WO2023282246A1 - 電極形成用組成物 - Google Patents
電極形成用組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023282246A1 WO2023282246A1 PCT/JP2022/026678 JP2022026678W WO2023282246A1 WO 2023282246 A1 WO2023282246 A1 WO 2023282246A1 JP 2022026678 W JP2022026678 W JP 2022026678W WO 2023282246 A1 WO2023282246 A1 WO 2023282246A1
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
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- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode-forming composition.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries have high energy density, high voltage, and no memory effect during charging and discharging. And with the expansion of the amount of use, there is a demand for further lower resistance, longer life, higher capacity, safety, and lower cost.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries have the problem of deterioration due to repeated charging and discharging.
- Various factors have been reported as the mechanism of deterioration, but the main reasons are the deterioration of the active material due to the decomposition of the electrolyte solution and the trace amount of water remaining inside the battery, and the formation of decomposition products of the electrolyte solution. Examples include an increase in internal resistance and isolation of the active material caused by cracks generated in the electrode mixture layer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "electrode layer").
- Non-Patent Document 1 the surface of the positive electrode active material is coated with metal oxides such as Mg, Al, Ti, Sn, Si and Cu, phosphorus compounds, carbon, and the like.
- Inorganic compounds such as transition metal oxides containing alkali metals and transition metal chalcogens are known as positive electrode active materials for lithium ion secondary batteries capable of obtaining a battery voltage of about 4V.
- high nickel positive electrode active materials represented by Li x NiO 2 have high discharge capacity and are attractive positive electrode materials.
- the high-nickel positive electrode active material has, on its surface, LiOH formed by a proton exchange reaction with the residue of the raw material and moisture, and Li 2 CO 3 etc. produced by reaction of this LiOH with carbon dioxide gas in the air.
- LiOH is an alkaline component
- a composition containing the positive electrode active material, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent is kneaded. Gelation of the slurry occurs when the composition is kneaded or when the composition is applied after kneading.
- the alkaline component not only increases the resistance of the battery by corroding aluminum, which is generally used as the current collecting foil of the positive electrode, but also reacts with the electrolyte in the battery to increase the resistance of the battery. It becomes a factor that deteriorates life expectancy.
- Li 2 CO 3 decomposes during charging and discharging to generate CO 2 gas and CO 3 gas, and these gas components increase the pressure inside the battery, causing swelling of the battery and deterioration of the cycle life. . Moreover, there is a possibility that the battery may be damaged due to an increase in internal pressure caused by the generated gas.
- Patent Document 1 reports a method of treating a positive electrode active material with fluorine gas to fix residual LiOH as LiF, thereby preventing gelation and suppressing gas generation.
- fluorine gas is highly toxic and difficult to handle
- LiF produced as a by-product increases the internal resistance of the battery, and corrosion of the positive electrode active material by the fluorine gas also reduces the capacity.
- residual fluorine reacts with a small amount of moisture present in the active material or the electrolyte to produce hydrogen fluoride, which tends to cause cycle deterioration.
- Patent Document 2 reports a method of removing unreacted lithium hydroxide and impurities derived from raw materials by washing a positive electrode active material with an aqueous solution containing a lithium salt.
- Patent Document 2 reports a method of removing unreacted lithium hydroxide and impurities derived from raw materials by washing a positive electrode active material with an aqueous solution containing a lithium salt.
- the resistance of a battery has a plurality of resistance components, which are roughly divided into electronic resistance, ion diffusion resistance in solution, ion diffusion resistance in particles, and charge transfer resistance.
- the electronic resistance can be relatively easily solved by adding a carbon material, and the intra-particle ion diffusion resistance can be solved by reducing the particle size and shortening the diffusion length.
- the group -M - is a group having a lithium ion coordination energy of 100 to 1500 kJ / mol determined by density functional calculation (B3LYP/6-31G (d)), and has a lithium salt structure (- M ⁇ Li + ) and a compound having a polymerizable group is used in an electrode or an electrolyte solution, so that a lithium ion-coordinating polymer film is formed on the surface of the active material, and the main resistance component of the charge transfer resistance is It has been reported that the desolvation energy, which is However, since a large amount of polyvinylidene fluoride is used in the electrode and the addition amount of the above compound is also large, the Li diffusion resistance increases and the resistance cannot be sufficiently reduced.
- Patent Document 4 in a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a secondary battery containing a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt, ethylene carbonate in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate and chain carbonates contained in the non-aqueous solvent
- the low-temperature characteristics of the battery are improved by controlling the ratio and using an electrolytic solution to which a compound having an SF bond in the molecule, which is a sulfonyl fluoride or a fluorosulfonic acid ester, is added.
- a compound having an SF bond in the molecule which is a sulfonyl fluoride or a fluorosulfonic acid ester
- Non-Patent Document 2 Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 165 (5) A1027-A1037 (2016) reports that the use of methyl acetate improves ionic conduction and improves charge-discharge characteristics. However, the deterioration of the battery is accelerated, and complicated additive technology and the use of high-cost active materials are required, and the problem has not yet been solved.
- the present invention investigated the composition of the electrode-forming composition for the purpose of reducing the above resistance, and made a combination of a specific organic compound having an acidic functional group and a small amount of a fluorine-based binder. By doing so, it was found that an electrode with low charge transfer resistance and high ion diffusion can be produced, and an electrode-forming composition that can improve battery characteristics while reducing the amount of fluorine-based binder used. intended to provide
- an electrode-forming composition containing an organic compound, a fluorine-based binder, a conductive carbon material and an active material includes four organic compounds as the above.
- an organic compound having the above acidic functional groups and/or salts thereof it is possible to reduce the diffusion resistance of metal ions such as Li while reducing the amount of fluorine-based binder used, and improve battery characteristics. I found that it was maintained, and completed the present invention.
- the present invention provides the following electrode-forming composition.
- 1. including organic compounds, fluorine-based binders, conductive carbon materials and active materials,
- the organic compound has four or more acidic functional groups and/or salts thereof, and the content thereof is 0.001 to 0.5% by mass based on the total solid content,
- the content of the fluorine-based binder is 0.01 to 1.0% by mass in the total solid content
- a composition for forming an electrode 2.
- 3. The electrode-forming composition according to 1 or 2, wherein the content of the organic compound is 0.001 to 0.3% by mass based on the total solid content. 4. 4.
