WO2023153134A1 - リアクタ - Google Patents
リアクタ Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2023153134A1 WO2023153134A1 PCT/JP2023/000763 JP2023000763W WO2023153134A1 WO 2023153134 A1 WO2023153134 A1 WO 2023153134A1 JP 2023000763 W JP2023000763 W JP 2023000763W WO 2023153134 A1 WO2023153134 A1 WO 2023153134A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- filler particles
- layer
- particles
- separation membrane
- Prior art date
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 217
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 153
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 142
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical class [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 16
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 11
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007542 hardness measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N digallium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ga+3].[Ga+3] AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001195 gallium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Natural products C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010408 sweeping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/15—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively
- C07C29/151—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases
- C07C29/152—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases characterised by the reactor used
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C31/00—Saturated compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C31/02—Monohydroxylic acyclic alcohols
- C07C31/04—Methanol
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
Definitions
- the present invention relates to reactors.
- Patent Literature 1 discloses a reactor comprising a separation membrane that permeates water vapor, which is one of the products of the conversion reaction, a non-permeation-side channel through which the raw material gas flows, and a catalyst filled in the channel. disclosed.
- the catalyst advances the conversion reaction from raw material gas to liquid fuel.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a reactor that can simultaneously suppress damage to the separation membrane and suppress pulverization of the catalyst.
- a reactor according to a first aspect of the present invention is provided with a separation membrane that permeates a product of a conversion reaction from a raw material gas containing at least hydrogen and carbon oxide to a liquid fuel, and a non-permeate side of the separation membrane, It comprises a non-permeate side channel through which gas flows, and a catalyst that is filled in the non-permeate side channel and promotes the conversion reaction.
- the catalyst includes catalyst particles composed of a carrier and supported catalyst components, and filler particles that are softer than the catalyst particles.
- a reactor according to a second aspect of the present invention relates to the first aspect, wherein the non-permeate-side flow path extends in a substantially vertical direction, and the catalyst is disposed in a first layer and above the first layer. and a second layer disposed thereon, wherein the first layer contains more of the filler particles than the catalyst particles, and the second layer contains more of the catalyst particles than the filler particles.
- a reactor according to a third aspect of the present invention relates to the first or second aspect, wherein the non-permeate-side flow path extends in a substantially vertical direction, and the catalyst comprises a first layer and a a second layer disposed higher, wherein the filler particles include first filler particles disposed in the first layer and second filler particles disposed in the second layer; The first filler particles are softer than the second filler particles.
- a reactor according to a fourth aspect of the present invention relates to the third aspect, wherein the porosity of the first layer is higher than the porosity of the second layer.
- a reactor according to a fifth aspect of the present invention relates to any one of the second to fourth aspects, and the first layer is positioned at the lowest layer of the catalyst.
- a reactor according to a sixth aspect of the present invention relates to the first aspect, wherein the catalyst has a first portion in contact with the separation membrane and a second portion away from the separation membrane, and The first portion contains more filler particles than the catalyst particles, and the second portion contains more catalyst particles than the filler particles.
- a reactor according to a seventh aspect of the present invention relates to the first or sixth aspect, wherein the catalyst has a first portion in contact with the separation membrane and a second portion away from the separation membrane. and the filler particles include third filler particles arranged in the first portion and fourth filler particles arranged in the second portion, and the third filler particles are more dense than the fourth filler particles soft.
- a reactor according to an eighth aspect of the present invention relates to the sixth or seventh aspect, wherein the porosity of the first portion is greater than the porosity of the second portion.
- a reactor according to a ninth aspect of the present invention relates to the first aspect, wherein the catalyst has a first portion in contact with the separation membrane and a second portion away from the separation membrane, and The first portion contains more catalyst particles than the filler particles, and the second portion contains more filler particles than the catalyst particles.
- a reactor according to a tenth aspect of the present invention relates to the first or ninth aspect, wherein the catalyst has a first portion in contact with the separation membrane and a second portion away from the separation membrane. and the filler particles include fifth filler particles arranged in the first portion and sixth filler particles arranged in the second portion, and the sixth filler particles are arranged more than the fifth filler particles soft.
- the reactor according to the eleventh aspect of the present invention relates to the ninth or tenth aspect, wherein the porosity of the second portion is greater than the porosity of the third portion.
