WO2023246821A1 - 改性剂及其用途、正极材料的改性方法、电解液、二次电池与终端设备 - Google Patents

改性剂及其用途、正极材料的改性方法、电解液、二次电池与终端设备 Download PDF

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WO2023246821A1
WO2023246821A1 PCT/CN2023/101529 CN2023101529W WO2023246821A1 WO 2023246821 A1 WO2023246821 A1 WO 2023246821A1 CN 2023101529 W CN2023101529 W CN 2023101529W WO 2023246821 A1 WO2023246821 A1 WO 2023246821A1
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positive electrode
modifier
electrolyte
group
secondary battery
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PCT/CN2023/101529
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English (en)
French (fr)
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马强
吴浩斌
陈泽锐
赵巍
洪响
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华为技术有限公司
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Publication of WO2023246821A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023246821A1/zh

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/60Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of organic compounds
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This application relates to the field of battery technology, specifically to a modifier and its use, a method for modifying positive electrode materials, electrolytes, secondary batteries and terminal equipment.
  • This application provides a modifier and its use, a method for modifying the positive electrode material, an electrolyte, a secondary battery and terminal equipment.
  • the modifier can be used to improve the infiltration between the positive electrode material and the electrolyte of the secondary battery. properties to improve the rate performance, discharge capacity and cycle stability of the battery.
  • the present application provides a modifier that is used to modify the cathode material or electrolyte of a secondary battery to improve the wettability between the cathode material and the electrolyte.
  • the modifier of the present application includes at least one cathode-friendly material group and at least one electrolyte-philic group in its molecular structure; wherein, the cathode-friendly material group can be a group capable of forming a chemical bond with the transition metal in the cathode material.
  • the electrolyte group is a group with similar or identical polarity to the solvent molecules in the electrolyte.
  • the cathode-friendly material groups include any one of cyano groups, thiol groups, phosphate groups, and sulfonic acid groups or a combination thereof.
  • a chemical bond can be formed between the cathode-friendly material group of the modifier and the transition metal in the cathode material, thereby causing chemical adsorption between the cathode-friendly material group and the cathode material.
  • the bonding strength between the modifier and the positive electrode material can be further improved.
  • the electrophilic solution group includes any of the amino group, ester group, amide group, ether group and sulfonyl group. one or a combination thereof.
  • the electrophilic solution group selected from this range can further improve the bonding strength between the modifier and the electrolyte.
  • the molecular weight of the modifier is 50 to 500. If the molecular weight of the modifier is too low, there will be a problem of easy volatilization, and if the molecular weight is too high, the modifier will not be easily dispersed in the electrolyte or may The viscosity of the electrolyte increases.
  • the concentration of the modifier in the modification solution may be 0.01wt% to 5wt%.
  • the solvent used to dissolve the modifier includes, but is not limited to, one or a combination of at least two of carbonate, carboxylate, or ether solvents.
  • the modifier can be fully adsorbed on the surface of the cathode material, which can prevent the modifier from entering the inside of the cathode material.
  • the cathode material can be loaded with a high content of active substances, and can also be set High compaction density cathode materials to increase the energy density of secondary batteries.
  • the electrolyte group of the modifier is a group with similar or identical polarity to the solvent molecules in the electrolyte, the modifier is dissolved in the electrolyte of the present application and the electrolyte is used in secondary batteries.
  • the wettability between the electrolyte and the cathode material can be improved, thereby improving the rate performance, discharge capacity and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • the present application also provides a modifier of each possible embodiment of the first aspect of the present application for use as a cathode material of a secondary battery or The use of electrolyte modifiers.
  • the application also provides a secondary battery, which includes a positive electrode piece, a negative electrode piece, a separator, and an electrolyte.
  • the separator is between the positive electrode piece and the negative electrode piece, and the electrolyte is filled in the positive electrode.
  • the separator is wetted between the electrode piece and the negative electrode piece.
  • the positive electrode piece includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode material layer coated on at least one side surface of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive electrode material layer includes a positive electrode material.
  • the cathode material of the secondary battery is the cathode material obtained by the modification method of the second aspect of the present application; or, the electrolyte of the secondary battery is the electrolyte of the third aspect of the present application.
  • the present application further provides a terminal device, which includes the secondary battery according to the fifth aspect of the present application; wherein the terminal device includes but is not limited to mobile phones, cameras, vehicles, electric bicycles, drones, etc. Since the secondary battery proposed in the embodiments of the present application has high discharge capacity and cycle life, the same effect can also be obtained by using the secondary battery provided by the various possible embodiments of the present application as a driving power source for terminal equipment, which will not be repeated here. Repeat.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the working principle of the lithium-ion battery charging and discharging process
  • Figure 2 is a contact angle test chart of the surface-modified LCO positive electrode piece in Example 1;
  • Figure 5 is a contact angle test chart of the unmodified NCM811 positive electrode piece in Comparative Example 2;
  • Figure 6 is the surface N element XPS image of the modified cathode material (LCO) in Application Example 1 initially and after being soaked in DME for 10 days;
  • Figure 7 is the surface N element XPS pattern of the modified cathode material (NCM811) in Example 6 initially and after soaking in DME for 10 days;
  • Figure 8 is a comparison chart of cycle curves of the secondary batteries in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1;
  • Figure 9 is a comparison chart of cycle curves of the secondary batteries in Example 6 and Comparative Example 2.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the working principle of a lithium-ion battery charging and discharging process. As shown in Figure 1, during charging, lithium ions are extracted from the crystal lattice of the positive electrode material, pass through the electrolyte 14 and pass through the separator 13, and then are inserted into the negative electrode material.
  • the electrons flow from the negative electrode piece 12 to the positive electrode piece 11 to power external terminal equipment.
  • the separator 13 is a non-conductive film layer that can pass through lithium ions and prevent electrons from passing through, so as to separate the positive and negative electrodes to prevent short circuit.
  • the electrolyte 14 is a carrier for lithium ions to be transported between the positive and negative electrodes. During the charge and discharge process, the electrolyte 14 needs to have good contact with the electrode material to effectively reduce internal polarization, reduce ion transmission resistance, and improve battery performance.
  • a modifier which can be used to modify the cathode material or electrolyte of a secondary battery to improve the wettability between the cathode material and the electrolyte.
  • the molecular structure of the modifier includes at least one cathode material group and at least one electrolyte solution group; the cathode material group can be a group capable of forming a chemical bond with the transition metal in the cathode material; the electrolyte solution group It is a group with similar or same polarity as that in the electrolyte solvent molecule.
  • the cathode material group and the electrolyte solution group can both be polar groups and have hydrophilic and polar solution characteristics.
  • the electrolyte group includes but is not limited to any one of amine group, ester group, amide group, ether group and sulfonyl group or a combination thereof.