- the organic compound is a repeating unit derived from a monomer having a group selected from the group consisting of an aromatic ring, an alkyl group, an amino group, an ether group, a nitrile group, a hydroxy group and a carbonyl group, and a carboxylic acid group and/or
- the nonionic polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone or a polymer having at least one group selected from the group consisting of a nitrile group, a hydroxy group, a carbonyl group, an amino group, a sulfonyl group and an ether group.
- It has a current collecting substrate and an electrode mixture layer formed on at least one surface of the current collecting substrate, wherein the electrode mixture layer is formed of the electrode forming composition of any one of 1 to 15. electrode.
- An energy storage device comprising 16 electrodes. 18. 17 energy storage devices that are all-solid-state batteries.
- the electrode-forming composition of the present invention can be suitably used to form an electrode for an energy storage device, and an energy storage device equipped with an electrode produced using the composition can reduce the amount of fluorine-based binder used.
- Reduction of diffusion resistance of metal ions such as Li improvement of battery characteristics
- cost reduction by improving reaction uniformity, extension of life by improvement of reaction uniformity, reduction of environmental load, reduction of solvent usage and drying by high solidification of slurry The advantage of shortening the time is expected, and the addition of an organic compound having an acidic functional group is also expected to suppress deterioration due to the effect of neutralizing alkaline components.
- alkaline impurities are neutralized and further neutralized.
- Carboxylate and the like are thought to be immobilized on the surface of the active material because they are insoluble in the electrode slurry.
- the amount of fluorine-based binders that are usually used is on the order of several mass % in the electrode, whereas the present invention uses a specific organic compound having an acidic functional group as an electrode additive.
- the required amount in the electrode can be as low as 1% by mass or less, so that the organic component that inhibits the diffusion of metal ions such as Li in the electrode can be greatly reduced.
- the ability to greatly reduce the amount of fluorine-based binder used means that the cost of manufacturing batteries can be reduced, and the environmental load for manufacturing batteries can also be reduced. It is expected that the recyclability of the electrode will be improved, and that it will also have a longer life and improve safety.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view showing a part of the NMR spectrum of the fluorine-based binder Solef5140;
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view showing a part of the NMR spectrum of the fluorine-based binder Solef5130;
- the electrode-forming composition of the present invention comprises an organic compound, a fluorine-based binder, a conductive carbon material and an active material, and the organic compound has four or more acidic functional groups and/or salts thereof.
- amount is 0.001 to 0.5% by mass based on the total solid content
- the content of the fluorine-based binder is 0.01 to 1.0% by mass based on the total solid content. .
- the organic compound has 4 or more acidic functional groups and/or salts thereof, preferably 5 or more acidic functional groups and/or salts thereof.
- the acidic functional group is preferably a carboxylic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, or a sulfonic acid group, and more preferably a carboxylic acid group.
- Salts of carboxylic acid group, phosphoric acid group and sulfonic acid group include alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium; group 2 metal salts such as magnesium and calcium; ammonium salts; fats such as propylamine, dimethylamine, triethylamine and ethylenediamine.
- amine salts alicyclic amine salts such as imidazoline, piperazine, and morpholine; aromatic amine salts such as aniline and diphenylamine; more preferred.
- acidic functional groups and salts thereof may be contained alone, or two or more thereof may be contained.
- the organic compound is preferably a polymer, and specific examples include polyacrylic acid, polyitaconic acid, polymaleic acid, polyfumaric acid, polymethacrylic acid, poly(vinylsulfonic acid), poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid), and salts thereof, etc., and polyacrylic acid, polyitaconic acid, polymaleic acid, and salts thereof are preferred.
- the polymer may be a copolymer, and specific examples include monomers having a group selected from the group consisting of an aromatic ring, an alkyl group, an amino group, an ether group, a nitrile group, a hydroxy group and a carbonyl group.
- Examples include copolymers containing repeating units derived from and repeating units derived from monomers having a carboxylic acid group and / or a salt thereof, and derived from a monomer having a group selected from the group consisting of a nitrile group, a hydroxy group and a carbonyl group and repeating units derived from monomers having carboxylic acid groups and/or salts thereof are preferred.
- the aromatic ring examples include benzene ring, biphenyl ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, and phenanthrene ring.
- the above alkyl group is preferably a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group and n-butyl group. , isobutyl group, tert-butyl group, n-pentyl group, isopentyl group, neopentyl group, n-hexyl group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group and the like.
- the organic compound is a polymer
- its average molecular weight is not particularly limited, but the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is preferably 250 to 2,000,000, more preferably 1,000 to 1,000. ,000 is more preferred, and between 1,000 and 250,000 is even more preferred.
- Mw is a polystyrene conversion value by a gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
- the content of the organic compound is 0.001 to 0.5% by mass, preferably 0.001 to 0.3% by mass, more preferably 0.001 to 0.2% by mass in the total solid content. .
- the more preferable lower limit of the content of the organic compound is 0.01% by mass or more based on the total solid content.
- the fluorine-based binder can be appropriately selected from known materials and used, and is not particularly limited. Specific examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene; vinylidene fluoride , copolymers containing at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. Moreover, the fluorine-based binder may be modified with a polar functional group such as a carboxy group or a hydroxyl group. The polar functional group can be confirmed by the presence or absence of a clear peak detected in the range of 10 to 15 ppm in measurement by a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus (NMR apparatus).
- NMR apparatus nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus
- the content of the fluorine-based binder is 0.01 to 1.0% by mass, preferably 0.05 to 0.6% by mass, more preferably 0.07 to 0.5% by mass, based on the total solid content. , more preferably 0.1 to 0.4% by mass. If the content of the fluorine-based binder is too large, the composition may gel and become unusable.
- the conductive carbon material is not particularly limited, and known conductive materials such as carbon black, ketjen black, acetylene black (AB), carbon whisker, carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon fiber, natural graphite, artificial graphite, etc. Although it can be used by appropriately selecting it from carbon materials having a high conductivity, AB and CNT are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of conductivity, dispersibility, availability, and the like.
- CNTs are generally produced by an arc discharge method, a chemical vapor deposition method (CVD method), a laser ablation method, or the like, and the CNTs used in the present invention may be obtained by any method.
- the CNT has a single-layer CNT (hereinafter also abbreviated as SWCNT) in which one sheet of carbon film (graphene sheet) is cylindrically wound, and a two-layer structure in which two graphene sheets are concentrically wound.