- a reactor according to a twelfth aspect of the present invention relates to any one of the first to eleventh aspects, wherein the filler particles are composed of a carrier and a supported catalyst component.
- Sectional view of the reactor according to the first embodiment Sectional view of the reactor according to the second embodiment
- Cross-sectional view of a reactor according to Comparative Example 2 Cross-sectional view of a reactor according to Comparative Example 2
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a reactor 1 according to a first embodiment.
- the reactor 1 is a so-called membrane reactor for converting raw material gas into liquid fuel.
- the configuration of reactor 1 can be applied to fixed bed reactors and monolith reactors.
- the source gas contains at least hydrogen and carbon oxide. At least one of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide can be used as the carbon oxide.
- the source gas may be a so-called synthesis gas (Syngas).
- the liquid fuel is a fuel that is liquid at room temperature and pressure, or a fuel that can be liquefied at room temperature and pressure.
- fuels in a liquid state at normal temperature and pressure include methanol, ethanol, liquid fuels represented by C n H 2 (m-2n) (m is an integer less than 90, n is an integer less than 30), and these mixtures.
- Fuels that can be liquefied at room temperature and under pressure include, for example, propane, butane, and mixtures thereof.
- reaction formula (1) for synthesizing methanol by catalytically hydrogenating a raw material gas containing carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst is as follows.
- the above reaction is an equilibrium reaction, and is preferably carried out at high temperature and high pressure (for example, 180° C. or higher and 2 MPa or higher) in order to increase both conversion efficiency and reaction rate.
- the liquid fuel is in a gaseous state when it is synthesized and remains in a gaseous state at least until it flows out of the reactor 1 .
- the reactor 1 preferably has heat resistance and pressure resistance suitable for the desired conditions for synthesizing the liquid fuel.
- the reactor 1 includes a separation membrane 10, a porous support 20, a non-permeate side channel 30, a permeate side channel 40, an outer tube 50, and a catalyst 60.
- the separation membrane 10 permeates water vapor, which is one of the products of the conversion reaction from the source gas to the liquid fuel. As a result, the equilibrium shift effect can be used to shift the reaction equilibrium of the above formula (1) to the product side.
- the separation membrane 10 is formed in a cylindrical shape.
- the separation membrane 10 preferably has a water vapor permeability coefficient of 100 nmol/(s ⁇ Pa ⁇ m 2 ) or more.
- the water vapor permeability coefficient can be determined by a known method (see Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40, 163-175 (2001)).
- the separation membrane 10 is formed in a cylindrical shape.
- the separation membrane 10 is placed inside a tubular porous support 20 . Separation membrane 10 contacts the inner peripheral surface of porous support 20 .
- the separation membrane 10 preferably has a separation factor of 100 or more.
- the higher the separation factor the easier it is for water vapor to permeate, and the harder it is for components other than water vapor (hydrogen, carbon oxide, liquid fuel, etc.) to permeate.
- the separation factor can be determined by a known method (see Fig. 1 of "Separation and Purification Technology 239 (2020) 116533").
- An inorganic membrane can be used as the separation membrane 10 .
- An inorganic film is preferable because it has heat resistance, pressure resistance, and water vapor resistance.
- examples of inorganic membranes include zeolite membranes, silica membranes, alumina membranes, and composite membranes thereof.
- an LTA-type zeolite membrane in which the molar ratio (Si/Al) of silicon element (Si) and aluminum element (Al) is 1.0 or more and 3.0 or less is preferable because it has excellent water vapor permeability. be.
- inorganic films have the property of being easily damaged by thermal shock.
- the porous support 20 supports the separation membrane 10.
- the porous support 20 is composed of a porous material.
- the porous support 20 is formed in a tubular shape.
- a ceramic material As the porous material, a ceramic material, a metal material, a resin material, or the like can be used, and a ceramic material is particularly suitable.
- aggregates for ceramic materials include alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), titania (TiO 2 ), mullite (Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 ), cerven and cordierite (Mg 2 Al 4 Si 5 O 18 ). At least one of them can be used. At least one of titania, mullite, sinterable alumina, silica, glass frit, clay mineral, and sinterable cordierite can be used as the inorganic binder for the ceramic material. However, the ceramic material does not have to contain an inorganic binder.
- the porous support 20 is formed in a cylindrical shape.
- a porous support 20 surrounds the separation membrane 10 .
- the non-permeate side channel 30 is provided on the non-permeate side of the separation membrane 10 .