  • a molecular structure of the modifier may contain one electrolyte group, or two, three or more electrolyte groups. In the embodiments of the present application, the number of electrophilic solution groups is not specifically limited, as long as there is at least one.
  • the group used to connect at least one positive electrode material group and at least one electrolytic solution group in the molecular structure of the modifier is preferably an alkyl group or alkyl halide with 1 to 10 carbon atoms. base, alkenyl or haloalkenyl of 2 to 10 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, halocycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, haloheterocyclyl, heterocycloalkenyl or halo Heterocyclenyl group, and at least one of an aryl group or a haloaryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms.
  • the modifier includes but is not limited to one or more of the substances represented by structural formulas (A) to (H):
  • this application also provides a method for modifying the cathode material.
  • the modification method of the cathode material will be described in detail below. It can be understood that the following method is only an optional method for surface modification of the cathode material using a modifier, and the modification method is not limited to the following method.
  • the solvent for dissolving the modifier includes, but is not limited to, one or a combination of at least two of carbonate, carboxylate, or ether solvents.
  • the concentration of the modifier solution can be 0.01wt% ⁇ 5wt%.
  • the concentration of the modifier can be 0.01wt%, 0.03wt%, 0.08wt%, 0.11wt%, 0.16wt%, 0.22 wt%, 0.27wt%, 0.35wt%, 0.45wt%, 1.0wt%, 1.5wt%, 2.0wt%, 2.5wt%, 3.0wt%, 3.5wt%, 4.0wt%, 4.5wt% or 5wt%.
  • the modifier can be fully contacted with the cathode material, and a chemical bond can be formed between the cathode-friendly material group of the modifier and the transition metal of the cathode material, so that the modifier can be more fully And evenly adsorbed on the surface of the cathode material.
  • the electrolyte is an electrolyte salt
  • the electrolyte salt includes one or more of lithium salt, sodium salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, zinc salt and aluminum salt.
  • the electrolyte salt can be MClO 4 , MBF 4 , MPF 6 , MAsF 6 , MPF 2 O 2 , MCF 3 SO 3 , MTDI, MB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 , MBF 2 C 2 O 4 , M[(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N], one or more of M[(FSO 2 ) 2 N], M[(C m F 2m+1 SO 2 )(C n F 2n+1 SO 2 )N], Among them, M can be Li, Na or K, and m and n are natural numbers.
  • the present application also provides the use of a modifier as a modifier of a positive electrode material or an electrolyte of a secondary battery.
  • the secondary battery may include a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, a separator, and an electrolyte, wherein the separator is between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet. Between the sheets, the electrolyte is filled between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet and infiltrates the separator.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode material layer coated on at least one side surface of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive electrode material layer includes a positive electrode material. .
  • the cathode material of the secondary battery according to the embodiments of the present application may be a cathode material obtained by using the modification method provided by each possible embodiment of the present application, or the electrolyte of the secondary battery may be a modified cathode material according to the embodiments of the present application. Electrolyte for sex agents.
  • the secondary battery in the embodiment of the present application can be a lithium ion battery, a sodium ion battery, a potassium ion battery, a magnesium ion battery, a zinc ion battery or an aluminum ion battery, etc.
  • This application does not specify a specific secondary battery. The type is limited.
  • the positive electrode material or the electrolyte contains a modifier, under the action of the modifier, the affinity between the positive electrode material and the electrolyte is improved, and thus the secondary battery of this application can obtain better results. High rate performance, discharge capacity and cycle performance.
  • the cathode material of this application can be lithium cobalt oxide (compacted density can be ⁇ 4.1g/cm 3 ), lithium iron phosphate (compacted density can be ⁇ 2.4g/cm 3 ), lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material (compacted density can be ⁇ 2.4g/cm 3 ), Solid density can be ⁇ 3.4g/cm 3 ), Prussian white (blue) (compacted density can be ⁇ 1.5g/cm 3 ), sodium nickel iron manganese (compacted density can be ⁇ 2.9g/cm 3 ), sodium copper One or more of iron and manganese (compacted density can be ⁇ 2.9g/cm 3 ).
  • the secondary battery of the present application can use the above-mentioned high compaction density cathode material, so that the secondary battery can obtain high energy density on the basis of high rate performance, high discharge capacity and high cycle life, and improve the comprehensive performance of the secondary battery. performance.
  • the negative electrode sheet may include a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode material layer coated on at least one side surface of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode material layer includes a negative electrode active material.
  • the negative active material can be a carbon-based negative electrode (graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, graphene, etc.), a silicon-based negative electrode (silicon, silicon carbon, silicon oxygen, silicon metal compounds, etc.), a tin-based negative electrode (tin, tin carbon, tin Oxygen, tin metal compounds, etc.), phosphorus-based negative electrodes (red phosphorus, black phosphorus, phosphorus compounds, etc.), lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), lithium negative electrode, sodium negative electrode, potassium negative electrode, magnesium negative electrode, zinc negative electrode, One or more types of aluminum negative electrodes.
  • the lithium negative electrode, sodium negative electrode, potassium negative electrode, magnesium negative electrode, zinc negative electrode, and aluminum negative electrode can be lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum metal or their alloys, or they can be the above metals or their alloys with current collectors.
  • the lithium negative electrode may be metallic lithium or a lithium alloy, or may include a current collector and metallic lithium or lithium alloy disposed on the current collector.
  • the lithium alloy may include, for example, at least one of lithium silicon alloy, lithium aluminum alloy, lithium tin alloy, or lithium indium alloy.
  • the separator includes but is not limited to a single layer of polypropylene (PP), a single layer of polyethylene (PE), a double-layer laminate of PP film and PE film, and a two-layer PP film. Forming a laminate, a three-layer laminate formed by laminating PP film, PE film and PP film in sequence, a separator formed by coating PE on the ceramic surface, etc.
  • PP polypropylene
  • PE polyethylene
  • PE film and PE film a double-layer laminate of PP film and PE film
  • a two-layer PP film Forming a laminate, a three-layer laminate formed by laminating PP film, PE film and PP film in sequence, a separator formed by coating PE on the ceramic surface, etc.
  • the preparation process of the secondary battery may include the following steps:
  • Step S21 Prepare the electrolyte: In a glove box filled with inert gas, dissolve the electrolyte in the solvent, optionally add diluent or other additives, and stir evenly to obtain the electrolyte for the secondary battery.
  • the cathode material in the cathode plate is a cathode material modified with a modifier.
  • the present application also provides a terminal device, which includes the secondary battery of the present application.
  • the secondary battery can provide power for terminal equipment to drive the normal operation of the terminal equipment.
  • terminal equipment includes but is not limited to mobile phones, electric vehicles, power storage systems, etc.
