which involves only the arterial system (pulmonary arterial hypertension or PAH) is a deadly disease that, despite medical therapy, has a 5-year mortality rate of 50%.
  • a significant reason for this high mortality is the poor accuracy of noninvasive echocardiography for diagnosis. Echocardiography is notoriously inaccurate, with a 45% false negative rate in population studies for the diagnosis of PH.
  • diagnosis is based on a late manifestation of the disease (an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure or mPAP) but not on the identification of the underlying pathophysiological process.
  • mPAP mean pulmonary artery pressure
  • a method of detecting a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in a subject comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) imaging the compound in the subject using positron emission tomography (PET) to detect uptake of the compound in a pulmonary vasculature of the subject; wherein uptake of the compound in the pulmonary vasculature reflects vascular remodeling; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • a method of treating a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in a subject comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) imaging the compound in the subject using positron emission tomography (PET) to detect uptake of the compound in a pulmonary vasculature of the subject; and if retention of the compound is detected in the pulmonary vasculature in (b), then (c) administering to the subject a therapy for the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • a compound is provided having the chemical formula B r wherein all variables are as defined herein. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • FIG. 1 shows the chemical structure of representative compounds as used in the disclosed methods.
  • FIGs.2A-2C show the characterization of VEGFr2-specific binding (left).
  • FIG.2A Saturation curve of 64 Cu-vandetanib bound to U87 cells (K d : 44.75 ⁇ 15.04 nM).
  • FIG. 2B Saturation curve of 64 Cu-ZD-G2 bound to U87 cells. (Kd: 0.45 ⁇ 0.32 nM).
  • FIG. 2C MicroPET/CT imaging of U87 tumor-bearing mice at 24h post injection of 3.7 MBq of 64 Cu-vandetanib and 64 Cu-ZD-G2 (right). Tumors are indicated by arrowheads.
  • FIG.3 shows staining of PAH human lung samples by VEGFr2 antibody and Cy5.5- ZD-G2.
  • FIGs. 5A-5C shows PET imaging of PAH rats at 24h post injection of 64 Cu-ZD-G2.
  • FIG. 5A Development of PAH is induced by one-time administration of monocrotaline; ROI analysis of the rat lungs.
  • FIG. 5B shows radio-HPLC spectrum of 18 F-ZD-G2 before and after incubation of mouse serum.
  • FIG.7 shows representative PET images at 60 minutes after probe injection. Images of 18 F-ZD-G2 probe and 18 FDG were compared. Rats exposed to monocrotaline were used to develop pulmonary arterial hypertension rat model (MCT), while healthier rats were used as a control group.
  • FIG. 8 shows Masson trichrome stained histological sections of donor and Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) patient lung tissue.
  • FIG.9 shows Verhoeff von Gieson (VVG) stained histological sections of donor and Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) patient lung tissue. Wall thickness will be quantified by VVG staining
  • FIG. 10 shows hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining histological sections of donor and Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) patient lung tissue. Medial hypertrophy will be quantified by HE staining.
  • FIG.11 shows VEGFR2 immunohistochemistry of sections of donor and Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) patient lung tissue. Brown color represent the VEGFR2 positive nuclei.
  • FIG. 12 shows H&E and VEGFR IHC staining of samples from different PAH groups.
  • FIG. 13 shows fluorescence staining of samples from different PAH groups using Cy5.5-ZD-G2.
  • FIG. 14 depicts a monocrotaline (MCT) rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
  • FIG. 16 depicts pulmonary arterial wall thickening by Verhof-van Giesen (VVG) staining of lunch sections of rats in the MCT rat model. Increased wall thickness is observed in MCT week 3 and 4.
  • VVG Verhof-van Giesen
  • FIG. 17 depicts right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure for rats in the MCT rat model.
  • FIG. 18 shows representative PET images at 60 minutes after probe injection. Images of 18 F-ZD-G2 probe and 18 FDG were compared.
  • FIG. 19 shows representative antibody and probe staining of in vitro human samples. 5 patients were evaluated – 2 with WHO group I (IPAH) and 3 with WHO group III. Average mean PA pressure was 39 mm Hg, mean PVR was 8 WU, and mean TPG was 25 mm Hg. Both WHO group I patients were on epoprostenol. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following description of the disclosure is provided as an enable teaching of the disclosure in its best, currently known embodiments.
  • the phrase “optionally substituted alkyl” means that the alkyl group is or is not substituted and that the description includes both unsubstituted lower alkyl and lower alkyl where there is substitution
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues, organs, and/or bodily fluids of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problems or complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable materials are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Compounds are described using standard nomenclature.
  • the compounds described herein include enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers, racemates and other isomers, such as rotamers, as if each is specifically described, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise excluded by context. It is to be understood that the compounds provided herein may contain chiral centers. Such chiral centers may be of either the (R-) or (S-) configuration. The compounds provided herein may either be enantiomerically pure, or be diastereomeric or enantiomeric mixtures.
  • substituted means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom or group is replaced with a moiety selected from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom’s normal valence is not exceeded and the resulting compound is stable.
  • a pyridyl group substituted by oxo is a pyridine.
  • a stable active compound refers to a compound that can be isolated and can be formulated into a dosage form with a shelf life of at least one month
  • a stable manufacturing intermediate or precursor to an active compound is stable if it does not degrade within the period needed for reaction or other use.
  • a stable moiety or substituent group is one that does not degrade, react or fall apart within the period necessary for use.
  • Non-limiting examples of unstable moieties are those that combine heteroatoms in an unstable arrangement, as typically known and identifiable to those of skill in the art.
  • Any suitable group may be present on a “substituted” or “optionally substituted” position that forms a stable molecule and meets the desired purpose of the invention and includes, but is not limited to: alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halo, hydroxy, keto, nitro, cyano, azido, oxo, silyl, sulfo-oxo, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, sulfonylamino, or thiol.
  • Alkyl is a straight chain or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group. In certain embodiments, the alkyl is C1-C2, C1-C3, or C1-C6 (i.e., the alkyl chain can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbons in length).
  • the specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkyl group with length of each member of the range described as an independent species.
  • C 1 -C 6 alkyl as used herein indicates an alkyl group having from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms and is intended to mean that each of these is described as an independent species and C 1 -C 4 alkyl as used herein indicates an alkyl group having from 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms and is intended to mean that each of these is described as an independent species.
  • C0- C n alkyl is used herein in conjunction with another group, for example (C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl)C 0 - C4alkyl, or -C0-C4(C3-C7cycloalkyl), the indicated group, in this case cycloalkyl, is either directly bound by a single covalent bond (C 0 alkyl), or attached by an alkyl chain, in this case 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms.