- the non-permeate channel 30 is a columnar space inside the separation membrane 10 .
- the non-permeate-side channel 30 extends substantially vertically.
- substantially vertical direction is a concept that includes not only directions that coincide with the direction of gravity, but also directions that are slightly ( ⁇ 15 degrees) inclined with respect to the direction of gravity.
- the raw material gas is flowed through the non-permeation side channel 30 .
- the raw material gas is caused to flow downward through the non-permeate-side channel 30 . Therefore, the raw material gas flows in from the upper end opening 30 a of the non-permeate side flow path 30 and the liquid fuel flows out from the lower end opening 30 b of the non-permeate side flow path 30 .
- the raw material gas may flow upward in the non-permeate-side channel 30 .
- the liquid fuel flowing out from the lower end opening 30b may contain residual raw material gas.
- the permeate-side channel 40 is provided on the non-permeate side of the separation membrane 10 .
- the permeate-side channel 40 is an annular space between the separation membrane 10 and the outer tube 50 . Water vapor that has permeated the separation membrane 10 flows into the permeate-side channel 40 .
- a sweep gas for sweeping water vapor is passed through the permeate-side channel 40 .
- An inert gas for example, nitrogen
- air can be used as the sweep gas.
- the sweep gas flows upward (that is, in the opposite direction to the raw material gas) in the permeate-side channel 40 . Therefore, the sweep gas flows in from the lower end opening 40a of the permeation side channel 40, and the sweep gas containing water vapor flows out from the upper end opening 40b of the permeation side channel 40. As shown in FIG. However, the sweep gas may flow downward (that is, in the same direction as the raw material gas) in the permeate-side channel 40 .
- the catalyst 60 is filled in the non-permeate-side channel 30 .
- the catalyst 60 advances (promotes) the conversion reaction from the source gas to the liquid fuel.
- the catalyst 60 directly contacts the separation membrane 10 .
- the catalyst 60 is composed of a plurality of catalyst particles and a plurality of filler particles.
- the catalyst particles are composed of a carrier and a supported catalyst component that exerts a catalytic action.
- carriers that can be used include, but are not limited to, alumina, titania, silica, ceria, and zeolite.
- the supported catalyst component is supported on the surface of the carrier.
- metal catalyst components copper, palladium, etc.
- oxide catalyst components zinc oxide, amorphous zirconia, gallium oxide, etc.
- composites thereof can be used, but are limited to these. can't
- the shape of the catalyst particles is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, spherical, ellipsoidal, cylindrical, cylindric, disk-like, scale-like, needle-like, polygonal column-like, and sheet-like.
- the filler particles are made of a softer material than the catalyst particles.
- Materials softer than the catalyst particles include, but are not limited to, alumina, titania, silica, ceria, zeolites, and the like.
- the filler particles may be composed of a carrier and a supported catalyst component that exerts a catalytic action. Thereby, the catalytic action of the catalyst 60 as a whole can be improved.
- carriers that can be used include, but are not limited to, alumina, titania, silica, ceria, and zeolite.
- the supported catalyst components can be those described above, but are not limited to these.
- that the filler particles are softer than the catalyst particles means that the hardness of the filler particles is smaller than the hardness of the catalyst particles.
- the hardness of each of the filler particles and the catalyst particles is measured using a sample dried at 130° C. for 2 hours using a Micro Autograph MST-I manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation. The test speed shall be 0.10 mm/s.
- the catalyst 60 has a multi-layer structure in which multiple layers are laminated in a substantially vertical direction.
- the catalyst 60 has a two-layer structure having a first layer 61 and a second layer 62 .
- the first layer 61 is positioned at the bottom of the catalyst 60 .
- the first layer 61 is arranged at the lower end of the non-permeate channel 30 .
- the lower end portion of the non-permeate-side channel 30 is a region below the center of the non-permeate-side channel 30 in the substantially vertical direction.
- the upper end of the first layer 61 may be positioned below the center of the non-permeate-side channel 30 in the substantially vertical direction.
- the second layer 62 is arranged above the first layer 61 .
- the catalyst 60 has a two-layer structure, so the second layer 62 is arranged on the first layer 61 .
- the second layer 62 is arranged in a region of the non-permeate channel 30 where the first layer 61 is not arranged.