  • secondary batteries of various possible embodiments of the present application have high rate performance, discharge capacity and cycle life
  • terminal equipment using the secondary batteries of the present application as driving power sources can also achieve the same effect.
  • This embodiment is a lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 , LCO) positive electrode sheet surface-modified using 4-acetamide benzonitrile and a secondary battery including the positive electrode sheet.
  • LiCoO 2 , LCO lithium cobalt oxide
  • the preparation process of the positive electrode sheet in the secondary battery includes the following steps:
  • Step S11 Prepare the modification solution: Dissolve 10 mg of 4-acetamide benzonitrile in 10 mL of dimethoxyethane (DME) and stir magnetically for 30 minutes to obtain a modified solution containing 4-acetamide benzonitrile. solution;
  • Step S12. Soak the positive electrode sheet loaded with positive electrode material Place the positive electrode sheet loaded with lithium cobalt oxide (lithium cobalt oxide active material content: 22 mg/cm 2 , compacted density: 4.15 g/cm 3 ) at 4- In the modified solution of acetamide benzonitrile, let it stand for 2 hours;
  • lithium cobalt oxide lithium cobalt oxide active material content: 22 mg/cm 2 , compacted density: 4.15 g/cm 3
  • Step S13 Wash and dry the positive electrode material adsorbed with the modifier: take out the positive electrode piece, wash it with DME solution and dry it to obtain a surface-modified positive electrode piece.
  • Step S21 Prepare the electrolyte: In a glove box filled with argon, add fully dry lithium salt (lithium bisfluorosulfonyl imide, LiFSI) to the organic solvent of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and then add 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, stir and mix evenly to obtain a lithium secondary battery electrolyte, in which dimethyl carbonate and 1,1,2 , 2-Tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether is mixed at a mass ratio of 50:50, and the concentration of lithium salt (LiFSI) is 1.5mol/L.
  • LiFSI lithium bisfluorosulfonyl imide
  • Examples 2-11 are respectively a positive electrode plate obtained by surface modification using a modifier and a secondary battery assembled using the positive electrode plate.
  • the specific preparation process can be referred to the preparation of Example 1. The difference lies in the use of The specific compositions of different modifiers, positive electrode materials, negative electrode sheets, electrolyte salts and organic solvents are listed in Table 1.
  • Comparative Examples 1-6 are respectively a kind of secondary battery. No modifier is used in Comparative Examples 1-6.
  • the specific preparation process can be referred to Example 1, and the specific composition is listed in Table 1.
  • the parameters of different positive electrode plates in the above embodiments and comparative examples are as follows: Lithium nickel cobalt manganate (LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 , NCM811) positive electrode active material content: 22mg/cm 2 , compacted density: 3.5g/cm 3 ; Sodium nickel iron manganese (NaNi 1/3 Fe 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , NFM111) positive electrode plate active material content: 20mg/cm 2 , compacted density: 2.95g/cm 3 ; Prussian white (Na 2 Mn [Fe(CN) 6 ], PBA) positive electrode sheet active material content: 20mg/cm 2 , compacted density: 1.55g/cm 3 ; Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 , LFP) positive electrode sheet active material content: 20mg/cm 2 , compacted density: 2.5g/cm 3 .
  • Performance tests were performed on the secondary batteries in the above embodiments and comparative examples.
  • the test items included cycle performance and rate performance.
  • the specific test process is as follows:
  • the voltage range of Li/LiCoO 2 (LCO) battery is 3.0-4.5V; the voltage range of Li/LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) battery is 3.0-4.4V; Na/NaNi 1/3 Fe 1/3
  • the voltage range of Mn 1/3 O 2 (NFM111) battery is 2.0-3.9V; the voltage range of Na/Na 2 Mn[Fe(CN) 6 ] (PBA) battery is 2.0-3.9V; Silicon Carbon/LiCoO 2 ( LCO) battery has a voltage range of 3.0-4.4V; graphite/LiFePO 4 (LFP) battery has a voltage range of 2.5-3.65V; hard carbon/Na 2 Mn [Fe(CN) 6 ] (PBA) battery has a voltage range of 1.5 -3.9V.
  • Figure 2 is a contact angle test chart of the modified LCO positive electrode piece in Example 1
  • Figure 3 is a contact angle test chart of the unmodified LCO positive electrode piece in Comparative Example 1.
  • the contact angle of the positive electrode plate in Example 1 to the electrolyte is 13.76°.
  • the contact angle of the positive electrode plate in Comparative Example 1 to the electrolyte is 18.34°. Therefore It can be seen that with respect to the same electrolyte, the contact angle of the positive electrode piece in Example 1 is smaller than the contact angle of the positive electrode piece in Comparative Example 1.
  • Figure 4 is a contact angle test chart of the modified NCM811 positive electrode piece in Example 6.
  • Figure 5 is a contact angle test chart of the unmodified NCM811 positive electrode piece in Comparative Example 2.
  • implementation The contact angle of the positive electrode plate in Example 6 to the electrolyte is 15.1°, as shown in Figure 5.
  • the contact angle of the positive electrode plate in Comparative Example 2 to the electrolyte is 17.26°. It can be seen from this that compared with the same electrolyte liquid, the contact angle of the positive electrode piece in Example 6 is smaller than the contact angle of the positive electrode piece in Comparative Example 2.