- SWCNT single-layer CNT
- DWCNTs multilayer CNTs
- MWCNTs multilayer CNTs
- Baytubes [manufactured by Bayer: trade name], GRAPHISTRENGTH [manufactured by Arkema: trade name], MWNT7 [manufactured by Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd.: trade name], Hyperion CNT [manufactured by Hyperion Catalysis International] : product name], TC series [manufactured by Toda Kogyo Co., Ltd.: product name], FloTube series [manufactured by Jiangsu Cnano Technology: product name], LUCAN BT1003M [LG Chem. Ltd. Product: trade name] and the like.
- the content of the conductive carbon material is not particularly limited, it is preferably 0.1 to 4.0% by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 3.0% by mass, based on the total solid content. Good electrical conductivity can be obtained by setting the content of the conductive carbon material within the above range.
- active material various active materials conventionally used in electrodes for energy storage devices such as secondary batteries can be used.
- active materials for positive electrodes can be preferably used.
- the positive electrode active material for example, in the case of a lithium secondary battery or a lithium ion secondary battery, a chalcogen compound capable of adsorbing and desorbing lithium ions, a chalcogen compound containing lithium ions, a polyanion compound, elemental sulfur and its compounds, etc. are used. be able to.
- Examples of such chalcogen compounds capable of adsorbing and desorbing lithium ions include FeS 2 , TiS 2 , MoS 2 , V 2 O 6 , V 6 O 13 and MnO 2 .
- Examples of lithium ion - containing chalcogen compounds include LiCoO2 , LiMnO2 , LiMn2O4 , LiMo2O4 , LiV3O8 , LiNiO2 , LixNiyM1 - yO2 ( M is Co , represents at least one metal element selected from Mn, Ti, Cr, V, Al, Sn, Pb, and Zn, 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.10, 0.3 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.0), LiaNi ( 1 - xy) CoxM1yM2zXwO2 ( M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mn and Al; M2 is Zr, Ti, Mg, W and represents at least one selected from the group consisting of V, 1.00 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.
- oxides containing Li and at least one selected from Ni and Fe, or materials containing S that is, FeS 2 , TiS 2 , MoS 2 , LiNiO 2 , Li x Ni y M 1-y O 2
- M represents at least one metal element selected from Co, Mn, Ti, Cr, V, Al, Sn, Pb, and Zn, and 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 .10 , 0.3 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.0
- LiaNi ( 1 - xy) CoxM1yM2zXwO2 M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mn and Al
- M2 represents at least one selected from the group consisting of Zr, Ti, Mg, W and V, and 1.00 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.50 , 0.00 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.50, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.50, 0.000 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.020, 0.000 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.020), LiFePO4 , Li2S , rubeanic acid are preferred.
- the content of the active material is preferably 94.5-99.88% by mass, more preferably 95.0-99.0% by mass, based on the total solid content.
- the electrode-forming composition of the present invention may contain binders other than the fluorine-based binder as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- binders can be appropriately selected from known materials and used, and are not particularly limited, but non-aqueous binders can be preferably used in the present invention. Specific examples include polyimide, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyethylene and polypropylene. These can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- the content is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5.0% by mass or less, more preferably 3.0% by mass or less, and 3.0% by mass of the total solid content The following are even more preferred, and most preferably not included.
- the electrode-forming composition of the present invention may further contain a dispersant in order to improve the dispersibility of the conductive carbon material and active material.
- the dispersing agent can be appropriately selected from those conventionally used as dispersing agents for conductive carbon materials such as CNTs. preferable.
- the nonionic polymer include polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and polymers having at least one group selected from the group consisting of nitrile groups, hydroxy groups, carbonyl groups, amino groups, sulfonyl groups and ether groups. be done.
- polymer examples include polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polylactic acid, polyester, polyimide, polyphenylether, polyphenylsulfone, polyethyleneimine, and polyaniline.
- the above dispersants may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the dispersant When the dispersant is included, its content is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.001 to 0.5% by mass, more preferably 0.001 to 0.3% by mass, based on the total solid content, 0.001 to 0.2% by mass is even more preferable. Moreover, a more preferable lower limit of the content of the dispersant is 0.01% by mass or more based on the total solid content. Further, considering the adhesion between the resulting electrode layer and the current collector, the total amount of the organic compound and the dispersant is preferably 0.001 to 1% by mass, more preferably 0.001 to 1% by mass of the total solid content. It is 0.01 to 1% by mass.
- a solvent can also be used in the preparation of the electrode-forming composition.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is conventionally used for the preparation of electrode-forming compositions. Examples include water; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethyl ether, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME). Halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, and 1,2-dichloroethane; N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), etc.
- ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethyl ether, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME).
- Halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, and 1,2-dichloroethane
- amides amides; acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ketones such as cyclohexanone; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, t-butanol; n-heptane, n-hexane, cyclohexane, etc.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene; Glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and propylene glycol monomethyl ether; Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, etc. glycols; carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and methyl ethyl carbonate; organic solvents such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dioxolane, sulfolane, and the like. These solvents can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- Glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and propylene glycol monomethyl ether
- Suitable solvents in this case include water, NMP, DMSO, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, THF, dioxolane, sulfolane, DMF, DMAc and the like.
- NMP is suitable for water-insoluble binders such as PVdF, and water is suitable for water-soluble binders.
- the solid content concentration of the electrode-forming composition of the present invention is appropriately set in consideration of the coatability of the composition, the thickness of the thin film to be formed, etc., but is usually about 50 to 90% by mass. Yes, preferably about 55 to 85% by mass, more preferably about 60 to 80% by mass.
- the electrode-forming composition of the present invention can be obtained by mixing the components described above at a predetermined temperature.
- the additive and active material may be mixed together with the optional component, or both components may be mixed in advance and then mixed with the optional component. good.
- the surface of the active material can be coated with the additive, and the effects of the present invention can be fully exhibited.
- the electrode of the present invention comprises an electrode layer made of the electrode-forming composition described above on at least one surface of a substrate which is a current collector.
- a method for forming the electrode layer on the substrate an electrode-forming composition prepared without using a solvent is pressure-molded onto the substrate (dry method), or an electrode-forming composition is formed using a solvent.
- dry method a method of preparing a substance, coating it on a substrate, and drying it (wet method) can be mentioned. These methods are not particularly limited, and conventionally known various methods can be used.
- wet methods include various printing methods such as offset printing and screen printing, blade coating method, dip coating method, spin coating method, bar coating method, slit coating method, inkjet method, die coating method and the like.