- the first layer 61 contains more filler particles than catalyst particles. That is, in the first layer 61, the content of filler particles is higher than the content of catalyst particles. Therefore, the first layer 61 is flexible. Therefore, even if the first layer 61 thermally expands due to the high-temperature source gas flowing through the non-permeate-side channel 30 when the reactor 1 starts to operate, the force applied from the first layer 61 to the separation membrane 10 can be reduced. can. In addition, since the weight of the second layer 62 applied to the first layer 61 can be absorbed inside the first layer 61, the force applied from the first layer 61 to the separation membrane 10 can be reduced. As a result, it is possible to prevent the separation membrane 10 from being damaged.
- the second layer 62 contains more catalyst particles than filler particles. That is, in the second layer 62, the content of catalyst particles is higher than the content of filler particles. Since the catalyst particles are made of a harder material than the filler particles, it is possible to prevent the catalyst particles from pulverizing due to thermal stress.
- the catalyst 60 according to the present embodiment it is possible to achieve both suppression of damage to the separation membrane 10 and suppression of pulverization of the catalyst 60 .
- the fact that the first layer 61 contains more filler particles than catalyst particles can be confirmed as follows.
- a resin for example, epoxy
- the catalyst 60 is cut substantially vertically.
- a cross-sectional image of the first layer 61 is acquired using a SEM (scanning electron microscope).
- the magnification of the SEM is selected from the range of 1 to 100 so that 10 or more (preferably 100 or more) filler particles can be observed in one field of view.
- both cross-sections of the separation membrane cross-sections on both horizontal sides of the non-permeate-side channel 30
- two fields of view from which the cross-section of the separation membrane can be observed and one or more fields between the two fields of view It can be divided into field of view.
- the cross-sectional image by classifying the brightness of the image into 256 gradations, it is possible to create a contrast difference between the catalyst particles, the filler particles and the voids.
- each cross-sectional image is analyzed by image analysis software HALCON manufactured by MVTec (Germany) to determine the total area of each of the catalyst particles, filler particles and voids. If the total area of the filler particles is larger than the total area of the catalyst particles, it can be said that the first layer 61 contains more filler particles than the catalyst particles.
- the content of filler particles is obtained by dividing the total area of filler particles by the total area of catalyst particles, filler particles and voids.
- the catalyst particle content is determined by dividing the total area of the catalyst particles by the total area of the catalyst particles, filler particles and voids.
- the first layer 61 may not substantially contain catalyst particles. Therefore, the total area of the catalyst particles in the first layer 61 may be "0", and in this case, the content of the catalyst particles in the first layer 61 is also "0".
- the fact that the second layer 62 contains more catalyst particles than filler particles can be confirmed by image analysis of the second layer 62 using the above method.
- the magnification of the SEM is selected so that 10 or more (preferably 100 or more) catalyst particles can be observed in one field of view.
- the catalyst particle content is determined by dividing the total area of the catalyst particles by the total area of the catalyst particles, filler particles and voids.
- the filler particle content is determined by dividing the total area of the filler particles by the total area of the catalyst particles, filler particles and voids.
- the second layer 62 may be substantially free of filler particles. Therefore, the total area of the filler particles in the second layer 62 may be "0", and in this case, the content of the filler particles in the second layer 62 is also "0".
- the porosity of the first layer 61 is preferably higher than that of the second layer 61 .
- the weight of the second layer 62 applied to the first layer 61 can be more easily absorbed inside the first layer 61, so that the force applied from the first layer 61 to the separation membrane 10 can be further reduced. As a result, damage to the separation membrane 10 can be further suppressed.
- the porosity of each of the first layer 61 and the second layer 61 is obtained by dividing the total area of the voids obtained by the image analysis described above by the total area.
- the value of the porosity of the first layer 61 is not particularly limited, it can be, for example, 30% or more and 60% or less.
- the value of the porosity of the second layer 62 is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, 20% or more and 50% or less.
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a reactor 2 according to a second embodiment.
- the same members as in FIG. 1 are assigned the same numbers as in FIG.
- the catalyst 70 included in the reactor 2 according to the second embodiment is different from the catalyst 60 of the reactor 1 according to the first embodiment. Therefore, the difference will be mainly described below.
- the non-permeate-side channel 30 does not need to extend substantially vertically.
- the catalyst 70 is filled in the non-permeate-side channel 30 .
- the catalyst 70 advances (promotes) the conversion reaction from the source gas to the liquid fuel.