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Abstract

本申请提供了一种改性剂及其用途、正极材料的改性方法、电解液、二次电池与终端设备。该改性剂用于提升二次电池的正极材料和电解液之间的浸润性。改性剂的分子结构中包括至少一个亲正极材料基团和至少一个亲电解液基团;亲正极材料基团可为能够与正极材料中的过渡金属形成化学键的基团;亲电解液基团为与电解液中的溶剂分子极性相似或相同的基团。本申请提供的改性剂用于二次电池中时,提升了正极材料与电解液之间的浸润性,有利于活性离子在两者之间界面处的传输,进而减少界面电阻,降低电池极化,从而改善二次电池的倍率性能和循环性能。

Description

改性剂及其用途、正极材料的改性方法、电解液、二次电池与终端设备
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求在2022年06月24日提交中国专利局、申请号为202210731262.X、申请名称为“改性剂及其用途、正极材料的改性方法、电解液、二次电池与终端设备”的中国专利申请的优先权,其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电池技术领域,具体涉及一种改性剂及其用途、正极材料的改性方法、电解液、二次电池与终端设备。
背景技术
目前,二次电池,例如锂离子电池,已经广泛地应用于便携式电子产品、无人机及电动汽车等领域。随着电子行业的快速发展,消费者对电子产品待机时长和电动车辆续航性能的要求逐渐严格,因此,对二次电池的能量密度提出了更高的要求,以满足电子产品以及电动车辆的用电需求。为了提升二次电池的能量密度,常用的方法为提高正极材料中的活性物质负载量或极片压实密度。然而,高活性物质负载量和高压实密度会导致正极材料与电解液之间的浸润性变差,活性离子在正极材料和电解液之间界面处的传输路径增加,阻碍了活性离子在正负极之间的穿梭;同时,正极材料与电解液之间的浸润性变差还会导致两者之间的界面电阻增大,使电池内部极化增大,增大活性离子的传输阻力;并且,正极材料与电解液之间的浸润性变差,还会导致部分正极材料不能与电解液接触,正极材料中的未接触电解液的活性物质无法参与电化学反应,从而严重影响电池的倍率性能、放电容量和循环稳定性,降低电池的电性能。
发明内容
本申请提供了一种改性剂及其用途、正极材料的改性方法、电解液、二次电池与终端设备,利用该改性剂可提高二次电池的正极材料和电解液之间的浸润性,以提升电池的倍率性能、放电容量和循环稳定性。
第一方面,本申请提供一种改性剂,该改性剂用于对二次电池的正极材料或电解液进行改性以提升正极材料与电解液之间的浸润性。本申请的改性剂,其分子结构中包括至少一个亲正极材料基团和至少一个亲电解液基团;其中,亲正极材料基团可为能够与正极材料中的过渡金属形成化学键的基团;亲电解液基团为与电解液中的溶剂分子极性相似或相同的基团。
本申请的改性剂具有至少一个亲正极材料基团,和至少一个亲电解液基团,将该改性剂用于二次电池中后,其可作为中间桥接分子,提高正极材料和电解液之间的结合度。其中,在亲正极材料基团的作用下,改性剂可吸附于正极材料的表面,同时,在改性剂的亲电解液基团的作用下,电解液中的溶剂分子可吸附在改性剂的表面,吸附有改性剂的正极材料对电解液的亲和性得到显著提升。由此,本申请的改性剂用于二次电池中,可显著提高正极材料和电解液之间的浸润性,减少正极材料和电解液之间的界面缺陷,缩短活性离子在两者界面处的传输路径,方便活性离子的传输,以提高二次电池的倍率性能;另外,正极材料和电解液之间的浸润性提高,还可降低两者之间的界面电阻,减少电池的内部极化,降低活性离子在界面处的传输阻力,以改善二次电池的循环性能。正极材料和电解液之间的浸润性提高,可使正极材料中的活性物质充分与电解液接触,参与电化学反应,从而提高二次电池的放电容量。综上,通过将本申请的改性剂应用于二次电池中,可有效提升正极材料与电解液的浸润性,即使在正极材料具有高活性物质负载量以及高压实密度的情况下,也可显著提高正极材料与电解液之间的浸润性,从而改善二次电池的倍率性能、放电容量和循环性能。
在本申请一种可能的实现方式中,亲正极材料基团包括氰基、巯基、磷酸基团和磺酸基团中的任意一种或其组合。改性剂的亲正极材料基团与正极材料中的过渡金属之间可形成化学键,从而使亲正极材料基团与正极材料发生化学吸附。亲正极材料基团选用氰基、巯基、磷酸基团和磺酸基团中的至少一种时,可进一步提高改性剂与正极材料之间的结合强度。
在本申请一种可能的实现方式中,亲电解液基团包括胺基、酯基、酰胺基、醚基和磺酰基中的任意 一种或其组合。选自该范围的亲电解液基团可进一步提高改性剂与电解液之间的结合强度。
在本申请一种可能的实现方式中,改性剂的分子结构中用于连接至少一个亲正极材料基团和至少一个亲电解液基团的基团选自1~20个碳原子的烷基或卤代烷基、2~20个碳原子的烯基或卤代烯基、3~20个碳原子的环烷基或卤代环烷基、3~20个碳原子的杂环基或卤代杂环基、3~20个碳原子的杂环烯基或卤代杂环烯基、以及6~20个碳原子的芳基或卤代芳基中的至少一种。
在本申请一种可能的实现方式中,改性剂的分子量为50~500,改性剂分子量过低会存在容易挥发的问题,而分子量过高会导致改性剂在电解液中不易分散或者电解液粘度变大。
在本申请一种可能的实现方式中,改性剂选自以下结构式(A)~(H)中的至少一种:
第二方面,本申请还提供一种正极材料的改性方法,该方法包括以下步骤:正极材料的表面吸附本申请第一方面各可能实施方式的改性剂后完成对正极材料的改性。
本申请的改性方法中,利用本申请第一方面的改性剂对二次电池的正极材料进行表面改性,改性后,改性剂可吸附在正极材料的表面,由于本申请第一方面的改性剂包括亲电解液基团,亲电解液基团为与电解液中的溶剂分子极性相似或相同的基团,因此,吸附有改性剂的正极材料与电解液具有更高的亲和性,可使正极材料与电解液之间的界面处具有更短的界面传输路径、更低的界面电阻、更小的内部极化、以及更充分的界面接触,进而可有效改善二次电池的倍率性能、放电容量和循环性能。
在一种可选的实现方式中,正极材料表面吸附改性剂可包括如下步骤:将正极材料浸泡于含有改性剂的改性溶液中,浸泡完成后干燥以使改性剂吸附于正极材料的表面。其中,正极材料可为包括正极活性物质、导电剂、粘结剂以及辅助添加剂的固体复合材料,还可为包括正极活性物质、导电剂、粘结剂以及辅助添加剂的浆料,这样,可在正极材料制备完成对正极材料进行改性,还可在正极材料的浆料制备过程中引入改性剂对正极材料进行改性。
通过将正极材料浸泡在改性剂的改性溶液中以使改性剂能够与正极材料充分接触,并使改性剂在亲正极材料基团的作用下吸附在正极材料的表面。
其中,改性溶液中改性剂的浓度可为0.01wt%~5wt%。需要说明的是,用于溶解改性剂的溶剂包括但不限于碳酸酯类、羧酸酯类或醚类溶剂中的一种或至少两种的组合。
在一种可选的实现方式中,正极材料表面吸附改性剂可包括如下步骤:将载有正极材料的正极极片浸泡于含有改性剂的改性溶液中,浸泡完成后干燥以使改性剂吸附于正极材料的表面。