  • Alkyls can also be attached via other groups such as heteroatoms, as in -O-C 0 -C 4 alkyl(C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl).
  • alkyl examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2- dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane.
  • the alkyl group is optionally substituted as described herein.
  • Cycloalkyl is a saturated mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system.
  • cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl.
  • the cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted as described herein.
  • Alkenyl is a straight or branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, each of which is independently either cis or trans, that may occur at a stable point along the chain.
  • Non-limiting examples include C 2 -C 4 alkenyl and C2-C6alkenyl (i.e., having 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbons).
  • the specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkenyl group having each member of the range described as an independent species, as described above for the alkyl moiety.
  • alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl and propenyl.
  • the alkenyl group is optionally substituted as described herein.
  • Alkynyl is a straight or branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds that may occur at any stable point along the chain, for example, C2-C4alkynyl or C2-C6alkynyl (i.e., having 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbons).
  • the specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkynyl group having each member of the range described as an independent species, as described above for the alkyl moiety.
  • alkynyl examples include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1- pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, and 5-hexynyl.
  • the alkynyl group is optionally substituted as described herein.
  • Alkoxy is an alkyl group as defined above covalently bound through an oxygen bridge (-O-).
  • alkoxy examples include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n- propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, 2-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 2-pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy, and 3-methylpentoxy.
  • an “alkylthio” or “thioalkyl” group is an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms covalently bound through a sulfur bridge (-S-). In one embodiment, the alkoxy group is optionally substituted as described herein.
  • the alkanoyl group is optionally substituted as described herein.
  • Haloalkoxy indicates a haloalkyl group as defined herein attached through an oxygen bridge (oxygen of an alcohol radical).
  • Halo or halogen indicates, independently, any of fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
  • Aryl indicates an aromatic group containing only carbon in the aromatic ring or rings.
  • the aryl group contains 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and is 6 to 14 or 18 ring atoms, without heteroatoms as ring members.
  • such aryl groups may be further substituted with carbon or non-carbon atoms or ⁇ uccal.
  • Such substitution may include fusion to a 4- to 7- or 5- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic group that optionally contains 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, B, P, Si and S, to form, for example, a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group.
  • Aryl groups include, for example, phenyl and naphthyl, including 1-naphthyl and 2- naphthyl.
  • aryl groups are pendant.
  • An example of a pendant ring is a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.
  • the aryl group is optionally substituted as described herein.
  • heterocycle refers to saturated and partially saturated heteroatom- containing ring radicals, where the heteroatoms may be selected from N, O, and S.
  • the term heterocycle includes monocyclic 3-12 members rings, as well as bicyclic 5-16 membered ring systems (which can include fused, bridged, or spiro bicyclic ring systems). It does not include rings containing -O-O-, -O-S-, and -S-S- portions.
  • saturated heterocycle groups including saturated 4- to 7-membered monocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms [e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, azetidinyl, piperazinyl, and pyrazolidinyl]; saturated 4- to 6-membered monocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g., morpholinyl]; and saturated 3- to 6- membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g., thiazolidinyl].
  • saturated 4- to 7-membered monocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, azetidinyl, piperazinyl, and pyrazolidinyl
  • partially saturated heterocycle radicals include, but are not limited, dihydrothienyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrofuryl, and dihydrothiazolyl.
  • partially saturated and saturated heterocycle groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiazolidinyl, dihydrothienyl, 2,3-dihydro- benzo[1,4]dioxanyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, isochromanyl, chromanyl, 1,2-dihydroquinolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-quinolyl, 2,3,4,4a,9,9,
  • Bicyclic heterocycle also includes heterocyclic radicals that are fused with a carbocyclic radical.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, partially unsaturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 5 nitrogen atoms, for example indoline and isoindoline, partially unsaturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, partially unsaturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, and saturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 oxygen or sulfur atoms.
  • Heteroaryl refers to a stable monocyclic, bicyclic, or multicyclic aromatic ring which contains from 1 to 3, or in some embodiments 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, B, and P (and typically selected from N, O, and S) with remaining ring atoms being carbon, or a stable bicyclic or tricyclic system containing at least one 5, 6, or 7 membered aromatic ring which contains from 1 to 3, or in some embodiments from 1 to 2, heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, B, or P, with remaining ring atoms being carbon.
  • the only heteroatom is nitrogen.
  • the only heteroatom is oxygen.
  • the only heteroatom is sulfur.
  • Monocyclic heteroaryl groups typically have from 5 to 6 ring atoms.
  • bicyclic heteroaryl groups are 8- to 10-membered heteroaryl groups, that is groups containing 8 or 10 ring atoms in which one 5-, 6-, or 7-membered aromatic ring is fused to a second aromatic or non-aromatic ring, wherein the point of attachment is the aromatic ring.
  • the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group excess 1, these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another.
  • the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group is not more than 2. In another embodiment, the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group is not more than 1.
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiopheny
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is a derivative of the disclosed compound in which the parent compound is modified by making inorganic and organic, pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts thereof
  • the salts of the present compounds can be synthesized from a parent compound that contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting free acid forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base (such as Na, Ca, Mg, or K hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, or the like), or by reacting free base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate acid. Such reactions are typically carried out in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two.
  • salts of the present compounds further include solvates of the compounds and of the compound salts.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts which are acceptable for human consumption and the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from inorganic or organic salts.
  • Example of such salts include, but are not limited to, those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, mesylic, esylic, besylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfone, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, HOOC-(CH2)1-4-COOH, and the like, or using a different acid that produced the same counterion.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfur
  • substantially pure means sufficiently homogeneous to appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by standard methods of analysis, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS), gas- chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and similar, used by those of skill in the art to assess such purity, or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical and chemical properties, such as enzymatic and biological activities, of the substance.
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • GC-MS gas- chromatography mass spectrometry
  • a substantially chemically pure compound may, however, be a mixture of stereoisomers.
  • Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment The present disclosure provides methods for the detection of a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling (such as pulmonary hypertension) using small molecular PET imaging agents that bind to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2).
  • the present methods allow earlier detection of such diseases compared to present methods (such as echocardiography or cardiac catheterization) due to detection being tied to the pathophysiological mechanism for the disease instead of detecting late stage symptoms (such as increased arterial pressures).
  • a method of detecting a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in a subject comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) imaging the compound in the subject using positron emission tomography (PET) to detect uptake of the compound in a pulmonary vasculature of the subject; wherein uptake of the compound in the pulmonary vasculature reflects vascular remodeling; and wherein: R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and nitro; R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen,
  • the compounds of Formula I and Formula II have one or more VEGFR-2 binding moieties having the chemical structure of Formula A: wherein all variables are as defined herein.