- the catalyst 70 directly contacts the separation membrane 10 .
- the catalyst 70 is composed of a plurality of catalyst particles and a plurality of filler particles.
- the configurations of the catalyst particles and the filler particles are as described in the first embodiment.
- the filler particles are composed of a material softer than the catalyst particles.
- the catalyst 70 has a first portion 71 and a second portion 72 .
- the first portion 71 contacts the separation membrane 10 .
- the first portion 71 corresponds to the outer peripheral portion of the catalyst 70 in the radial direction of the non-permeate-side channel 30 .
- the first portion 71 is formed in a tubular shape.
- the second portion 72 is separated from the separation membrane 10.
- the second portion 72 is surrounded by the first portion 71 .
- the second portion 72 does not contact the separation membrane 10 .
- the second portion 72 corresponds to the central portion of the catalyst 70 in the radial direction of the non-permeate-side channel 30 .
- the second portion 72 is formed in a tubular shape.
- the first portion 71 does not have to cover the entire outer circumference of the second portion 72 .
- the first portion 71 only needs to cover at least part of the outer circumference of the second portion 72 .
- the second portion 72 is arranged in a region of the non-permeate channel 30 where the first portion 71 is not arranged.
- the thickness in the radial direction of the first portion 71 is not particularly limited, it can be, for example, 500 ⁇ m or more and 5000 ⁇ m or less.
- the first portion 71 contains more filler particles than catalyst particles. That is, in the first portion 71, the content of filler particles is higher than the content of catalyst particles. Therefore, the first portion 71 is flexible. Therefore, even if the catalyst 70 as a whole thermally expands due to high-temperature raw material gas flowing into the non-permeate-side channel 30 at the start of operation of the reactor 1, the force applied from the first portion 71 to the separation membrane 10 can be reduced. . As a result, it is possible to prevent the separation membrane 10 from being damaged.
- the second portion 72 contains more catalyst particles than filler particles. Since the catalyst particles are made of a harder material than the filler particles, it is possible to prevent the catalyst particles from pulverizing due to thermal stress.
- the catalyst 70 according to the present embodiment it is possible to achieve both suppression of damage to the separation membrane 10 and suppression of pulverization of the catalyst 70 .
- first portion 71 contains more filler particles than catalyst particles and that the second portion 72 contains more catalyst particles than filler particles can be confirmed by the image analysis described in the above embodiment.
- the porosity of the first portion 71 is preferably higher than that of the second layer 71 . As a result, the flexibility of the first portion 71 can be improved, so that damage to the separation membrane 10 due to thermal expansion of the catalyst 70 can be further suppressed.
- the porosity of each of the first portion 71 and the second layer 71 is obtained by dividing the total area of the voids obtained by the image analysis described above by the total area.
- the value of the porosity of the first portion 71 is not particularly limited, it can be, for example, 30% or more and 60% or less.
- the porosity value of the second portion 72 is not particularly limited, it can be, for example, 20% or more and 50% or less.
- the inside of the separation membrane 10 is the non-permeate side channel 30 and the outside of the separation membrane 10 is the permeate side channel 40, but the outside of the separation membrane 10 is the non-permeate side channel. 30 , and the inner side of the separation membrane 10 may be used as the permeate-side channel 40 . In this case, it is preferable to form the separation membrane 10 so as to surround the outside of the porous support 20 .
- the catalyst 60 has a two-layer structure including the first layer 61 and the second layer 62, but may have a structure of three or more layers.
- the catalyst 60 can have a three-layer structure having a third layer 63 in addition to the first layer 61 and the second layer 62 .
- the third layer 63 is arranged between the first layer 61 and the second layer 62 in the vertical direction.
- the content of filler particles in the third layer 63 is preferably higher than the content of filler particles in the second layer 62 .
- the content of filler particles in the third layer 63 may be higher or lower than the content of filler particles in the first layer 61 .
- the third layer 63 is arranged below the first layer 61 in the substantially vertical direction.
- the third layer 63 contains at least one of catalyst particles and filler particles.
- the third layer 63 may contain more filler particles than catalyst particles, or may contain more catalyst particles than filler particles. In this way, even if the first layer 61 is not arranged as the lowest layer, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of damage to the portion of the separation membrane 10 that contacts the first layer 61 . However, if the third layer 63 contains a large amount of catalyst particles, the portion of the separation membrane 10 that contacts the third layer 63 may be damaged. preferably.