采用上述改性方法获得的正极极片,改性剂可充分吸附在正极材料的表面,可避免改性剂进入正极材料内部,这样,正极材料中可负载高含量的活性物质,并且还可设置高压实密度的正极材料,以提高二次电池的能量密度。
第三方面,本申请还提供一种电解液,该电解液包括溶剂、溶于上述溶剂中的电解质以及本申请第一方面各可能实施方式的改性剂。
由于改性剂的亲电解液基团为与电解液中的溶剂分子极性相似或者相同的基团,将改性剂溶解于本申请的电解液中,将该电解液用于二次电池后,在改性剂的亲正极材料基团的作用下,可提高电解液与正极材料之间的浸润性,进而可改善二次电池的倍率性能、放电容量和循环性能。
第四方面,本申请还提供一种本申请第一方面各可能实施方式的改性剂用作二次电池的正极材料或 电解液的改性剂的用途。
第五方面,本申请还提供一种二次电池,该二次电池包括正极极片、负极极片、隔膜以及电解液,隔膜介于正极极片和负极极片之间,电解液填充于正极极片和负极极片之间并浸润隔膜,正极极片包括正极集流体与涂覆于正极集流体至少一侧表面的正极材料层,正极材料层包括正极材料。其中,二次电池的正极材料为利用本申请第二方面的改性方法获得的正极材料;或者,二次电池的电解液为本申请第三方面的电解液。
本申请中的二次电池的正极材料和/或电解液通过本申请的改性剂进行改性,在改性剂的作用下,二次电池的正极材料与电解液的浸润性显著提升,有利于离子传输,降低电池界面电阻,降低电池的内部极化,因此,本申请提供的二次电池可具有较高的倍率性能、放电容量和循环性能。
第六方面,本申请还提供一种终端设备,该终端设备包括本申请第五方面的二次电池;其中,终端设备包括但不限于手机、摄像机、车辆、电动自行车、无人机等。由于本申请实施方式提出的二次电池具有较高的放电容量和循环寿命,因此使用本申请各可能实施方式提供的二次电池作为驱动电源的终端设备也可以获得相同的效果,这里不再重复赘述。
附图说明
图1为锂离子电池充放电过程的工作原理示意图;
图2为实施例1中的表面改性的LCO正极极片的接触角测试图;
图3为对比例1中未改性的LCO正极极片的接触角测试图;
图4为实施例6中的表面改性的NCM811正极极片的接触角测试图;
图5为对比例2中未改性的NCM811正极极片的接触角测试图;
图6为应用实施例1中的改性的正极材料(LCO)初始及经DME浸泡10days的表面N元素XPS图;
图7为实施例6中的改性的正极材料(NCM811)初始及经DME浸泡10days的表面N元素XPS图谱;
图8为实施例1和对比例1中的二次电池的循环曲线对照图;
图9为实施例6和对比例2中的二次电池的循环曲线对照图。
附图标记:
11-正极极片;12-负极极片;13-隔膜;14-电解液。
具体实施方式
为了使本申请的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合附图对本申请作进一步地详细描述。
以下实施例中所使用的术语只是为了描述特定实施例的目的,而并非旨在作为对本申请的限制。如在本申请的说明书和所附权利要求书中所使用的那样,单数表达形式“一个”、“一种”、“所述”、“上述”、“该”和“这一”旨在也包括例如“一个或多个”这种表达形式,除非其上下文中明确地有相反指示。
在本说明书中描述的参考“一个实施例”或“一些实施例”等意味着在本申请的一个或多个实施例中包括结合该实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特点。由此,在本说明书中的不同之处出现的语句“在一个实施例中”、“在一些实施例中”、“在其他一些实施例中”、“在另外一些实施例中”等不是必然都参考相同的实施例,而是意味着“一个或多个但不是所有的实施例”,除非是以其他方式另外特别强调。术语“包括”、“包含”、“具有”及它们的变形都意味着“包括但不限于”,除非是以其他方式另外特别强调。
目前,可循环充放电的二次电池,例如锂离子电池,已经广泛应用于移动电话、笔记本电脑、便携式电子移动设备以及无人机、电动汽车等终端设备当中。其中,图1为一种锂离子电池充放电过程的工作原理示意图。如图1所示,充电时,锂离子从正极材料的晶格中脱出,经过电解液14并穿过隔膜13后插入到负极材料中,电子从正极极片11流向负极极片12;放电时,锂离子从负极材料中脱出,经过电解液14并穿过隔膜13后插入到正极材料的晶格中,电子从负极极片12流向正极极片11,对外部终端设备进行供电。隔膜13为不导电膜层,可透过锂离子,阻止电子透过,以将正负极隔开防止短路。电解液14是锂离子在正负极之间传输的载体,在充放电过程中,电解液14需要与电极材料具有良好的接触,才能有效降低内部极化,减少离子传输阻力,提升电池性能。
同时,随着电子产品、无人机及电动汽车等领域的发展,对二次电池的能量密度的要求越来越高, 提高正极材料活性物质负载量和极片压实密度对提升二次电池能量密度有至关重要的作用。然而,高活性物质负载量和高压实密度会导致正极极片与电解液浸润性变差,因此,如何解决高活性物质负载量和高压实密度正极极片与电解液浸润性差的问题,对提升高能量密度电池性能发挥具有重要作用。
为了解决该技术问题,本申请实施例提供一种改性剂,该改性剂可用于对二次电池的正极材料或电解液进行改性以提升正极材料与电解液之间的浸润性。改性剂的分子结构中包括至少一个亲正极材料基团和至少一个亲电解液基团;亲正极材料基团可为能够与正极材料中的过渡金属形成化学键的基团;亲电解液基团为与电解液溶剂分子中极性相似或相同的基团。
其中,亲正极材料基团和亲电解液基团可均为极性基团,具有亲水和亲极性溶液特性。
在本申请一种实施例中,亲正极材料基团包括但不限于氰基、巯基、磷酸基团和磺酸基团中的任意一种或其组合。在改性剂的一个分子结构中,可以包含一个亲正极材料基团,也可以包含两个、三个或更多个的亲正极材料基团。本申请实施例中,对亲正极材料基团的数量不做具体的限定,只要至少存在一个即可。
在本申请一种实施例中,亲电解液基团包括但不限于胺基、酯基、酰胺基、醚基和磺酰基中的任意一种或其组合。在改性剂的一个分子结构中,可以包含一个亲电解液基团,也可以包含两个、三个或更多个的亲电解液基团。本申请实施例中,对亲电解液基团的数量不做具体的限定,只要至少存在一个即可。
在本申请一种实施例中,改性剂的分子结构中用于连接至少一个亲正极材料基团和至少一个亲电解液基团的基团1~20个碳原子的烷基或卤代烷基、2~20个碳原子的烯基或卤代烯基、3~20个碳原子的环烷基、卤代环烷基、杂环基、卤代杂环基、杂环烯基或卤代杂环烯基、以及6~20个碳原子的芳基或卤代芳基中的至少一种,其中,卤代元素可以选自氟、氯、溴和碘中的一种或多种的组合。其中,改性剂的分子量可为50~500,示例性地,分子量可为50、60、80、120、160、200、250、300、360、460或500。
在本申请一种实施例中,改性剂的分子结构中用于连接至少一个亲正极材料基团和至少一个亲电解液基团的基团优选为1~10个碳原子的烷基或卤代烷基、2~10个碳原子的烯基或卤代烯基、3~10个碳原子的环烷基、卤代环烷基、杂环基、卤代杂环基、杂环烯基或卤代杂环烯基、以及6~14个碳原子的芳基或卤代芳基中的至少一种。