  • R 1 can be a halogen, for example, Br or F.
  • R 1 can be hydroxyl, C 1-3 alkyl, or C 1-3 alkyl.
  • R 2 is preferably hydrogen.
  • R 3 is preferably C 1-3 alkyl, or C 1-3 alkyl.
  • A is preferably –O- and Q is preferably N.
  • n is preferably 1 or 2 and p is preferably 1 or 2.
  • the compound is of Formula III, which corresponds to Formula I wherein A is -O- Q is N n is 1 and R 2 and R 5 are both hydrogen:
  • R 1 can be hydroxyl, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino or nitro
  • R 3 and R 4 can be, independent of one another, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkylthio, or –NR 7 R 8 , wherein R 7 and R 8 , which can be the same or different, each represents hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl
  • L is a linker
  • R 6 contains a PET detectable moiety
  • m is an integer from 1 to 5, for example, m can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5
  • p is an integer from 1 to 4, for example 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • the compounds have Formula IV: wherein R 6 contains a PET detectable moiety.
  • the compound can have a chemical formula of Formula V, which corresponds to Formula II wherein A is -O-, Q is N, R 2 is hydrogen, and n is 1:
  • R 1 can be hydroxyl, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, or nitro
  • R 3 can be hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 alkylthio, or –NR 7 R 8 , wherein R 7 and R 8 , which can be the same or different, each represents hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl
  • L is a linker
  • R 6 contains a PET detectable moiety
  • p is an integer from 1 to 4, for example, p can be 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • the compounds have the following structure:
  • R 6 contains PET detectable moiety.
  • the VEGFR-2 binding moiety and the detectable moiety on the compounds are linked via a linker.
  • the VEGFR-2 binding moiety and the detectable moiety can be attached to any part of the linker.
  • the linker can be attached to any part of the VEGFR-2 binding moiety and the detectable moiety.
  • the linker is flexible. In some aspects, the linker is stable and biocompatible.
  • the covalent bond formed between the linker and the VEGFR-2 binding moiety and/or the detectable moiety is stable.
  • Stable refers to a covalent bond that remains at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90% intact in aqueous solution at temperatures ranging from about 0 o C to about 100 o C, at a pH ranging from about 2 to about 12, for at least 1 hour.
  • the covalent bond formed between the linker and the VEGFR-2 binding moiety and/or the detectable moiety is hydrolytically and reductively stable.
  • Suitable linkers include but are not limited to oxygen, sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxyl, aryl, heteroaryl, ether, amine, diamine, amide, alkylamine, thioether, carboxylates, polymer, derivatives or combinations thereof.
  • the linker can be R 14 , C(O)R 14 C(O), C(O)OR 14 OC(O), C(O)R 14 N, C(O)OR 14 NH, NHR 14 NH, or C(O)NHR 14 NHC(O), C(S)OR 14 OC(S); wherein R 14 is O, S, C1-C20 alkyl; C1- C 20 heteroalkyl; C 1 -C 20 alkylamine; C 1 -C 20 alkoxyl; C 1 -C 20 alkanoyloxyl; or C 1 -C 20 alkylamido, any of which can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents including halogen, alkoxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amine, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, carbonyl, acyl, carboxylic acid (-COOH), - C(
  • the linker is –(C(O)R 14 ) 3 N, -(R 14 ) 3 N, -(S(O) 2 R 14 ) 3 N, –(C(O)R 14 ) 3 CH, - (R 14 )3CH, or –(S(O)2R 14 )3CH.
  • C1-20 refers to alkyl groups containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbons.
  • the linker is –(CO-R 14 )2NH, -(R 14 )2NH, -(SO2R 14 )2NH, - (SOR 14 ) 2 NH, -(OR 14 ) 2 NH, -(O-CO-R 14 ) 2 NH, -(CO-O-R 14 ) 2 NH, –(CO-R 14 ) 2 CH 2 , - (R 14 )2CH2, -(SO2R 14 )2CH2, -(SOR 14 )2CH2, -(O-CO-R 14 )2CH2, or –(OR 14 )2CH2.
  • the linker is –(CO-R 14 ) 3 N, -(R 14 ) 3 N, -(SO 2 R 14 ) 3 N, -(SOR 14 ) 3 N, - (OR 14 )3N, -(O-CO-R 14 )3N, -(CO-O-R 14 )3N, –(CO-R 14 )3CH, -(R 14 )3CH, -(SO2R 14 )3CH, - (SOR 14 ) 3 CH, -(O-CO-R 14 ) 3 CH, or –(OR 14 ) 3 CH.
  • the linker can be selected from –(CO-(C2-C4 alkyl)) 3 N, -(C 2 -C 4 alkyl) 3 N, -(SO 2 -(C 2 -C 4 alkyl)) 3 N, -(SO-(C 2 -C 4 alkyl)) 3 N, -(O-(C 2 -C 4 alkyl))3N, -(O-CO-(C2-C4 alkyl))3N, -(CO-O-(C2-C4 alkyl))3N, –(CO-(C2-C4 alkyl))3CH, - (C 2 -C 4 alkyl) 3 CH, -(SO 2 -(C 2 -C 4 alkyl)) 3 CH, -(SO-(C 2 -C 4 alkyl)) 3 CH, -(O-CO-(C 2 -C 4 alkyl))3CH, or —(O-(C2-C4 alky
  • the linker can be In some aspects of Formula III, the linker can be –(CO-O-R 14 )3N or –(CO-O- R 14 )3CH, wherein R 14 is a C2-4 alkyl. In some aspects of Formula III, the linker can be -(CO-O-(independently C2-C4 alkyl))3N. In some aspects of Formula III, the linker can be . In some aspects, the linker can be an amino acid. The amino acid can be a natural or non-natural amino acid.
  • non-natural amino acid refers to an organic compound that is a congener of a natural amino acid in that it has a structure similar to a natural amino acid so that it mimics the structure and reactivity of a natural amino acid.
  • the non-natural amino acid can be a modified amino acid, and/or amino acid analog, that is not one of the 20 common naturally occurring amino acids or the rare natural amino acids selenocysteine or pyrrolysine.
  • Suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, a derivative, or combinations thereof.
  • the linker is an amino dicarboxylic acid.
  • the amino dicarboxylic acid can have from 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • suitable amino dicarboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, 1,6-dicarboxylic-2-amino hexanoic acid, 1,7-dicarboxylic-2-amino heptanoic acid, 1,8-dicarboxylic-2-amino octanoic acid, ⁇ - aminosuccinic acid, ⁇ -aminoglutaric acid, ⁇ -aminosebacic acid, 2,6-piperidine dicarboxylic acid, 2,5-pyrrole dicarboxylic acid, 2-carboxypyrrole-5-acetic acid, 2-carboxypiperidine-6- propionic acid, 2-aminoadipic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, ⁇ -aminoazelaic acid, and 4- aminobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid.