- the temperature is preferably about 50 to 400°C, more preferably about 70 to 150°C.
- the substrate used for the electrode examples include metal substrates such as platinum, gold, iron, stainless steel, copper, aluminum, and lithium, alloy substrates made of any combination of these metals, indium tin oxide (ITO), Examples include oxide substrates such as indium zinc oxide (IZO) and antimony tin oxide (ATO), and carbon substrates such as glassy carbon, pyrolytic graphite, and carbon felt.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- oxide substrates such as indium zinc oxide (IZO) and antimony tin oxide (ATO)
- carbon substrates such as glassy carbon, pyrolytic graphite, and carbon felt.
- the thickness of the substrate is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m in the present invention.
- the film thickness of the electrode layer is not particularly limited, it is preferably about 0.01 to 1,000 ⁇ m, more preferably about 5 to 300 ⁇ m. In addition, when using an electrode layer as an electrode independently, it is preferable that the film thickness shall be 10 micrometers or more.
- the electrodes may be pressed if necessary.
- a generally employed method can be used as the pressing method, but a die pressing method and a roll pressing method are particularly preferred.
- the press pressure is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 kN/cm or more, preferably 2 kN/cm or more, and more preferably 5 kN/cm or more.
- the upper limit of the press pressure is not particularly limited, but is preferably 50 kN/cm or less.
- the secondary battery of the present invention includes the electrodes described above, and more specifically, includes at least a pair of positive and negative electrodes, a separator interposed between the electrodes, and an electrolyte. At least one of the negative electrodes is composed of the electrodes described above. Other constituent members of the battery element may be appropriately selected from conventionally known ones and used.
- Examples of materials used for the separator include glass fiber, cellulose, porous polyolefin, polyamide, and polyester.
- the electrolyte may be either a liquid or a solid, and may be either aqueous or non-aqueous. From the viewpoint of easily exhibiting practically sufficient performance, an electrolytic solution composed of an electrolyte salt, a solvent, etc. can be preferably used.
- electrolyte salt examples include LiPF6 , LiBF4 , LiN( SO2F ) 2 , LiN ( C2F5SO2 ) 2 , LiAsF6 , LiSbF6 , LiAlF4 , LiGaF4 , LiInF4 , LiClO4 . , LiN ( CF3SO2)2 , LiCF3SO3 , LiSiF6 , LiN ( CF3SO2 ), Lithium salts such as ( C4F9SO2 ), LiI, NaI, KI, CsI , CaI2 , etc.
- electrolyte salts of quaternary imidazolium compounds, iodides and perchlorates of tetraalkylammonium compounds, and metal bromides such as LiBr, NaBr, KBr, CsBr and CaBr2 .
- electrolyte salts can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it does not corrode or decompose the substances constituting the battery to deteriorate the performance, and dissolves the electrolyte salt.
- non-aqueous solvents include cyclic esters such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and ⁇ -butyrolactone; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and dimethoxyethane; esters, nitriles such as acetonitrile, and the like are used. These solvents can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- solid electrolyte inorganic solid electrolytes such as sulfide solid electrolytes and oxide solid electrolytes, and organic solid electrolytes such as polymer electrolytes can be suitably used. By using these solid electrolytes, it is possible to obtain an all-solid battery that does not use an electrolytic solution.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte examples include Li 2 S—SiS 2 -lithium compounds (here, the lithium compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li 3 PO 4 , LiI and Li 4 SiO 4 ) , Li 2 SP 2 O 5 , Li 2 SB 2 S 5 , Li 2 SP 2 S 5 --GeS 2 and other thiolysicone-based materials.
- Oxygenate compounds based on the 3 PO 4 structure, perovskite type, Li 3.3 PO 3.8 N 0.22 generically called LIPON, sodium/alumina, and the like can be mentioned.
- polymer solid electrolyte examples include polyethylene oxide materials, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, vinylidene chloride, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate. , polymer compounds obtained by polymerizing or copolymerizing monomers such as styrene and vinylidene fluoride.
- the polymer-based solid electrolyte may contain a supporting salt and a plasticizer.
- Examples of supporting salts contained in the polymer solid electrolyte include lithium (fluorosulfonylimide), and examples of plasticizers include succinonitrile.
- a battery manufactured using the electrode-forming composition of the present invention has high battery characteristics even if the amount of fluorine binder is less than that of a general secondary battery.
- the form of the secondary battery and the type of electrolyte are not particularly limited, and any form such as a lithium ion battery, a nickel hydrogen battery, a manganese battery, an air battery, etc. may be used, but a lithium ion battery is preferable. .
- the lamination method and production method are also not particularly limited.
- the electrode of the present invention described above When applied to a coin shape, the electrode of the present invention described above may be punched into a predetermined disk shape and used. For example, in a lithium-ion secondary battery, one of the electrodes is placed on the lid to which the washer and spacer of the coin cell are welded. It can be made by stacking the electrodes of the present invention layer down, placing a case and gasket on top, and sealing with a coin cell crimping machine.
- GPC Gel permeation chromatography
- the resulting diluted solution was filtered through a filter (material: polytetrafluoroethylene, pore diameter: 0.45 ⁇ m) to obtain a measurement sample.
- This measurement sample was supplied to a gel permeation chromatograph, GPC measurement was performed under the above conditions, the polystyrene equivalent molecular weight of the fluoropolymer was measured, and the weight average molecular weight (Mw) was determined.
- the resulting diluted solution was filtered through a filter (material: polytetrafluoroethylene, pore diameter: 0.45 ⁇ m) to obtain a measurement sample.
- This measurement sample was supplied to a gel permeation chromatograph, GPC measurement was performed under the above conditions, the polystyrene equivalent molecular weight of the synthetic polymer was measured, and the weight average molecular weight (Mw) was obtained.
- NCM811 Ningbo Ronbay New Energy Technology Co. , Ltd. manufactured by Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobaltate (LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 ), “S-800” Solef5140: manufactured by SOLVAY, modified PVdF, Mw1,033,408 (measured value), with polar functional group Solef5130: manufactured by SOLVAY, modified PVdF, Mw729,202 (measured value), with polar functional group KF7300: Kureha Corporation manufactured by PVdF, Mw 1,215,827 (measured value), no polar functional group Kynar HSV1810: PVdF manufactured by Arkema Co., Ltd.