在本申请一种实施例中,改性剂包括但不限于结构式(A)~(H)所示物质中的一种或多种:
基于同样的技术构思,本申请还提供一种正极材料的改性方法。以下将对正极材料的改性方法做具体说明。可以理解的是,以下方法仅为利用改性剂对正极材料进行表面改性的一种可选方法,改性方法并非局限于以下一种方法。
利用本申请提供的改性剂对正极材料进行改性的方法包括如下步骤:正极材料表面吸附改性剂以完 成对正极材料的改性。
其中,作为示例性说明,在本申请一种实施例中,正极材料表面吸附改性剂包括以下步骤S11~S13:
步骤S11、配置改性溶液
将改性剂溶解于溶剂中得到改性溶液。
其中,溶解改性剂的溶剂包括但不限于碳酸酯类、羧酸酯类或醚类溶剂中的一种或至少两种的组合。其中,改性剂的溶液的浓度可为0.01wt%~5wt%,示例性的,改性剂的浓度可为0.01wt%、0.03wt%、0.08wt%、0.11wt%、0.16wt%、0.22wt%、0.27wt%、0.35wt%、0.45wt%、1.0wt%、1.5wt%、2.0wt%、2.5wt%、3.0wt%、3.5wt%、4.0wt%、4.5wt%或5wt%。
可以理解的是,可以通过磁力搅拌等方式以使改性剂充分溶解于溶剂中。
步骤S12、浸泡正极材料或浸泡载有正极材料的正极极片
将正极材料或载有正极材料的正极极片放置于改性溶液中进行浸泡。其中,本申请实施例中不对浸泡时间进行限制,具体可根据改性剂溶液的浓度进行设置,只要保证改性剂能够充分接触正极材料,以使改性剂的亲正极材料基团与正极材料的过渡金属形成化学键,以得到表面吸附有改性剂的正极材料即可。
步骤S13、清洗并干燥吸附有改性剂的正极材料
浸泡完成后,从改性溶液中取出吸附有改性剂的正极材料或载有正极材料的正极极片,采用能够溶解改性剂的洗涤剂清洗上述正极材料或载有正极材料的正极极片,以洗涤未能与正极材料发生化学吸附的改性剂,洗涤之后对正极材料进行干燥处理,从而得到表面改性的正极材料。
可以理解的是,本申请实施例中的干燥方式可为烘干,还可为其他干燥方式,本申请实施例中未对干燥的具体方式进行限定,只要能够使正极极片充分干燥即可。
利用本申请上述实施例的改性方法,可使改性剂与正极材料充分接触,改性剂的亲正极材料基团与正极材料的过渡金属之间可形成化学键,进而改性剂能够更加充分且均匀地吸附在正极材料的表面。
基于同样的技术构思,本申请的实施例还提供了一种电解液,该电解液包括溶剂、溶于上述溶剂中的电解质以及本申请实施例的改性剂。
其中,电解质举例为电解质盐,电解质盐包括锂盐、钠盐、钾盐、镁盐、锌盐和铝盐中的一种或多种。具体,电解质盐可为MClO4、MBF4、MPF6、MAsF6、MPF2O2、MCF3SO3、MTDI、MB(C2O4)2、MBF2C2O4、M[(CF3SO2)2N]、M[(FSO2)2N]、M[(CmF2m+1SO2)(CnF2n+1SO2)N]中的一种或多种,其中,M可为Li、Na或K,m和n为自然数。
需要说明的是,电解质盐在电解液中的摩尔浓度可为1mol/L-8.0mol/L,电解质盐在电解液中的摩尔浓度典型但非限制性地为1mol/L、1.5mol/L、2mol/L、2.5mol/L、3mol/L、4mol/L、5mol/L、6mol/L、7mol/L或者8.0mol/L。
其中,电解液中的溶剂可为有机溶剂,有机溶剂中可选择性地加入添加剂。有机溶剂可包括碳酸酯类溶剂、羧酸酯类溶剂、醚类溶剂中的一种或多种。添加剂可以包括联苯、氟苯、碳酸亚乙烯酯、三氟甲基碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯亚乙酯、1,3-丙磺酸内酯、1,4-丁磺酸内酯、硫酸乙烯酯、亚硫酸乙烯酯、甲烷二磺酸亚甲酯、丁二腈、己二腈、1,2-二(2-氰乙氧基)乙烷、1,3,6-己烷三腈中的一种或多种。
本申请提供的电解液,由于溶解有本申请实施例的改性剂,在改性剂的亲正极材料基团的作用下,电解液与正极材料的亲和性显著提升,进而提升了电解液与正极材料的浸润性,降低电池阻抗,有利于离子传输,从而提升了二次电池的倍率性能和循环性能。
基于同样的发明构思,本申请还提供一种改性剂用作二次电池的正极材料或电解液的改性剂的用途。
基于同样的技术构思,本申请的实施例还提供了一种二次电池,该二次电池可包括正极极片、负极极片、隔膜以及电解液,其中,隔膜介于正极极片和负极极片之间,电解液填充于正极极片和负极极片之间并浸润隔膜,正极极片包括正极集流体与涂覆于正极集流体至少一侧表面的正极材料层,正极材料层包括正极材料。其中,本申请实施例的二次电池的正极材料可为利用本申请各可能实施方式提供的改性方法获得的正极材料,或者,二次电池的电解液中为本申请各实施例的含有改性剂的电解液。
可以理解的是,本申请实施例的二次电池可为锂离子电池、钠离子电池、钾离子电池、镁离子电池、锌离子电池或铝离子电池等,本申请并未对具体的二次电池的类型做出限定。
本申请提供的二次电池,由于正极材料或者电解液中含有改性剂,在改性剂的作用下,正极材料与电解液的亲和性得到提升,进而本申请的二次电池可获得较高的倍率性能、放电容量和循环性能。
其中,本申请的正极材料可为钴酸锂(压实密度可≥4.1g/cm3)、磷酸铁锂(压实密度可≥2.4g/cm3)、锂镍钴锰三元材料(压实密度可≥3.4g/cm3)、普鲁斯白(蓝)(压实密度可≥1.5g/cm3)、钠镍铁锰(压实密度可≥2.9g/cm3)、钠铜铁锰(压实密度可≥2.9g/cm3)中的一种或多种。本申请的二次电池可采用上述高压实密度的正极材料,从而使二次电池在具有高倍率性能、高放电容量和高循环寿命的基础上,获得高能量密度,提高二次电池的综合性能。
本申请实施例的二次电池中,负极极片可包括负极集流体和涂覆于负极集流体至少一侧表面的负极材料层,负极材料层包括负极活性材料。负极活性材料可为碳基负极(石墨、硬碳、软碳、石墨烯等)、硅基负极(硅、硅碳、硅氧、硅金属化合物等)、锡基负极(锡、锡碳、锡氧、锡金属化合物等)、磷基负极(红磷、黑磷、磷化合物等)、钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12)、锂负极、钠负极、钾负极、镁负极、锌负极、铝负极中的一种或多种。
其中,锂负极、钠负极、钾负极、镁负极、锌负极、铝负极可以是锂、钠、钾、镁、锌、铝金属单质或其合金,也可以是具有集流体的上述金属或其合金。以锂负极为例,锂负极可以是金属锂单质或锂合金,也可以是包括集流体和设置在集流体上的金属锂或锂合金。锂合金例如可包括锂硅合金、锂铝合金、锂锡合金或锂铟合金中的至少一种。
本申请实施例的二次电池中,隔膜包括但不限于单层聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP),单层聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE),PP薄膜和PE薄膜形成的双层叠层,两层PP薄膜形成叠层,PP薄膜、PE薄膜和PP薄膜依次层叠形成的三层叠层,陶瓷表面涂覆PE形成的隔膜等。