- the first layer 61 contains more filler particles than catalyst particles in order to prevent the separation membrane 10 from being damaged.
- the first layer 61 may contain filler particles that are softer than the second layer 62 .
- the filler particles arranged in the first layer 61 (“first filler particles” according to the present invention) are the filler particles arranged in the second layer 62 ( Softer than the "second filler particles” according to the present invention).
- first filler particles are the filler particles arranged in the second layer 62 ( Softer than the "second filler particles” according to the present invention).
- the force applied from the thermally expanded first layer 61 to the separation membrane 10 can be reduced, and the weight of the second layer 62 can be absorbed inside the first layer 61, so that the separation membrane 10 is prevented from being damaged. can be suppressed.
- That the first filler particles are softer than the second filler particles means that the hardness of the first filler particles is smaller than the hardness of the second filler particles.
- the hardness measurement method is as described in the first embodiment.
- the third layer 63 may be arranged below the first layer 61 also in this modification, as in the second modification.
- the third layer 63 contains at least one of catalyst particles and filler particles.
- the filler particles of the third layer 63 may be softer, harder, or equally hard than the filler particles of the first layer 61 .
- the filler particles in the third layer 63 are hard, the part of the separation membrane 10 that comes into contact with the third layer 63 may be damaged. preferable.
- the catalyst 70 has the first portion 71 and the second portion 72 in the second embodiment, there may be another portion between the first portion 71 and the second portion 72 .
- the catalyst 70 may further have a third portion 73 in addition to the first portion 71 and the second portion 72 .
- the third portion 73 is arranged between the first portion 71 and the second portion 72 in the radial direction.
- the content of filler particles in the third layer 73 is preferably higher than the content of filler particles in the second portion 72 .
- the content of filler particles in the third portion 73 may be higher or lower than the content of filler particles in the first portion 71 .
- the first portion 71 contains more filler particles than catalyst particles in order to prevent the separation membrane 10 from being damaged.
- the first portion 71 may contain filler particles that are softer than the second portion 72 .
- the filler particles arranged in the first portion 71 (“third filler particles” according to the present invention) are the filler particles arranged in the second portion 72 ( It is softer than the "fourth filler particles” according to the present invention).
- the force applied from the first portion 71 to the separation membrane 10 when the catalyst 70 thermally expands can be reduced, so damage to the separation membrane 10 can be suppressed.
- That the third filler particles are softer than the fourth filler particles means that the hardness of the third filler particles is smaller than the hardness of the fourth filler particles.
- the hardness measurement method is as described in the first embodiment.
- the first portion 71 contains more filler particles than the catalyst particles, and the second portion 72 contains more filler particles than the filler particles.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the first portion 71 may contain more catalyst particles than filler particles, and the second portion 72 may contain more filler particles than catalyst particles. Even in this case, the thermal expansion force of the catalyst 70 as a whole can be absorbed by the flexible second portion 72, so the force applied from the first portion 71 to the separation membrane 10 can be reduced. As a result, it is possible to prevent the separation membrane 10 from being damaged.
- the second portion 72 is the filler particles softer than the first portion 71.
- the second portion 72 can absorb the thermal expansion force of the catalyst 70 as a whole, thereby further suppressing damage to the separation membrane 10 . That the sixth filler particles are softer than the fifth filler particles means that the hardness of the sixth filler particles is smaller than the hardness of the fifth filler particles.
- the hardness measurement method is as described in the first embodiment.
- the porosity of the second portion is the same as that of the first portion. It may be larger than the porosity.
- the second portion 72 can absorb the thermal expansion force of the catalyst 70 as a whole, thereby further suppressing damage to the separation membrane 10 .
- the separation membrane 10 is configured to permeate water vapor, which is one of the products in the conversion reaction from the raw material gas to the liquid fuel, but is not limited to this.
- the separation membrane 10 may permeate the liquid fuel itself, which is the product of the conversion reaction from the source gas to the liquid fuel. Also in this case, the reaction equilibrium of the above formula (1) can be shifted to the product side.
- the separation membrane 10 is permeable to the liquid fuel, even when the liquid fuel is generated by a reaction that does not generate water vapor (eg, 2H 2 +CO ⁇ CH 3 OH), the reaction equilibrium is shifted to the product side. be able to.