- PIA polyitaconic acid, Mw 2,387 (actual value), synthetic citric acid: Fuji Film Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- PVP1 Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., polyvinylpyrrolidone, Mw 1,200,000
- PVP2 Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Mw 10,000, manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.
- PVA Sigma-Aldrich, polyvinyl alcohol, Mw 61,000
- PAN Sigma-Aldrich, polyacrylonitrile, Mw 150,000 H-PAN: from Dolan GmbH, polyacrylonitrile, Mw 200,000 Phosphorous acid: manufactured by Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd.
- NMP manufactured by Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd.
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone NMP (for GPC) manufactured by FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone dehydration NMP manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd., N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, water content of 50 ppm or less
- Electrode composition (electrode slurry) [Examples 1-1 to 1-38, Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-18] Based on the compositions shown in Tables 1 to 3, the active material, fluorine-based binder, conductive carbon material, organic compound, dispersant, and solvent were mixed in a dry base. This was mixed with a homodisper at 8,000 rpm for 1 minute, and then mixed twice at a peripheral speed of 20 m/sec for 30 seconds using a thin-film rotating high-speed mixer to prepare an electrode slurry. The properties and coatability of the obtained electrode slurry were evaluated by the following methods. Each table also summarizes these evaluations.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- SBR styrene-butadiene copolymer
- a sheet of separator glass fiber circular filter paper GF/F, manufactured by WATT MANN CO., LTD.
- a positive electrode was stacked from above with the surface coated with the active material facing down. After dropping one drop of the electrolytic solution, the case and the gasket to which the washer and spacer were welded were placed and sealed with a coin cell caulking machine. After that, they were allowed to stand still for 24 hours, and four secondary batteries for testing were produced.
- the secondary battery using the positive electrode produced using the electrode-forming composition according to the present invention has high battery characteristics even with a small amount of fluorine binder. .
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Abstract
Description
1. 有機化合物、フッ素系バインダー、導電性炭素材料および活物質を含み、
上記有機化合物が、4つ以上の酸性官能基および/またはその塩を有し、その含有量が、全固形分中0.001~0.5質量%であり、
上記フッ素系バインダーの含有量が、全固形分中0.01~1.0質量%
である電極形成用組成物。
2. 上記フッ素系バインダーの含有量が、全固形分中0.05~0.6質量%である1の電極形成用組成物。
3. 上記有機化合物の含有量が、全固形分中0.001~0.3質量%である1または2の電極形成用組成物。
4. 上記有機化合物が、5つ以上の酸性官能基および/またはその塩を有する1~3のいずれかの電極形成用組成物。
5. 上記酸性官能基およびその塩が、カルボン酸基、リン酸基、スルホン酸基およびこれらの塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種である1~4のいずれかの電極形成用組成物。
6. 上記酸性官能基およびその塩が、カルボン酸基および/またはその塩である5の電極形成用組成物。
7. 上記有機化合物が、ポリマーである1~6のいずれかの電極形成用組成物。
8. 上記有機化合物の重量平均分子量が、250~2,000,000である7の電極形成用組成物。
9. 上記有機化合物が、芳香族環、アルキル基、アミノ基、エーテル基、ニトリル基、ヒドロキシ基およびカルボニル基からなる群より選ばれる基を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位と、カルボン酸基および/またはその塩を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位とを含むコポリマーである7または8の電極形成用組成物。
10. 上記有機化合物が、ニトリル基、ヒドロキシ基およびカルボニル基からなる群より選ばれる基を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位と、カルボン酸基および/またはその塩を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位とを含むコポリマーである9の電極形成用組成物。
11. 更に、分散剤を含む1~10のいずれかの電極形成用組成物。
12. 上記分散剤が、非イオン性ポリマーを含む11の電極形成用組成物。
13. 上記非イオン性ポリマーが、ポリビニルピロリドン、または、ニトリル基、ヒドロキシ基、カルボニル基、アミノ基、スルホニル基およびエーテル基からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の基を有するポリマーである12の電極形成用組成物。
14. 上記有機化合物と上記分散剤との総量が、全固形分中0.001~1質量%である11~13のいずれかの電極形成用組成物。
15. 上記活物質が、Liと、NiおよびFeから選ばれる少なくとも1種とを含む酸化物、またはSを含み、正極用の組成物である1~14の電極形成用組成物。
16. 集電基板と、この集電基板の少なくとも一方の面に形成された電極合材層とを有し、上記電極合材層が、1~15のいずれかの電極形成用組成物で形成されている電極。
17. 16の電極を備えるエネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
18. 全固体電池である17のエネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
金属イオンの拡散抵抗については、通常で用いられるフッ素系バインダーの量が、電極中において数質量%オーダーであるのに対して、酸性官能基を有する特定の有機化合物を電極添加剤として用いた本電極では、必要量が1質量%以下と低くできることから、Li等の金属イオンの拡散を電極中で阻害する有機成分を大きく削減できるためと考えられる。
更に、フッ素系バインダーの使用量を大きく減らせることは、電池を作製するコストを低下させ、更に、電池を作るための環境負荷も減らせることも意味する。電極のリサイクル性を高め、また長寿命化や安全性の向上も見込まれる。
また、上記ポリマーは、コポリマーであってもよく、具体例としては、芳香族環、アルキル基、アミノ基、エーテル基、ニトリル基、ヒドロキシ基およびカルボニル基からなる群より選ばれる基を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位と、カルボン酸基および/またはその塩を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位とを含むコポリマーが挙げられ、ニトリル基、ヒドロキシ基およびカルボニル基からなる群より選ばれる基を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位と、カルボン酸基および/またはその塩を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位とを含むコポリマーが好ましい。