作为示例性说明,二次电池的制备过程可包括如下步骤:
步骤S21、配置电解液:在填充惰性气体的手套箱中,将电解质溶于溶剂中,还可选择性地添加稀释剂或其他添加剂,搅拌均匀,得到二次电池的电解液。
步骤S22、组装电池:将正极极片、负极极片和隔膜制成电芯,采用聚合物包装,灌注上述二次电池的电解液,经化成等工艺后制成二次电池。其中,正极极片中的正极材料为利用改性剂改性后的正极材料。
可以理解的是,以上方法仅为制备二次电池的一种可选方法,制备方法并非局限于以上方法。
基于同样的发明构思,本申请还提供一种终端设备,该终端设备包括本申请的二次电池。其中,二次电池可为终端设备提供电力,以驱动终端设备的正常运转。
其中,终端设备包括但不限于手机、电动车辆、电力储存系统等。在本申请各可能实施方式的二次电池具有较高的倍率性能、放电容量和循环寿命的基础上,使用本申请二次电池作为驱动电源的终端设备也可以获得相同的效果。
下面将结合具体实施例和对比例对本申请的改性剂以及二次电池做进一步详细说明。
实施例1
该实施例为一种应用4-乙酰胺苯甲腈进行表面改性的钴酸锂(LiCoO2,LCO)正极极片及包括该正极极片的二次电池。
该二次电池中的正极极片的制备过程包括以下步骤:
步骤S11、配置改性溶液:将10mg的4-乙酰胺苯甲腈溶解于10mL乙二醇二甲醚(dimethoxyethane,DME)中,磁力搅拌30min,得到含有4-乙酰胺苯甲腈的改性溶液;
步骤S12、浸泡载有正极材料的正极极片:将载有钴酸锂的正极极片(钴酸锂活性物质含量:22mg/cm2,压实密度:4.15g/cm3)放置在4-乙酰胺苯甲腈的改性溶液中,静置2h;
步骤S13、洗涤并烘干吸附有改性剂的正极材料:取出正极极片,用DME溶液洗涤后烘干,得到表面改性的正极极片。
利用上述经表面改性的正极极片制备二次电池的过程如下:
步骤S21、配置电解液:在填充氩气的手套箱中,向碳酸二甲酯(dimethyl carbonate,DMC)有机溶剂中添加充分干燥的锂盐(双氟磺酰亚胺锂,LiFSI),然后加入1,1,2,2-四氟乙基-2,2,3,3-四氟丙基醚,搅拌混合均匀得到锂二次电池电解液,其中,碳酸二甲酯和1,1,2,2-四氟乙基-2,2,3,3-四氟丙基醚按质量比50:50进行混合,锂盐(LiFSI)的浓度为1.5mol/L。
步骤S22、组装电池:将表面改性的正极极片、金属锂负极极片和商用PE隔膜制成电芯,采用聚合物包装,灌注上述制备得到的锂二次电池电解液,经化成等工艺后制成软包锂二次电池。
实施例2-11以及对比例1-6
实施例2-11分别为一种应用改性剂表面改性得到的正极极片及采用该正极极片组装的二次电池,其具体制备过程可参照实施例1的制备,不同之处在于采用不同的改性剂、正极材料、负极极片、电解质盐以及有机溶剂,具体的组成列于表1。对比例1-6分别为一种二次电池,对比例1-6中未采用改性剂,其具体制备过程可参照实施例1,且具体组成列于表1。
表1
备注:上述实施例和对比例中不同正极极片的参数如下:
镍钴锰酸锂(LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2,NCM811)正极极片活性物质含量:22mg/cm2,压实密度:3.5g/cm3
钠镍铁锰(NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2,NFM111)正极极片活性物质含量:20mg/cm2,压实密度:2.95g/cm3
普鲁斯白(Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6],PBA)正极极片活性物质含量:20mg/cm2,压实密度:1.55g/cm3
磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4,LFP)正极极片活性物质含量:20mg/cm2,压实密度:2.5g/cm3
对上述实施例和对比例中的二次电池进行性能测试,测试项目包括循环性能和倍率性能,具体测试过程如下:
1)循环性能:以0.2C/0.5C充放电倍率对实施例1-11和对比例1-6中组装获得的二次电池进行充放电循环测试,记录100周后的容量保持率。Li/LiCoO2(LCO)电池的电压范围为3.0-4.5V;Li/LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811)电池的电压范围3.0-4.4V;Na/NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2(NFM111)电池的电压范围为2.0-3.9V;Na/Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6](PBA)电池的电压范围为2.0-3.9V;硅碳/LiCoO2(LCO)电池的电压范围为3.0-4.4V;石墨/LiFePO4(LFP)电池的电压范围2.5-3.65V;硬碳/Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6](PBA)电池的电压范围为1.5-3.9V。
2)倍率性能:以0.2/0.2C、0.2/0.5C、0.2/1.0C、0.2/1.5C和0.2/2.0C充放电倍率对二次电池进行倍率性能测试,记录2.0C放电容量/0.2C放电容量保持率。Li/LiCoO2(LCO)电池的电压范围为3.0-4.5V;Li/LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811)电池的电压范围为3.0-4.4V;Na/NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2(NFM111)电池的电压范围为2.0-3.9V;Na/Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6](PBA)电池的电压范围为2.0-3.9V;硅碳/LiCoO2(LCO)电池的电压范围为3.0-4.4V;石墨/LiFePO4(LFP)电池的电压范围2.5-3.65V;硬碳/Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6](PBA)电池的电压范围为1.5-3.9V。
上述测试项目的测试结果列于表2。
表2
由表3实施例1-11和对比例1-6的对比数据可知,应用表面改性的正极材料制备得到的二次电池具备更高的循环性能和倍率性能。
其中,为方便理解,可结合图2至图9对相关测试数据进行理解。图2为实施例1中的经改性的LCO正极极片的接触角测试图,图3为对比例1中未改性的LCO正极极片的接触角测试图。如图2所示,实施例1中的正极极片对电解液的接触角为13.76°,如图3所示,对比例1中的正极极片对电解液的接触角为18.34°,由此可知,相对于同样的电解液,实施例1中正极极片的接触角小于对比例1中正极极片的接触角。