  • the linker can be a dicarboxylic acid.
  • the dicarboxylic acid can have from 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of dicarboxylic acid include, but are not limited to, butanedioic acid, pentanedioic acid, hexanedioic acid, heptanedioic acid, octanedioic acid, nonanedioic acid, decanedioic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, tridecanedioic acid, 1,12-dodecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,15- pentadecanedicarboxylic acid, hexadecanedioic acid, and 1,15-pentadecanedicarboxylic acid.
  • the dicarboxylic acid is an halogenated dicarboxylic acid, hydroxy dicarboxylic acid, or ether dicarboxylic acid.
  • the linker can be a tricarboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.
  • the tricarboxylic acid can have from 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • the tricarboxylic acid can be aliphatic or cyclic. Examples of tricarboxylic acid include, but are not limited to, 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid and 1,2,3-propane tricarboxylic acid.
  • the linker can be an alcohol or a derivative thereof.
  • the alcohol can be a diol, triol, amino alcohol, amino dialcohol, amino trialcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or a derivative. In some aspects, the alcohol can have from 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • suitable alcohols include, but are not limited to, triethanolamine, 2- aminoethanol, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine, amino hexanol, 2-[(2- methoxyethyl)methylamino]-ethanol, propanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, diethanolamine, butanol amine, isobutanolamine, pentanol amine, 1-amino-3-(2- methoxyethoxy)- 2-propanol, 2-methyl-4-(methylamino)- 2-butanol, 6-amino-1-hexanol, heptaminol, isoetarine, norepinephrine, sphingosine, phenylpropanolamine
  • the linker can be a polymer.
  • Polymers can be degradable or non-degradable polymers.
  • Polymers can be natural or unnatural (synthetic) polymers.
  • Polymers can be homopolymers or copolymers comprising two or more monomers. In terms of sequence, copolymers can be random, block, or comprise a combination of random and block sequences.
  • the polymers can in some aspects be linear polymers, branched polymers, or hyperbranched/dendritic polymers.
  • the polymers can also be present as a crosslinked particle or surface functionalized inorganic particle.
  • Suitable polymers include, but are not limited to poly(vinyl acetate), copolymers of styrene and alkyl acrylates, and copolymers of vinyl acetate and acrylic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyalkylene, polyanhydrides, poly(ester anhydrides), polyhydroxy acids, such as polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), polycaprolactone, polyacrylates and polymethacrylates; polyanhydrides; polyorthoesters; polysytyrene (PS), poly(ethylene-co-maleic anhydride), poly(ethylene maleic anhydride-co-L-dopamine), poly(ethylene maleic anhydride-co-phenylalanine), poly(ethylene maleic anhydride-co-t
  • Suitable linkers include, but are not limited to, diamino compounds such as ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, 1,6-hexanediamine, and the like.
  • the compounds as used in the present methods contain a PET detectable moiety.
  • the PET detectable moiety is an 18 F radiolabeled moiety or a 68 Ga radiolabeled moiety.
  • the PET detectable moiety is biocompatible.
  • Biocompatible and “biologically compatible”, as used herein, generally refer to compounds that are, along with any metabolites or degradation products thereof, generally non-toxic to cells and tissues, and which do not cause any significant adverse effects to cells and tissues when cells and tissues are incubated (e.g., cultured) in their presence.
  • the PET detectable moiety is an 18 F radiolabeled moiety. In some aspects, the PET detectable moiety is selected from:
  • x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R z is H or COOH.
  • the compound is of Formula A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R z is H or COOH.
  • x is 1.
  • x is 2.
  • y is 0.
  • R z is H.
  • R z is COOH. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound is selected from:
  • a compound is provided of Formula A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound is Compound 1 or Compound 2.
  • the PET detectable moiety is a 68 Ga radiolabeled moiety.
  • the PET detectable moiety can be:
  • the compound is Compound 3: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling is pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN) is a condition of increased blood pressure within the arteries of the lungs. A patient is deemed to have pulmonary hypertension if the pulmonary mean arterial pressure is greater than 23 mmHg at rest, or greater than 30 mmHg during exercise.
  • PH or PHTN Pulmonary hypertension
  • WHO Group I comprises disorders associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
  • PAH may be idiopathic, due to a heritable condition (such as BMPR2, ALK1, SMAD9, caveolin 1, or KCNK3 mutations), drug- or toxin-induced (such as the result of methamphetamine use), or may be associated with other disorders such as connective tissue disease, HIV infection, portal hypertension, congenital heart diseases, or schistosomiasis.
  • WHO Group I may be further divided in WHO Group I’ and WHO Group I’’.
  • WHO Group I comprises pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH).
  • PVOD is a rare form of pulmonary hypertension caused by progressive blockage of the small veins in the lungs. The blockage leads to high blood pressures in the arteries of the lungs which, in turn, leads to heart failure.
  • PCH is a disease affective the blood vessels of the lungs, where abnormal capillary proliferation and venous fibrous intimal thickening result in progressive increase in vascular resistance.
  • WHO Group I may be idiopathic the result of a heritable conditions (such as EIF2AK4 mutations), drug-, toxin-, or radiation-induced, or associated with other conditions such as connective tissue disease or HIV infection.
  • WHO Group I’ comprises persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
  • WHO Group II comprises pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease, such as left ventricular systolic dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, valvular heart disease, congenital/acquired left heart inflow/outflow tract obstruction and congenital cardiomyopathy, and congenital/acquired pulmonary venous stenosis.
  • WHO Group III comprises pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease or chronic hypoxia.
  • WHO Group III PH may be the result of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern pulmonary diseases, sleep-disordered breathing, alveolar hypoventilation disorders, chronic exposure to high altitude, and developmental abnormalities.
  • WHO Group IV comprises pulmonary hypertension due to chronic arterial obstruction.
  • WHO Group IV PH may comprise chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
  • CTEPH chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
  • it may be the result of other pulmonary artery obstructions such as those resulting from angiosarcoma or other tumor within the blood vessels, arteritis, congenital pulmonary artery stenosis, or parasitic infection (such as hydatidosis).
  • WHO Group V comprises pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms.
  • PH in this group may be the result of hematologic diseases (such as chronic hemolytic anemia including sickle cell disease), systemic diseases (such as sarcoidosis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, neurofibromatosis, or vasculitis), metabolic disorders (such as glycogen storage disease, Gaucher disease, or thyroid diseases), or others (such as pulmonary tumoral thrombotic microangiopathy, fibrosing mediastinitis, chronic kidney failure, or segmental pulmonary hypertension).