上記アルキル基としては、直鎖状、分枝状または環状の炭素数1~6のアルキル基が好ましく、具体例としては、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、イソプロピル基、n-ブチル基、イソブチル基、tert-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、イソペンチル基、ネオペンチル基、n-ヘキシル基、シクロペンチル基、シクロヘキシル基等が挙げられる。
リチウムイオン含有カルコゲン化合物としては、例えば、LiCoO2、LiMnO2、LiMn2O4、LiMo2O4、LiV3O8、LiNiO2、LixNiyM1-yO2(Mは、Co、Mn、Ti、Cr、V、Al、Sn、Pb、およびZnから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の金属元素を表し、0.05≦x≦1.10、0.3≦y≦1.0)、LiaNi(1-x-y)CoxM1 yM2 zXwO2(M1は、MnおよびAlからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種、M2は、Zr、Ti、Mg、WおよびVからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を表し、1.00≦a≦1.50、0.00≦x≦0.50、0≦y≦0.50、0.000≦z≦0.020、0.000≦w≦0.020)等が挙げられる。
ポリアニオン系化合物としては、例えば、LiFePO4等が挙げられる。
硫黄化合物としては、例えば、Li2S、ルベアン酸等が挙げられる。
これらの活物質は、1種を単独で、または2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
その他のバインダーとしては、公知の材料から適宜選択して用いることができ、特に限定されるものではないが、本発明では非水系のバインダーを好適に使用することができる。その具体例としては、ポリイミド、エチレン-プロピレン-ジエン三元共重合体、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム、ポリエチレンおよびポリプロピレン等が挙げられる。これらは1種を単独で、または2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
また、得られる電極層と集電体との密着性を考慮すると、上記有機化合物と上記分散剤との総量が、全固形分中0.001~1質量%であることが好ましく、より好ましくは0.01~1質量%である。
溶媒としては、従来、電極形成用組成物の調製に用いられるものであれば特に限定されず、例えば、水;テトラヒドロフラン(THF)、ジエチルエーテル、1,2-ジメトキシエタン(DME)等のエーテル類;塩化メチレン、クロロホルム、1,2-ジクロロエタン等のハロゲン化炭化水素類;N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)等のアミド類;アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等のケトン類;メタノール、エタノール、n-プロパノール、イソプロパノール、n-ブタノール、t-ブタノール等のアルコール類;n-ヘプタン、n-ヘキサン、シクロヘキサン等の脂肪族炭化水素類;ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン、エチルベンゼン等の芳香族炭化水素類;エチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノブチルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル等のグリコールエーテル類;エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール等のグリコール類;エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート等のカーボネート類;γ-ブチロラクトン、ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)、ジオキソラン、スルホラン、等の有機溶媒が挙げられる。これらの溶媒は、1種を単独で、または2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
この場合の好適な溶媒としては、水、NMP、DMSO、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート、γ-ブチロラクトン、THF、ジオキソラン、スルホラン、DMF、DMAc等が挙げられ、バインダーの種類に応じて適宜選択すればよいが、PVdF等の非水溶性のバインダーの場合はNMPが好適であり、水溶性のバインダーの場合は水が好適である。
電極層を基板上に形成する方法としては、溶媒を使用せずに調製した電極形成用組成物を基板上に加圧成形する方法(乾式法)、あるいは、溶媒を使用して電極形成用組成物を調製し、それを基板上に塗工、乾燥する方法(湿式法)が挙げられる。これらの方法は、特に限定されるものではなく、従来公知の各種方法を用いることができる。例えば、湿式法としては、オフセット印刷、スクリーン印刷等の各種印刷法、ブレードコート法、ディップコート法、スピンコート法、バーコート法、スリットコート法、インクジェット法、ダイコート法等が挙げられる。
上記高分子系固体電解質としては、ポリエチレンオキシド系材料や、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、テトラフルオロエチレン、トリフルオロエチレン、エチレン、プロピレン、アクリロニトリル、塩化ビニリデン、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、メチルアクリレート、エチルアクリレート、メチルメタクリレート、スチレンおよびフッ化ビニリデン等のモノマーを重合又は共重合して得られる高分子化合物等を挙げることができる。なお、上記高分子系固体電解質には、支持塩および可塑剤を含んでいてもよい。
(1-1)フッ素系バインダー
(株)島津製作所製、高速液体クロマトグラフ Prominence
溶離液:10mM LiBr in NMP
カラム:昭和電工(株)製、KD-805
カラム温度:40℃
検出器:示差屈折計
流速:1mL/min
サンプル濃度:0.1質量%(20μL注入)
〔測定方法〕
フッ素ポリマー1mgを、10mMのLiBrを溶解したN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)1mLに溶解して希釈液を調製した。得られた希釈液をフィルター(材質:ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポア径:0.45μm)で濾過し、測定サンプルを得た。この測定サンプルをゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフに供給して、上記の条件でGPC測定を行い、フッ素ポリマーのポリスチレン換算分子量を測定して、重量平均分子量(Mw)を求めた。
装置:(株)島津製作所製、高速液体クロマトグラフ Prominence
溶離液:10mM LiBr + 0.1% H3PO4 in NMP
カラム:昭和電工(株)製、KD-803
カラム温度:40℃
検出器:示差屈折計
流速:1mL/min
サンプル濃度:1.0質量%(10μL注入)
〔測定方法〕
合成ポリマーを、10mMのLiBrと0.1質量%のH3PO4を溶解したN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に1質量%となるように溶解して希釈液を調製した。得られた希釈液をフィルター(材質:ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポア径:0.45μm)で濾過し、測定サンプルを得た。この測定サンプルをゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフに供給して、上記の条件でGPC測定を行い、合成ポリマーのポリスチレン換算分子量を測定して、重量平均分子量(Mw)を求めた。
装置:Bruker AVANCE III HD(分光計)
Bruker Ascend 500(マグネット)
溶媒:重DMSO (関東化学)
積分範囲:3.20~2.70ppm(積分値を100に規格化)
2.45~2.10ppm
12.70~12.40ppm
relaxation delay:1秒
積算数:16回
〔評価方法〕
極少量のフッ素系バインダーを重DMSOに溶解させ、NMR測定を実施した。10~15ppmで検出される明確なピークの有無により、極性官能基の有無を確認した。結果を図1~2に示す。
プライミクス(株)製、T.K.ロボミックス(ホモディスパー2.5型(φ32)付き)
プライミクス(株)製、フィルミクス40型
有限会社タクミ技研製、SA-602
日本スピンドル製造(株)製
東洋システム(株)製、TOSCAT-3100
温度:室温
NCM811:Ningbo Ronbay New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.製、ニッケルマンガンコバルト酸リチウム(LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2)、「S-800」
Solef5140:SOLVAY社製、変性PVdF、Mw1,033,408(実測値)、極性官能基あり
Solef5130:SOLVAY社製、変性PVdF、Mw729,202(実測値)、極性官能基あり
KF7300:(株)クレハ製、PVdF、Mw1,215,827(実測値)、極性官能基なし
Kynar HSV1810:アルケマ(株)製、PVdF
AB:デンカブラック(アセチレンブラック、デンカ(株)製)
CNT1:FloTube 6120、Jiangsu Cnano Technology Co., Ltd.