图4为实施例6中的经改性的NCM811正极极片的接触角测试图,图5为对比例2中未改性的NCM811正极极片的接触角测试图,如图4所示,实施例6中的正极极片对电解液的接触角为15.1°,如图5所示,对比例2中的正极极片对电解液的接触角为17.26°,由此可知,相对于同样的电解液,实施例6中正极极片的接触角小于对比例2中正极极片的接触角。
图2至图5对比结果表明,采用本申请中的改性剂对正极材料改性后,可有效改善包括上述正极材料的正极极片与电解液的浸润性,降低电池极化。
图6为实施例1中的正极材料(LCO)初始以及经DME浸泡10days的表面N元素XPS图,图7为实施例6中的正极材料(NCM811)初始以及经DME浸泡10days的表面N元素XPS图谱。如图6所示,实施例1中,改性剂中的氰基与正极材料中的过渡金属形成了Co-NC化学键,如图7所示,实施例6中,改性剂中的氰基与正极材料中的过渡金属形成了Co/Ni/Mn-NC化学键,由此可证明,改性剂中的亲正极材料基团可与正极材料之间发生键合连接,而非是简单的物理吸附,因此,正极极片浸泡电解液后,改性剂和正极材料仍然保持很好的吸附效果,进而保证正极材料与电解液的亲和性,提升正极极片与电解液的浸润性,有利于保证采用上述正极极片组装的二次电池具有较高的倍率性能、放电容量和循环寿命。
图8为实施例1和对比例1的二次电池的循环曲线对照图,图9为实施例6和对比例2的二次电池的循环曲线对照图。如图8所示,与对比例1相比,实施例1的二次电池在循环40次之后具备更高的容量保持率。如图9所示,与对比例2相比,实施例6中的二次电池具备更高的循环性能。综上,采用本申请中的改性剂改性得到的正极极片与电解液的浸润性显著提升,进而可降低电池的内部极化,有利于提升电池循环性能和倍率性能。
以上,仅为本申请的具体实施方式,但本申请的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本申请揭露的技术范围内,可轻易想到变化或替换,都应涵盖在本申请的保护范围之内。因此,本申请的保护范围应以权利要求的保护范围为准。

Claims (14)

  1. 一种改性剂,其特征在于:所述改性剂用于对二次电池的正极材料或电解液进行改性,其中,所述改性剂的分子结构中包括至少一个亲正极材料基团和至少一个亲电解液基团;
    所述亲正极材料基团为能够与所述正极材料中的过渡金属形成化学键的基团;
    所述亲电解液基团为与电解液中的溶剂分子极性相似或相同的基团。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的改性剂,其特征在于,所述亲正极材料基团包括氰基、巯基、磷酸基团和磺酸基团中的至少一种。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的改性剂,其特征在于,所述亲电解液基团包括胺基、酯基、酰胺基、醚基和磺酰基中的至少一种。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的改性剂,其特征在于,所述改性剂的分子结构中用于连接至少一个所述亲正极材料基团和至少一个所述亲电解液基团的基团选自1~20个碳原子的烷基或卤代烷基、2~20个碳原子的烯基或卤代烯基、3~20个碳原子的环烷基、卤代环烷基、杂环基、卤代杂环基、杂环烯基或卤代杂环烯基、以及6~20个碳原子的芳基或卤代芳基中的至少一种。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的改性剂,其特征在于,所述改性剂的分子量为50~500。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的改性剂,其特征在于,所述改性剂选自以下结构式(A)~(H)中的至少一种:
  7. 一种正极材料的改性方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
    所述正极材料的表面吸附如权利要求1-6任一项所述的改性剂后完成对所述正极材料的改性。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的改性方法,其特征在于,所述正极材料的表面吸附所述改性剂包括:
    将所述正极材料浸泡于含有所述改性剂的改性溶液中,浸泡完成后干燥以使所述改性剂吸附于所述正极材料的表面。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的改性方法,其特征在于,所述正极材料的表面吸附所述改性剂包括:
    将载有所述正极材料的正极极片浸泡于含有所述改性剂的改性溶液中,浸泡完成后干燥以使所述改性剂吸附于所述正极材料的表面。
  10. 一种电解液,其特征在于,包括溶剂、溶于所述溶剂中的电解质以及如权利要求1-6任一项所述的改性剂。
  11. 如权利要求1-6任一项所述的改性剂用作二次电池的正极材料或电解液的改性剂的用途。
  12. 一种二次电池,包括正极极片、负极极片、隔膜以及电解液,所述隔膜介于所述正极极片和所述负极极片之间,所述电解液填充于所述正极极片和所述负极极片之间并浸润所述隔膜,其特征在于,所述正极极片包括正极集流体与涂覆于所述正极集流体至少一侧表面的正极材料层,所述正极材料层包括利用如权利要求7-9任一项所述的改性方法获得的正极材料。
  13. 一种二次电池,其特征在于,包括正极极片、负极极片、隔膜以及如权利要求10所述的电解液,所述隔膜介于所述正极极片和所述负极极片之间,所述电解液填充于所述正极极片和所述负极极片之间并浸润所述隔膜。
  14. 一种终端设备,其特征在于,包括如权利要求12或13所述的二次电池。
PCT/CN2023/101529 2022-06-24 2023-06-20 改性剂及其用途、正极材料的改性方法、电解液、二次电池与终端设备 WO2023246821A1 (zh)

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CN108808091A (zh) * 2018-07-19 2018-11-13 合肥国轩高科动力能源有限公司 一种锂离子电池用高浸润性电解液及锂离子电池
CN109286041A (zh) * 2017-07-19 2019-01-29 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 电解液及二次锂电池
CN113299919A (zh) * 2021-05-17 2021-08-24 珠海冠宇动力电池有限公司 一种正极极片及包括该正极极片的锂离子电池
CN113809313A (zh) * 2021-08-05 2021-12-17 恒大新能源技术(深圳)有限公司 磷硫单体的应用、正极片、电解液和二次电池

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