- a reaction that does not generate water vapor eg, 2H 2 +CO ⁇ CH 3 OH
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Abstract
Description
図1は、第1実施形態に係るリアクタ1の断面図である。
上記反応は平衡反応であり、転化効率及び反応速度の両方を高めるには高温高圧下(例えば、180℃以上、2MPa以上)で実施されることが好ましい。液体燃料は、合成された時点では気体状態であり、少なくともリアクタ1から流出するまでは気体状態のまま維持される。リアクタ1は、所望の液体燃料の合成条件に適した耐熱性及び耐圧性を有することが好ましい。
図2は、第2実施形態に係るリアクタ2の断面図である。図2において、図1と同じ部材には図1と同じ番号が付されている。図2に示すように、第2実施形態に係るリアクタ2が備える触媒70は、第1実施形態に係るリアクタ1の触媒60と相違する。従って、以下においては、当該相違点について主に説明する。なお、本実施形態において、非透過側流路30は略鉛直方向に延びている必要はない。
以上、本発明の実施形態について説明したが、本発明は上記実施形態に限定されるものではなく、発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲で種々の変更が可能である。
上記第1及び第2実施形態では、分離膜10の内側を非透過側流路30とし、分離膜10の外側を透過側流路40としたが、分離膜10の外側を非透過側流路30とし、分離膜10の内側を透過側流路40としてもよい。この場合、多孔質支持体20の外側を取り囲むように分離膜10を形成することが好ましい。
上記第1実施形態において、触媒60は、第1層61と第2層62とを有する二層構造であることとしたが、三層以上の構造であってよい。例えば、図3及び図4に示すように、触媒60は、第1層61及び第2層62に加えて第3層63を更に有する三層構造とすることができる。
上記第1実施形態では、分離膜10が損傷してしまうことを抑制するために、第1層61が触媒粒子に比べてフィラー粒子を多く含むこととしたが、これに代えて、或いは、これに加えて、第1層61が第2層62より柔らかいフィラー粒子を含むこととしてもよい。
上記第2実施形態において、触媒70は、第1部分71と第2部分72とを有することとしたが、第1部分71と第2部分72との間に他の部分があってもよい。例えば、図5に示すように、触媒70は、第1部分71及び第2部分72に加えて第3部分73を更に有していてもよい。
上記第2実施形態では、分離膜10が損傷してしまうことを抑制するために、第1部分71が触媒粒子に比べてフィラー粒子を多く含むこととしたが、これに代えて、或いは、これに加えて、第1部分71が第2部分72より柔らかいフィラー粒子を含むこととしてもよい。
上記第2実施形態では、分離膜10が損傷してしまうことを抑制するために、第1部分71が触媒粒子に比べてフィラー粒子を多く含み、かつ、第2部分72がフィラー粒子に比べて触媒粒子を多く含むこととしたが、これに限られない。第1部分71がフィラー粒子に比べて触媒粒子を多く含み、かつ、第2部分72が触媒粒子に比べてフィラー粒子を多く含んでいてもよい。この場合であっても、柔軟性のある第2部分72において触媒70全体の熱膨張力を吸収できるため、第1部分71から分離膜10にかかる力を低減させることができる。その結果、分離膜10が損傷してしまうことを抑制できる。
上記実施形態において、分離膜10は、原料ガスから液体燃料への転化反応における生成物の一つである水蒸気を透過させることとしたが、これに限られない。分離膜10は、原料ガスから液体燃料への転化反応における生成物である液体燃料自体を透過させてもよい。この場合においても、上記式(1)の反応平衡を生成物側にシフトさせることができる。
10 分離膜
20 多孔質支持体
30 非透過側流路
30a 上端開口
30b 下端開口
40 透過側流路
40a 下端開口
40b 上端開口
50 外管
60 触媒
61 第1層
62 第2層
63 第3層
70 触媒
71 第1部分
72 第2部分
73 第3部分
Claims (12)
- 少なくとも水素及び酸化炭素を含有する原料ガスから液体燃料への転化反応の生成物を透過させる分離膜と、
前記分離膜の非透過側に設けられ、前記原料ガスが流れる非透過側流路と、
前記非透過側流路内に充填され、前記転化反応を進行させる触媒と、
を備え、
前記触媒は、担体及び担持触媒成分によって構成される触媒粒子と、前記触媒粒子より柔らかいフィラー粒子とを含む、
リアクタ。 - 前記非透過側流路は、略鉛直方向に延び、
前記触媒は、第1層と、前記第1層より上方に配置される第2層とを有し、
前記第1層は、前記触媒粒子に比べて前記フィラー粒子を多く含み、
前記第2層は、前記フィラー粒子に比べて前記触媒粒子を多く含む、
請求項1に記載のリアクタ。 - 前記非透過側流路は、略鉛直方向に延び、