CNT2:LUCAN BT1003、LG Chemical社製
PAA1:富士フイルム和光純薬(株)製、ポリアクリル酸、Mw5,000
PAA2:富士フイルム和光純薬(株)製、ポリアクリル酸、Mw1,800
PAA3:富士フイルム和光純薬(株)製、ポリアクリル酸、Mw25,000
PAA4:富士フイルム和光純薬(株)製、ポリアクリル酸、Mw250,000
AC-10P:東亞合成(株)製、ポリアクリル酸、Mw5,000
PAA-Li:ポリアクリル酸(PAA1のLi50%中和品)、合成品
PVPA:Aldrich製、ポリ(ビニルホスホン酸)、Mw24,817(メーカー測定値)
PSSA:Aldrich製、ポリ(4-スチレンスルホン酸)溶液(18wt% in H2O)、Mw~75,000
AA/AN-8:アクリル酸/アセトニトリルコポリマー、Mw15,724(実測値)、合成品
AA/IA-11:アクリル酸/イタコン酸コポリマー、Mw13,983(実測値)、合成品
AA/IA-12:アクリル酸/イタコン酸コポリマー、Mw14,288(実測値)、合成品
AA/IA-13:アクリル酸/イタコン酸コポリマー、Mw12,616(実測値)、合成品
IA:イタコン酸、東京化成工業(株)製
PIA:ポリイタコン酸、Mw2,387(実測値)、合成品
クエン酸:富士フイルム和光純薬(株)製
PVP1:第一工業製薬(株)製、ポリビニルピロリドン、Mw1,200,000
PVP2:第一工業製薬(株)製、ポリビニルピロリドン、Mw10,000
PVA:Sigma-Aldrich製、ポリビニルアルコール、Mw61,000
PAN:Sigma-Aldrich製、ポリアクリロニトリル、Mw150,000
H-PAN:Dolan GmbH製、ポリアクリロニトリル、Mw200,000
亜リン酸:純正化学(株)製
NMP:純正化学(株)製、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン
NMP(GPC用):富士フイルム和光純薬(株)製、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン
脱水NMP:関東化学(株)製、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン、水分量50ppm以下
[調製例1]ポリイタコン酸(PIA)の合成
純水17.89gに、次亜りん酸ナトリウム一水和物(富士フイルム和光純薬(株)製)0.424g(4mmol)、過硫酸カリウム0.15g(1mmol)を加え、105℃に昇温した。ここに、イタコン酸モノマー(東京化成工業(株)製)1.3g(10mmmol)と純水1.19gを、10分おきに計5回加え、2時間の攪拌還流を行った。反応液から、溶媒を減圧留去により除去した。乾固物1gをDMSO5gに溶解させ、アセトンに再沈殿し、ポリイタコン酸として沈殿物を濾取して回収した。得られたポリマーのMwは2,387であった。
ポリアクリル酸(Mw:5,000、富士フイルム和光純薬(株)製)(PAA1)3.5gを、純水31.5gに溶解させた。これに、無水LiOH(キシダ化学)0.6g(25mmol)を純水5.4gに溶解させたものを加えた。得られた反応液を室温で3日間静置した後、この反応液20gに対してNMP34.2gを加えた。減圧留去により水を除去することで、ポリアクリル酸Li(50%中和品)のNMP溶液を得た。
純水25.63gに、過硫酸カリウム0.051g(0.333mmol)と、アクリロニトリルモノマー0.452gと、アクリル酸モノマー1.805gを加えて、100℃に昇温して攪拌還流させた。10分後、過硫酸カリウム0.051g(0.333mmol)と、アクリロニトリルモノマー0.440gと、アクリル酸モノマー1.82gを加えて、100℃で攪拌還流させた。更に10分後、過硫酸カリウム0.051g(0.333mmol)と、アクリロニトリルモノマー0.440gと、アクリル酸モノマー1.84gを加えた。次いで、100℃で5時間攪拌還流させた後、反応液をアセトン200gに投入して再沈殿させ、室温で1晩静置した。上澄み液をデカンテーションし、残った粘稠物をアセトンで洗浄した。得られた粘稠物を純水50gに再溶解させ、減圧留去により残留するアセトンを除去した後、凍結乾燥により目的物であるAA/ANコポリマー8を得た。得られたポリマーのMwは15,724であった。
純水28.10gに、過硫酸カリウム0.052gと、イタコン酸モノマー0.434gと、アクリル酸モノマー2.178gと、次亜りん酸ナトリウム一水和物0.48gを加えて、90℃に昇温して攪拌還流させた。10分後、過硫酸カリウム0.051g(0.333mmol)と、イタコン酸モノマー0.434gと、アクリル酸モノマー2.155gを加えて、90℃で攪拌還流させた。更に10分後、過硫酸カリウム0.051g(0.333mmol)と、イタコン酸モノマー0.434gと、アクリル酸モノマー2.162gを加えた。次いで、90℃で5時間攪拌還流させた後、反応液をアセトン200gに投入したが、反応液を加えるにつれて生成した沈殿物が再び溶解した。そのため、この反応液を減圧留去により濃縮して、再び、アセトン200gに投入して再沈殿させ、室温で1晩静置した。上澄み液をデカンテーションし、残った粘稠物をアセトンで洗浄した。得られた粘稠物を純水100gに再溶解させ、減圧留去により残留するアセトンを除去した後、凍結乾燥により目的物であるAA/IAコポリマー11を得た。得られたポリマーのMwは13,983であった。
純水30.02gに、過硫酸カリウム0.051gと、イタコン酸モノマー0.867gと、アクリル酸モノマー1.927gと、次亜りん酸ナトリウム一水和物0.48gを加えて、90℃に昇温して攪拌還流させた。10分後、過硫酸カリウム0.051g(0.333mmol)と、イタコン酸モノマー0.867gと、アクリル酸モノマー1.940gを加えて、90℃で攪拌還流させた。更に10分後、過硫酸カリウム0.051g(0.333mmol)と、イタコン酸モノマー0.867gと、アクリル酸モノマー1.926gを加えた。次いで、90℃で5時間攪拌還流させた後、反応液を減圧留去により濃縮した。この反応液をアセトン300gに投入して再沈殿させ、室温で1晩静置した。上澄み液をデカンテーションし、残った粘稠物をアセトンで洗浄した。得られた粘稠物を純水100gに再溶解させ、減圧留去により残留するアセトンを除去した後、凍結乾燥により目的物であるAA/IAコポリマー12を得た。得られたポリマーのMwは14,288であった。
純水31.92gに、過硫酸カリウム0.051gと、イタコン酸モノマー1.302gと、アクリル酸モノマー1.683gと、次亜りん酸ナトリウム一水和物0.48gを加えて、90℃に昇温して攪拌還流させた。10分後、過硫酸カリウム0.051g(0.333mmol)と、イタコン酸モノマー1.302gと、アクリル酸モノマー1.684gを加えて、90℃で攪拌還流させた。更に10分後、過硫酸カリウム0.051g(0.333mmol)と、イタコン酸モノマー1.301gと、アクリル酸モノマー1.682gを加えた。次いで、90℃で5時間攪拌還流させた後、反応液を減圧留去により濃縮した。この反応液をアセトン200gに投入して再沈殿させ、室温で1晩静置した。上澄み液をデカンテーションし、残った粘稠物をアセトンで洗浄した。得られた粘稠物を純水100gに再溶解させ、減圧留去により残留するアセトンを除去した後、凍結乾燥により目的物であるAA/IAコポリマー13を得た。得られたポリマーのMwは12,616であった。