  • the compounds as used herein accumulate in the pulmonary vasculature if vascular remodeling is and/or has previously occurred.
  • the compounds as used herein can accumulate in the pulmonary vasculature if vascular remodeling is and/or has previously occurred within about 48 hours, about 36 hours, about 24 hours, about 23 hours, about 22 hours, about 21 hours, about 19 hours, about 18 hours, about 17 hours, about 16 hours, about 15 hours, about 14 hours, about 13 hours, about 12 hours, about 11 hours, about 10 hours, about 9 hours, about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1.5 hours, about 1 hour about 50 minutes about 45 minutes about 40 minutes about 35 minutes about 30 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes, or about 5 minutes post administration.
  • vascular remodeling is determined to be occurring and/or to have occurred when the pulmonary vasculature exhibits sufficient uptake of the compounds used herein post administration.
  • Sufficient refers to uptake of the disclosed compounds into the pulmonary vasculature such that imaging of the vasculature exhibits low background noise.
  • the pulmonary vasculature exhibits uptake of greater than about 5%ID/g, greater than about 4.7%ID/g, greater than about 4.5%ID/g, greater than about 4.3%ID/g, greater than about 4%ID/g, greater than about 3.7%ID/g, greater than about 3.5%ID/g, greater than about 3.3%ID/g, greater than about 3%ID/g, greater than about 2.7%ID/g, greater than about 2.5%ID/g, greater than about 2.3%ID/g, greater than about 2%ID/g, greater than about 1.8%ID/g, greater than about 1.5%ID/g, greater than about 1.3%ID/g, greater than about 1%ID/g, greater than about 0.9%ID/g, greater than about 0.8%ID/g, greater than about 0.6%ID/g, greater than about 0.5%ID/g, greater than about 0.4%ID/g, greater than about 0.3%ID/g, greater than about 0.2%ID/g, greater than about 0.1%ID/g, for example about 2.7%ID/g, about 3.70%
  • the pulmonary vasculature exhibits a standard uptake value (SUV) ranging from about 2 to about 10, for example 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.05.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, or 9.5.
  • SUV standard uptake value
  • the pulmonary vasculature exhibits a SUV of 2 or greater, 2.5 or greater, 3 or greater, 3.5 or greater, 4 or greater, 4.5 or greater, 5 or greater, 4.5 or greater, 5 or greater, 4.5 or greater, 5 or greater, 5.5 or greater, 6 or greater, 6.5 or greater, 7 or greater, 7.5 or greater, 8 or greater, 8.5 or greater, 9 or greater, 9.5 or greater, or 10 or greater.
  • non-targeted tissues such as the kidney, muscles, heart, blood, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and/or spleen exhibit low uptake of the compounds used herein.
  • uptake of the compounds used herein in the non-targeted tissues is less than about 2.5%ID/g, less than about 2.3%ID/g, less than about 2%ID/g, less than about 1.8%ID/g, less than about 1.5%ID/g, less than about 1.3%ID/g, less than about 1%ID/g, less than about 0.9%ID/g, less than about 0.8%ID/g, less than about 0.6%ID/g, less than about 0.5%ID/g, less than about 0.4%ID/g, less than about 0.3%ID/g, less than about 0.2%ID/g, or less than about 0.1%ID/g at about 24 hours, about 23 hours, about 22 hours, about 20 hours, about 19 hours, about 18 hours, about 17 hours, about 16 hours, about 15 hours, about 14 hours about 13 hours about 12 hours about 11 hours about 10 about 9
  • the ratio of compound uptake in the pulmonary vasculature to non- targeted tissue can be high. In some aspects, the ratio of compound uptake in the pulmonary vasculature to non-targeted tissue can be greater than 5, greater than 6, greater than 7, greater than 8, greater than 9, greater than 10, greater than 11, greater than 12, greater than 13, greater than 14, greater than 15, greater than 16, greater than 17, greater than 18, greater than 19, greater than 20, greater than 25, greater than 30, greater than 35, greater than 40, greater than 45, or greater than 50.
  • the ratio of compound uptake in the pulmonary vasculature to non-targeted tissue can remain high for as long as about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 6 hours, about 10 hours, about 15 hours, about 18 hours, about 20 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 46 hours, or as long as the compound is in a subject, post administration.
  • a method of treating a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in a subject comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) imaging the compound in the subject using positron emission tomography (PET) to detect uptake of the compound in a pulmonary vasculature of the subject; and if uptake of the compound is detected in the pulmonary vasculature in (b), then (c) administering to the subject a therapy for the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling.
  • the therapy may comprise surgery.
  • the surgery may comprise atrial septostomy.
  • Atrial septostomy is a surgical procedure that creates a communication between the right and left atria of the heart. It relieves pressure on the right side of the heart, but at the cost of lower oxygen levels in the blood.
  • the surgery may comprise pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE).
  • PTE is a surgical procedure that is used for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension that comprises the removal of an organized thrombus along with the lining of the pulmonary artery.
  • the therapy may comprise one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • Additional therapeutic agents which may be administered include but are not limited to a vasodilator a guanylate cyclase activator an endothelin receptor antagonist, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, a calcium channel blocker, an anticoagulant, digoxin, or a diuretic.
  • vasodilators which may be used include, but are not limited to, epoprostenol, Treprostinil, and iloprost.
  • Representative examples of guanylate cyclase activators which may be used include, but are not limited to, cinaciguat and riociguat.
  • endothelin receptor antagonists which may be used include, but are not limited to, sitaxentan, ambrisentan, atrasentan, BQ-123, zibotentan, bosentan, mcitentan, tezosentan, BQ-788, and A192621.
  • Representative examples of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor which may be used include, but are not limited to, sildenafil and tadalafil.
  • Representative examples of calcium channel blockers which may be used include, but are not limited to, amlodipine, diltiazem, and nifedipine.
  • the active components described herein can be formulated in a physiologically- or pharmaceutically-acceptable form and administered by any suitable route known in the art including, for example, oral and parenteral routes of administering.
  • parenteral includes subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intrasternal administration, such as by injection.
  • Administration of the active components of their compositions can be a single administration, or at continuous and distinct intervals as can be readily determined by a person skilled in the art.
  • Compositions, as described herein, comprising an active compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient of some sort may be useful in a variety of medical and non-medical applications.