前記触媒は、第1層と、前記第1層より上方に配置される第2層とを有し、
前記フィラー粒子は、前記第1層に配置される第1フィラー粒子と、前記第2層に配置される第2フィラー粒子とを含み、
前記第1フィラー粒子は、前記第2フィラー粒子より柔らかい、
請求項1又は2に記載のリアクタ。 - 前記第1層の空隙率は、前記第2層の空隙率よりも大きい、
請求項3に記載のリアクタ。 - 前記第1層は、前記触媒の最下層に位置する、
請求項2に記載のリアクタ。 - 前記触媒は、前記分離膜に接触する第1部分と、前記分離膜から離れた第2部分とを有し、
前記第1部分は、前記触媒粒子に比べて前記フィラー粒子を多く含み、
前記第2部分は、前記フィラー粒子に比べて前記触媒粒子を多く含む、
請求項1に記載のリアクタ。 - 前記触媒は、前記分離膜に接触する第1部分と、前記分離膜から離れた第2部分とを有し、
前記フィラー粒子は、前記第1部分に配置される第3フィラー粒子と、前記第2部分に配置される第4フィラー粒子とを含み、
前記第3フィラー粒子は、前記第4フィラー粒子より柔らかい、
請求項1又は6に記載のリアクタ。 - 前記第1部分の空隙率は、前記第2部分の空隙率よりも大きい、
請求項6に記載のリアクタ。 - 前記触媒は、前記分離膜に接触する第1部分と、前記分離膜から離れた第2部分とを有し、
前記第1部分は、前記フィラー粒子に比べて前記触媒粒子を多く含み、
前記第2部分は、前記触媒粒子に比べて前記フィラー粒子を多く含む、
請求項1に記載のリアクタ。 - 前記触媒は、前記分離膜に接触する第1部分と、前記分離膜から離れた第2部分とを有し、
前記フィラー粒子は、前記第1部分に配置される第5フィラー粒子と、前記第2部分に配置される第6フィラー粒子とを含み、
前記第6フィラー粒子は、前記第5フィラー粒子より柔らかい、
請求項1又は9に記載のリアクタ。 - 前記第2部分の空隙率は、前記第3部分の空隙率よりも大きい、
請求項9に記載のリアクタ。 - 前記フィラー粒子は、担体及び担持触媒成分によって構成される、
請求項1に記載のリアクタ。
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Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH05303972A (ja) * | 1991-03-27 | 1993-11-16 | Tokyo Gas Co Ltd | 燃料改質器 |
JP2007055970A (ja) * | 2005-08-26 | 2007-03-08 | Mitsui Eng & Shipbuild Co Ltd | メタノール製造用反応器及びメタノール製造方法 |
JP2014111597A (ja) * | 2005-12-16 | 2014-06-19 | Battelle Memorial Inst | Coまたはco2からのアルコール合成 |
JP2019156658A (ja) * | 2018-03-08 | 2019-09-19 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 二酸化炭素の再利用方法 |
JP2020509925A (ja) * | 2017-03-10 | 2020-04-02 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアBasf Se | 合成ガスをアルコール類に転化するための触媒 |
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Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH05303972A (ja) * | 1991-03-27 | 1993-11-16 | Tokyo Gas Co Ltd | 燃料改質器 |
JP2007055970A (ja) * | 2005-08-26 | 2007-03-08 | Mitsui Eng & Shipbuild Co Ltd | メタノール製造用反応器及びメタノール製造方法 |
JP2014111597A (ja) * | 2005-12-16 | 2014-06-19 | Battelle Memorial Inst | Coまたはco2からのアルコール合成 |
JP2020509925A (ja) * | 2017-03-10 | 2020-04-02 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアBasf Se | 合成ガスをアルコール類に転化するための触媒 |
JP2019156658A (ja) * | 2018-03-08 | 2019-09-19 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 二酸化炭素の再利用方法 |
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