ポリ(4-スチレンスルホン酸)溶液を凍結乾燥させることにより、その固形分であるポリ(4-スチレンスルホン酸)を使用した。
[実施例1-1~1-38、比較例1-1~1-18]
表1~3に示す組成に基づいて、ドライブース内にて、活物質、フッ素系バインダー、導電性炭素材料、有機化合物、分散剤、溶媒を混合した。これを、ホモディスパーにて8,000rpmで1分間混合し、次いで、薄膜旋回型高速ミキサーを用いて周速20m/秒で30秒の混合処理を2回行うことで、電極スラリーを作製した。得られた電極スラリーについては、以下の方法により、その性状と塗工性を評価した。各表にはこれらの評価もまとめた。
〔電極スラリーの性状〕
室温でスラリーの外観や流動性を確認し、下記基準に基づいて判定した。
《判定基準》
○:適度な粘性で、電極形成に適する
×(ゲル化):組成物がゲル化し、電極形成への使用はできない
〔電極スラリーの塗工性〕
電極スラリーをアルミニウム箔(15μm厚み、(株)UACJ)に、ドクターブレードを用いて均一に塗布し、80℃で30分の乾燥をして塗膜を形成した。形成した塗膜の状態を目視により確認し、下記基準に基づいて判定した。なお、ゲル化した電極スラリーについては、アルミニウム箔への正常な塗布が困難であったため、評価を行えなかった。
《判定基準》
○:均一な塗膜が形成された
×:激しい塗布ムラを生じた
[実施例2-1~2-33、比較例2-1~2-8]
実施例1-1~1-22および1-28~1-38、ならびに電極の作製が可能と判断した比較例1-6および1-10~1-12、1-15~1-18で得られた電極スラリーを、集電体であるアルミニウム箔(15μm厚み、(株)UACJ)に、ドクターブレードを用いて均一に塗布し、80℃で30分の乾燥をして電極層を形成し、さらにロールプレス機で圧縮することで電極を作製した。
[実施例3-1~3-33、比較例3-1~3-8]
上記で得られた正極電極から、直径10mmの円盤状の電極を4枚打ち抜き、正極電極層の質量(打ち抜いた電極の質量から、電極未塗工部を直径10mmに打ち抜いたものの質量を差し引いたもの)および電極層厚み(打ち抜いた電極の厚みから、基材の厚みを引いたもの)を測定し、120℃で15時間真空乾燥した後、ドライブースに移した。
作製した試験用の二次電池の特性を評価した。正極において添加剤が電池に及ぼす影響を評価することを目的として、充放電測定装置を用いて電池のエージング、負荷特性評価の順番にて、表4に示す条件で充放電試験を行った。結果は表5に示した。
Claims (18)
- 有機化合物、フッ素系バインダー、導電性炭素材料および活物質を含み、
上記有機化合物が、4つ以上の酸性官能基および/またはその塩を有し、その含有量が、全固形分中0.001~0.5質量%であり、
上記フッ素系バインダーの含有量が、全固形分中0.01~1.0質量%
である電極形成用組成物。 - 上記フッ素系バインダーの含有量が、全固形分中0.05~0.6質量%である請求項1記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記有機化合物の含有量が、全固形分中0.001~0.3質量%である請求項1または2記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記有機化合物が、5つ以上の酸性官能基および/またはその塩を有する請求項1~3のいずれか1項記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記酸性官能基およびその塩が、カルボン酸基、リン酸基、スルホン酸基およびこれらの塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種である請求項1~4のいずれか1項記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記酸性官能基およびその塩が、カルボン酸基および/またはその塩である請求項5記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記有機化合物が、ポリマーである請求項1~6のいずれか1項記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記有機化合物の重量平均分子量が、250~2,000,000である請求項7記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記有機化合物が、芳香族環、アルキル基、アミノ基、エーテル基、ニトリル基、ヒドロキシ基およびカルボニル基からなる群より選ばれる基を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位と、カルボン酸基および/またはその塩を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位とを含むコポリマーである請求項7または8記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記有機化合物が、ニトリル基、ヒドロキシ基およびカルボニル基からなる群より選ばれる基を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位と、カルボン酸基および/またはその塩を有するモノマーに由来する繰り返し単位とを含むコポリマーである請求項9記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 更に、分散剤を含む請求項1~10のいずれか1項記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記分散剤が、非イオン性ポリマーを含む請求項11記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記非イオン性ポリマーが、ポリビニルピロリドン、または、ニトリル基、ヒドロキシ基、カルボニル基、アミノ基、スルホニル基およびエーテル基からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の基を有するポリマーである請求項12記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記有機化合物と上記分散剤との総量が、全固形分中0.001~1質量%である請求項11~13のいずれか1項記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 上記活物質が、Liと、NiおよびFeから選ばれる少なくとも1種とを含む酸化物、またはSを含み、正極用の組成物である請求項1~14のいずれか1項記載の電極形成用組成物。
- 集電基板と、この集電基板の少なくとも一方の面に形成された電極合材層とを有し、上記電極合材層が、請求項1~15のいずれか1項記載の電極形成用組成物で形成されている電極。
- 請求項16記載の電極を備えるエネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
- 全固体電池である請求項17記載のエネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
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