  • compositions comprising an active compound and an excipient may be useful for the diagnosis or treatment of a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling, for example pulmonary hypertension, in a subject in need thereof.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” (sometimes referred to as a “carrier”) means a carrier or excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical or therapeutic composition that is generally safe and non-toxic and includes a carrier that is acceptable for veterinary and/or human pharmaceutical or therapeutic use
  • carrier or “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” can include, but are not limited to, phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions (such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion) and/or various types of wetting agents.
  • carrier encompasses, but is not limited to, any excipient, diluent, filler, salt, buffer, stabilizer, solubilizer, lipid, stabilizer, or other material well known in the art for use in pharmaceutical formulations and as described further herein.
  • excipients include any and all solvents, diluents or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
  • General considerations in formulation and/or manufacture can be found, for example, in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixteenth Edition, E. W.
  • excipients include, but are not limited to, any non-toxic, inert solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
  • excipients include, but are not limited to, sugars such as lactose, glucose, and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; detergents such as Tween 80; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer’s solution; ethyl alcohol; and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-ditol,
  • the excipients may be chosen based on what the composition is useful for.
  • the choice of the excipient will depend on the route of administration, the agent being delivered, time course of delivery of the agent, etc., and can be administered to humans and/or to animals, orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intranasally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, creams, ointments, or drops), buccally, or as an oral or nasal spray.
  • the active compounds disclosed herein are administered topically.
  • Exemplary diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, etc., and combinations thereof.
  • Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross- linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, etc., and combinations thereof.
  • cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) crospovidone
  • sodium carboxymethyl starch sodium starch glycolate
  • Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include natural emulsifiers (e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g. bentonite [aluminum silicate] and Veegum [magnesium aluminum silicate]), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g.
  • stearyl alcohol cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol
  • carbomers e.g. carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxy vinyl polymer
  • carrageenan cellulosic derivatives (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g.
  • Cremophor polyoxyethylene ethers (eg polyoxyethylene lauryl ether [Brij 30]) poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic F 68, Poloxamer 188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, etc. and/or combinations thereof.
  • Exemplary binding agents include starch (e.g. cornstarch and starch paste), gelatin, sugars (e.g.
  • natural and synthetic gums e.g. acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar
  • Exemplary preservatives include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives.
  • Exemplary antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite.
  • Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like), citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., citric acid monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, malic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof.
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • salts and hydrates thereof e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like
  • citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof e.g., citric acid mono
  • antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal.
  • Exemplary antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid.
  • Exemplary alcohol preservatives include ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol.
  • Exemplary acidic preservatives include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta- carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.
  • preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant Plus, Phenonip, methylparaben, Germall 115, Germaben II, Neolone, Kathon, and Euxyl.
  • the preservative is an anti-oxidant.
  • the preservative is a chelating agent.
  • buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen
  • Exemplary lubricating agents include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl ⁇ uccal ⁇ i, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc., and combinations thereof.
  • Exemplary natural oils include almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, chamomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel peanut poppy seed pumpkin seed rapeseed rice bran rosemary safflower sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, she
  • Exemplary synthetic oils include, but are not limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and combinations thereof. Additionally, the composition may further comprise a polymer.
  • Exemplary polymers contemplated herein include, but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers and copolymers, for example, cellulose ethers such as methylcellulose (MC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC), methylhydroxypropylcellulose (MHPC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and its various salts, including, e.g., the sodium salt, hydroxyethylcarboxymethylcellulose (HECMC) and its various salts, carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose (CMHEC) and its various salts, other polysaccharides and polysaccharide derivatives such as starch, dextran, dextran derivatives, chitosan, and alginic acid and its various salts, buccal ions, buccal gums, including xanthan gum, guar gum, gum buccal, gum karaya, gum
  • composition may further comprise an emulsifying agent.
  • emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, a polyethylene glycol (PEG), a polypropylene glycol, a polyvinyl alcohol, a poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone and copolymers thereof, poloxamer nonionic surfactants, neutral water-soluble polysaccharides (e.g., dextran Ficoll celluloses) non cationic poly(meth)acrylates non cationic polyacrylates such as poly (meth) acrylic acid, and esters amide and hydroxy alkyl amides thereof, natural emulsifiers (e.g.
  • acacia agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g. bentonite [aluminum silicate] and Veegum [magnesium aluminum silicate]), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g. stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g.
  • carboxy polymethylene polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxy vinyl polymer
  • carrageenan cellulosic derivatives (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g.
  • Cremophor polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g. polyoxyethylene lauryl ether [Brij 30]), poly(vinyl- pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic F 68, Poloxamer 188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, etc. and/or combinations thereof.
  • the emulsifying agent is cholesterol.
  • Liquid compositions include emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs.
  • the liquid composition may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such
  • the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • injectable compositions for example, injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a injectable solution, suspension, or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents for pharmaceutical or cosmetic compositions that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution, U.S.P.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. Any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
  • the particles are suspended in a carrier fluid comprising 1% (w/v) sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and 0.1% (v/v) Tween 80.
  • the injectable composition can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • the compounds are formulated for pulmonary delivery, such as intranasal administration or oral inhalation.
  • the respiratory tract is the structure involved in the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood stream.
  • the lungs are branching structures ultimately ending with the alveoli where the exchange of gases occurs.
  • the alveolar surface area is the largest in the respiratory system and is where drug occurs.
  • the alveoli are covered by a thin epithelium without cilia or a mucus blanket and secrete surfactant phospholipids.
  • Carriers for pulmonary formulations can be divided into those for dry powder formulations and for administration as solutions. Aerosols for the delivery of therapeutic agents to the respiratory tract are known in the art.
  • the formulation can be formulated into a solution, e.g., water or isotonic saline, buffered or unbuffered, or as a suspension, for intranasal administration as drops or as a spray.
  • a solution e.g., water or isotonic saline, buffered or unbuffered, or as a suspension
  • such solutions or suspensions are isotonic relative to nasal secretions and of about the same pH, ranging e.g., from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.4 or, from pH 6.0 to pH 7.0.
  • Buffers should be physiologically compatible and include, simply by way of example, phosphate buffers.
  • phosphate buffers One skilled in the art can readily determine a suitable saline content and pH for an innocuous aqueous solution for nasal and/or upper respiratory administration.
  • the active ingredient may be administered in such amounts, time, and route deemed necessary in order to achieve the desired result
  • the exact amount of the active ingredient will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the medical disorder, the particular active ingredient, its mode of administration, its mode of activity, and the like.
  • the active ingredient, whether the active compound itself, or the active compound in combination with an agent, is preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the active ingredient will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the active ingredient employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific active ingredient employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific active ingredient employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • the active ingredient may be administered by any route.
  • the active ingredient is administered via a variety of routes, including oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, ⁇ uccal, enteral, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; and/or as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol.
  • routes including oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, ⁇ uccal, enteral, sublingual; by intratracheal in
  • the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the active ingredient (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract), the condition of the subject (e.g., whether the subject is able to tolerate oral administration), etc.
  • the exact amount of an active ingredient required to achieve a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount will vary from subject to subject, depending on species, age, and general condition of a subject, severity of the side effects or disorder, identity of the particular compound(s), mode of administration, and the like.
  • the amount to be administered to, for example, a child or an adolescent can be determined by a medical practitioner or person skilled in the art and can be lower or the same as that administered to an adult.
  • Useful dosages of the active agents and pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can be determined by comparing their in vitro activity, and in vivo activity in animal models. Methods for the extrapolation of effective dosages in mice, and other animals, to humans are known to the art. In another aspect, the following embodiments of the present disclosure are also provided: Embodiment 1.
  • a method of detecting a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in a subject comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) imaging the compound in lungs of the subject using positron emission tomography (PET) to determine uptake of the compound in a pulmonary vasculature of the lungs; wherein retention of the compound in the pulmonary vasculature reflects vascular remodeling; and wherein: R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and nitro; R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkylthio, and –NR 7 R 8 ,
  • Embodiment 2 The method of embodiment 1, wherein the PET detectable moiety is an 18 F labeled moiety or 68 Ga labeled moiety.
  • Embodiment 3 The method of any one of embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the PET detectable moiety is selected from: wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R Z is H or COOH.
  • Embodiment 10 The method of any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein the compound is selected from: and
  • Embodiment 11 The method of any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling is pulmonary hypertension.
  • pulmonary hypertension is selected from: pulmonary arterial hypertension (WHO Group I); pulmonary veno- occlusive disease or pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (WHO Group I’); persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (WHO Group I’’); pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease (WHO Group II); pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease or chronic hypoxia (WHO Group III); chronic arterial obstruction (WHO Group IV); and pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms (WHO Group V).
  • Embodiment 13 The method of embodiment 12, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
  • Embodiment 14 The method of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein the subject is a human.
  • a method of treating a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in a subject comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) imaging the compound in lungs of the subject using positron emission tomography (PET) to detect uptake of the compound in a pulmonary vasculature of the lungs; if retention of the compound is detected in the pulmonary vasculature in (b), then (c) administering to the subject a therapy for the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling; wherein: R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and nitro; R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy
  • Embodiment 16 The method of embodiment 15, wherein the PET detectable moiety is an 18 F labeled moiety or 68 Ga labeled moiety.
  • Embodiment 17 The method of any one of embodiments 15 or 16, wherein the PET detectable moiety is selected from: and wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R Z is H or COOH.
  • Embodiment 18 The method of any one of embodiments 15-17, wherein the compound is of Formula III
  • R 1 is hydroxy, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkanoyloxyl, or trifluoromethyl; and R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, or C1-3 alkylthio.
  • Embodiment 19 is hydroxy, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkanoyloxyl, or trifluoromethyl; and R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, or C1-3 alkylthio.
  • Embodiment 24 The method of any one of embodiments 15-23, wherein the compound is selected from: and
  • Embodiment 25 The method of any one of embodiments 15-24, wherein the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling is pulmonary hypertension.
  • Embodiment 26 The method of any one of embodiments 15-24, wherein the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling is pulmonary hypertension.
  • pulmonary hypertension is selected from: pulmonary arterial hypertension (WHO Group I); pulmonary veno- occlusive disease or pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (WHO Group I’); persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (WHO Group I’’); pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease (WHO Group II); pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease or chronic hypoxia (WHO Group III); chronic arterial obstruction (WHO Group IV); and pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms (WHO Group V).
  • Embodiment 27 The method of embodiment 26, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
  • Embodiment 28 The method of any one of embodiments 15-27, wherein the subject is a human.
  • Embodiment 29 The method of any one of embodiments 15-28, wherein the therapy comprises surgery Embodiment 30.
  • the method of embodiment 30, wherein the one or more additional therapeutic agents are selected from a vasodilator, a guanylate cyclase activator, an endothelin receptor antagonist, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, a calcium channel blocker, an anticoagulant, digoxin, or a diuretic.
  • Embodiment 32 Embodiment 32.
  • a method for imaging a pulmonary vasculature in a subject comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) detecting a positron emission tomography (PET) signal in the pulmonary vasculature of the subject;
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and nitro
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkylthio, and –NR 7 R 8 , R 7 and R 8 are independently at each occurrence from hydrogen and C1-3 alkyl;
  • A is -O-, -CH 2
  • Embodiment 33 The method of embodiment 32, wherein the PET detectable moiety is an 18 F labeled moiety or 68 Ga moiety.
  • Embodiment 34 The method of any one of embodiments 32 or 33, wherein the PET detectable moiety is selected from: and wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R Z is H or COOH.
  • Embodiment 35 The method of any one of embodiments 32 or 33, wherein the PET detectable moiety is selected from: and wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R Z is H or COOH.
  • Embodiment 41 The method of any one of embodiments 32-40, wherein the compound is selected from: and
  • Embodiment 42 The method of any one of embodiments 32-41, wherein the subject is a human.
  • Embodiment 43. A compound selected from:
  • Embodiment 44 A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of embodiment 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • Vandetanib is an orally bioavailable anti-angiogenic quinazoline drug selective for the tyrosine kinase activity of VEGFr2 with a Kd value of 40 nM.
  • ZD-G2 lead compound with improved binding to VEGFr2 in sub-nanomolar range (Kd 0.45 ⁇ 0.32 nM). This compound demonstrated approximately two logarithmic orders of magnitude improvement in VEGF receptor binding affinity in vitro compared to vandetanib and significantly enhanced tumor localization (FIG. 2).
  • PET imaging using U87 glioblastoma xenograft models demonstrated 7-fold higher tumor uptake of the developed agent than that of vandetanib while maintaining pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties well suited for PET imaging.
  • VEGFr2 specificity in vivo we also performed blocking experiments by co-injection of nonradioactive VEGFr inhibitor with 64 Cu-ZD-G2. Tumor activity was effective reduced at all-time points in the blocking study, which indicated specific VEGFr binding in vivo.
  • Cy55-ZD-G2 staining using PAH human lung To study the binding of ZD-G2 to pulmonary arteries of PAH patients we used explanted lung tissue from lung transplant patients with PAH.
  • NIR optical imaging of Cy5.5-ZD-G2 was carried out using MCT rats 4 weeks after injection of monocrotaline. Fluorescence imaging were performed with an IVIS200 imaging system and quantified by Living Imaging software (Xenogen, Alameda, CA). Excitation and emission filters were set at 675 and 720 nm, respectively, as suggested by the system for image acquisition. Each rat was injected intravenously with 10 nmol of Cy5.5-ZD-G2 conjugate. After 30 mins, rats were sacrifice, and lungs, heart, muscles, and other major organs (i.e., liver, spleen, kidney, and intestines) were excised for ex vivo imaging acquisition. As shown in FIG.
  • PET Positron Emission Tomography
  • Compound 4 and Compound 5 obtained after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum) and purification (by column chromatography).
  • Compound 8 obtained as a yellow oil after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum).
  • OTBS Compound 9 was obtained as a yellow oil after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrated under vacuum).
  • Compound 12 obtained as an off-white solid after work up (filter, dissolve the filter cake into water, adjust the pH of the mixture to 8-9, extract with DCM, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum).
  • Compound 13 obtained as a yellow oil after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum) and purification (by column chromatography).
  • Compound 17 obtained as a yellow oil after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum) and purification (by column chromatography).
  • Compound 18 obtained as a yellow oil after work up (filter and concentrate the filtrate under vacuum). Three separate sets of conditions were evaluated.
  • Compound 21 obtained as a yellow oil after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, wash the organic layer twice with saturated citric acid, and concentrate under vacuum).
  • compositions and methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific compositions and methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and any compositions and methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the compositions and methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
  • compositions and method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the compositions and method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited.
  • a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein; however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated.
  • the term “comprising” and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymously with the term “including” and variations thereof and are open, non-limiting terms.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une méthode de détection d'une maladie associée à un remodelage vasculaire pulmonaire chez un sujet. La méthode peut comprendre l'administration au sujet d'un composé de formule I ou de formule II. La méthode peut en outre comprendre l'imagerie du composé dans les poumons du sujet à l'aide d'une tomographie par émission de positrons pour déterminer l'absorption du composé dans le système vasculaire pulmonaire des poumons, la rétention du composé dans le système vasculaire pulmonaire reflétant le remodelage vasculaire. L'invention concerne également des méthodes de traitement d'une maladie associée à un remodelage vasculaire pulmonaire ou d'imagerie d'un système vasculaire pulmonaire chez un sujet.
PCT/US2023/028790 2022-07-27 2023-07-27 Méthodes de diagnostic et de traitement de l'hypertension pulmonaire WO2024025991A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US202263392578P 2022-07-27 2022-07-27
US63/392,578 2022-07-27

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2024025991A1 true WO2024025991A1 (fr) 2024-02-01

Family

ID=89707165

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2023/028790 WO2024025991A1 (fr) 2022-07-27 2023-07-27 Méthodes de diagnostic et de traitement de l'hypertension pulmonaire

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2024025991A1 (fr)

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005117977A2 (fr) * 2004-06-02 2005-12-15 Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Imagerie a specificite tissulaire et agents therapeutiques ciblant des proteines exprimees sur la surface des cellules endotheliales
US20170073328A1 (en) * 2014-05-15 2017-03-16 The Methodist Hospital System Multivalent ligands targeting vegfr
US20180333508A1 (en) * 2015-11-03 2018-11-22 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Imaging probe for angiogenic activity in pulmonary arterial hypertension
WO2021155151A1 (fr) * 2020-01-29 2021-08-05 The Methodist Hospital System Ligands multivalents ciblant des récepteurs de surface cellulaire et plateforme de mesure de force pour leur fabrication
US20210315823A1 (en) * 2007-05-03 2021-10-14 Abraxis Bioscience, Llc Methods and compositions for treating pulmonary hypertension

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005117977A2 (fr) * 2004-06-02 2005-12-15 Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Imagerie a specificite tissulaire et agents therapeutiques ciblant des proteines exprimees sur la surface des cellules endotheliales
US20210315823A1 (en) * 2007-05-03 2021-10-14 Abraxis Bioscience, Llc Methods and compositions for treating pulmonary hypertension
US20170073328A1 (en) * 2014-05-15 2017-03-16 The Methodist Hospital System Multivalent ligands targeting vegfr
US20180333508A1 (en) * 2015-11-03 2018-11-22 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Imaging probe for angiogenic activity in pulmonary arterial hypertension
WO2021155151A1 (fr) * 2020-01-29 2021-08-05 The Methodist Hospital System Ligands multivalents ciblant des récepteurs de surface cellulaire et plateforme de mesure de force pour leur fabrication

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP7449864B2 (ja) エバンスブルー誘導体の化学結合体ならびに前立腺癌を標的とするための放射線療法および造影剤としてのその使用
US9738623B2 (en) Curcumin analogs
TW201441186A (zh) 用於治療纖維化之經取代之芳族化合物及相關方法
JPH10502931A (ja) ペプチド誘導の放射性核種キレート化剤
TW201441214A (zh) 用於對腦內所蓄積的Ｔａｕ蛋白質進行成像之新穎化合物
US20240042066A1 (en) Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor
JP6987840B2 (ja) Ｉｄｏ１酵素イメージングのための放射性リガンド
CN113227051B (zh) 用于视网膜疾病的化合物
HUE034562T2 (en) Polymixins, preparations, methods of preparation and methods of application
EP2437792B1 (fr) Imagerie de la protéine basique de la myéline
CN111744022A (zh) 一种主动靶向响应型成像探针、其制备方法和应用
CA2949328C (fr) Polymyxines faiblement substituees et compositions les comprenant
WO2024025991A1 (fr) Méthodes de diagnostic et de traitement de l'hypertension pulmonaire
JP2002338569A (ja) 舟形トロパン
JPH0825927B2 (ja) 酸素輸送剤
EP3160514B1 (fr) Conjugués dérivés de médicaments anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens et procédés d'utilisation de ceux-ci dans l'imagerie
JPH10502083A (ja) 医療診断用の画像形成のためのｘ線造影剤として有用な２，４，６−トリヨード−５−置換アミノ−イソフタル酸エステル
BRPI0814482B1 (pt) conjugado polímero-proteína, composto e método de preparação de um conjugado polímero-proteína
JP2015526402A (ja) 線維症のイメージング
JP3969831B2 (ja) ハイドロキシプロリン誘導体
JPH09505813A (ja) ビフェニル沃素化誘導体及びその診断用途
JP2024531309A (ja) 新規な構造を有するポリペプチド薬物複合体及びその使用
JP2023033957A (ja) Ｌ－ｐ－ボロノフェニルアラニンの製造方法
JP2024534650A (ja) 細胞外シクロフィリン阻害剤及びその使用
WO2023112038A1 (fr) Inhibiteurs d'exocytose des neutrophiles

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 23847327

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1